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Kvika þjóðarinnar: Þættir úr menningarsögu íslenskra eldgosa frá átjándu öld til okkar daga
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Í þessari doktorsritgerð er reynt að svara eftirfarandi rannsóknarspurningu: Hvernig hefur nábýli Íslendinga við eldfjöll mótað sjálfsmynd þeirra og hugmyndir um þjóðerni og sögu síðustu 250 árin? Markmið verkefnisins var að finna svar við rannsóknarspurningunni með því að greina frásagnir af eldgosum frá 18. öld til nútímans. Efniviðurinn til að vinna úr var afmarkaður við lýsingar af eldgosum og eldfjöllum sem finna má í skáldsögum, ljóðum, sjálfsævisögum og svokölluðum eldritum frá þessu tímabili. Afrakstur rannsóknarinnar voru fjórar greinar sem hafa komið út í ritrýndum fræðitímaritum og einn kafli að auki. Þessi ritgerð hefst á ítarlegum inngangi, eða svokallaðri kápu. Þar eru útlistaðar fyrri rannsóknir um þetta efni og svo eru aðferðafræði og nálganir rannsóknarinnar útskýrðar og sagt frá þeim hugtökum og kenningum sem koma við sögu í ritgerðinni. Greinarnar og kaflinn koma síðan sem viðaukar aftan við kápuna. Efni þeirra er eftirfarandi:
(1) Ritrýnda greinin „Ægifögur reiði“, sem birtist í Ritröð Guðfræðistofnunar, fjallar um guðfræði og fagurfræði eldgosa. Í nútímanum er umfjöllun um eldfjöll að mestu flokkuð undir eldfjallafræði sem rannsakar eðli og orsakir eldgosa á forsendum náttúruvísinda og það virðist vera algeng skoðun að Íslendingar hafi í gegnum aldirnar yfirleitt hugsað um eldfjöll og eldgos á raunsæjan og pragmatískan hátt. Í þessari grein er fjallað um höfunda frá sautjándu til nítjándu aldar sem nálguðust ekki eldfjöllin á þessum forsendum, heldur frekar á forsendum trúarinnar eða listarinnar eða pólitískra hugsjóna.
(2) Ritrýnda greinin „Meðvirknin með landinu: um þjóðskáld 19. aldar, sjálfsmyndir og eldgos“ birtist í Skírni. Eins og titillinn gefur vísbendingu um fjallar hún um ættjarðarljóð þjóðskálda á 19. öld og hvernig eldgosum og eldfjöllum er þar lýst. Ákveðin þversögn felst í því að tilgangur eða undirliggjandi forsenda flestra Íslandsljóða er að draga fram kosti landsins og lýsa yfir ást sinni á landinu en tilvist eldfjalla og eldgosa sem eru hættuleg fyrirbæri flækja myndina, til dæmis ef horft er til þeirra hörmunga sem þjóðin gekk í gegnum í móðuharðindunum. Í þessari grein er reynt að svara eftirfarandi spurningu: Hvernig fara skáldin að því að segja frá þeirri ógn sem stafar frá landinu vegna eldfjallanna án þess að gefa ást sína upp á bátinn?
(3) Kaflinn „Upprifjun hörmunga“ fjallar um viðtökusögu eldklerksins Jóns Steingrímssonar og ræktun minninga um Skaftárelda. Hann hefst á vangaveltum um það hvers vegna fólk rifjar upp hörmungar. Svo er reynt að svara sértækari spurningum með hliðsjón af íslenskri sögu: Hvers vegna og af hvaða tilefni hafa Íslendingar rifjað upp Skaftárelda? Og jafnframt: Hvers vegna er þeirri upprifjun iðulega miðluð í gegnum verk og persónu eldklerksins?
(4) Ritrýnda greinin „Hamfarir samfélagssjónleiksins“, sem birtist í Ritinu og fjallar um svokallaðar stórslysabókmenntir frá öðrum áratug 21. aldar. Óvenju margar skáldsögur voru skrifaðar um eldgos og aðrar náttúruhamfarir á áratugnum 2010–2019 og í þessari grein er kannað hvernig á þessu stendur. Skýringa er leitað í greiningu tíu skáldsagna frá áratugnum sem innihalda eldgos, eða aðrar hamfarir sem minna á eldgos.
(5) Ritrýnda greinin „Eldrit á mannöld“, sem birtist í Ritinu, fjallar um Fjallið sem yppti öxlum eftir Gísla Pálsson og bókmenntir á tímum loftslagsbreytinga. Hún er aðeins öðruvísi en hinir kaflarnir/greinarnar að því leyti að hér er fjallað aðallega um eina bók, nefnilega endurminningar Gísla Pálssonar, prófessors og mannfræðings, um uppvöxt hans í Heimaey og eldgosið 1973 sem tortímdi æskuheimili hans. Útgangspunkturinn í umfjölluninni eru orð sem Gísli skrifar nálægt endinum í sinni bók þegar hann lýsir því að hann telji sögu sína hluta af stærra samhengi sem hafi orðið til vegna loftslagsbreytinga af mannavöldum.[English]
This PhD thesis tries to answer the following research question: How has the proximity to volcanoes affected the identity of Icelanders and their ideas about nationality and history in the last 250 years? The goal of the project was to find an answer to the research question through analysing narratives about volcanic eruptions from the 18th century to modern times. The material was delimited to description of volcanoes and eruption that can be found in novels, poems, autobiographies and so-called firebooks from this period. The outcome of the research project was four articles that have been published in peer-reviewed journals and one additional chapter. This thesis begins with a detailed introduction, or so-called cover-essay. It begins with a discussion of previous research in the field and then the methods and approach of the research are outlined and the relevant concepts and theories are explained. The articles and the chapter then follow as appendixes to the cover-essay. Their content are as follows:
(1) The peer-reviewed article, Ægifögur reiði (e. Sublime Anger), which was published in Studia Theologica Islandica, is about the theology and aesthetics of volcanic eruptions. Today the discussion of volcanoes is mostly classified under volcanology which studies the nature and causes of volcanic eruptions from the premisses of science and it appears to be a widespread idea that Icelander through the ages have mostly had a realist and pragmatic view of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. This article discusses authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century that did not approach volcanoes in this way, but instead from the viewpoint of faith, art, or political ideologies.
(2) The peer-reviewed article, Meðvirknin með landinu (e. Traumatic bonding with the land: on 19th century national poets, identities, and volcanic eruptions), was published in Skírnir. As the title alludes it is about patriotic poetry of 19th century Icelandic national poets and how it describes volcanoes and eruptions. It is a certain paradox that the aim or underlying premise of most Iceland-poems is to describe the good things about the country and declare one’s love of the land, but the existence of volcanoes and the threat of eruptions complicate the picture, e.g. when the horrors of the “haze famine” of the 18th century are considered. This article tries to provide an answer to the question how the poets manage to describe the threat posed by volcanoes without letting go of their love for their country.
(3) The chapter Upprifjun hörmunga (e. Remembering disasters) is about the reception history of the fire-pastor Jón Steingrímsson and the cultivation of memories about the Laki eruption of 1783–1784. It starts on speculations about the reason why people recollect disasters of the past. Then an attempt is made to answer more specific questions related to Icelandic history: Why and on what occasions have Icelanders chosen to remember the Laki eruption? And in addition: Why is this commemoration almost always mediated through the works and person of the fire-pastor?
(4) The peer-reviewed article, Hamfarir samfélagssjónleiksins (e. Metamorphosis of the Social Drama), was published in Ritið and deals with disaster literature from the second decade of the 21st century. A surprising number of novels were written about volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters in the decade 2010–2019 and this article tries to find the underlying reason for this. Answers are sought in the analysis of ten novels from this decade, which include a volcanic eruption, or other similar disasters.
(5) The peer-reviewed article, Eldrit á mannöld (e. A Book of Fire in the Anthropocene), which was published in Ritið, is about the book Down to Earth: A Memoir by Gísli Pálsson and literature in the time of climate change. This article is a bit different in that it deals mostly with this one book, the memoir of the anthropology professor Gísli Pálsson about growing up in Heimaey and the volcanic eruption in 1973 that destroyed this childhood home. The starting point of the discussion are the words of Gísli near the end the book that he considers his story to be part of a larger context which has been created by anthropogenic climate change.Rannsóknasjóður Rannís (doktorsnemastyrkur), og Menntasjóður Hugvísindasviðs
Ægifögur reiði: Um guðfræði og fagurfræði eldgosa
Full text linkÚtdráttur
Það virðist vera nokkuð algeng skoðun að viðhorf Íslendinga til eldgosa í aldanna rás hafi að mestu leyti einkennst af raunhyggju og pragmatisma en í minna mæli af goðsögum og yfirnáttúrulegum skýringum. Þessa skoðun má setja í samhengi við upplýsinguna sem meðal annars hafði það að markmiði að berjast gegn bábiljum alþýðunnar. Ákveðin þversögn felst í því að upplýsingin hefði líklega verið óþörf ef goðsögur og yfirnáttúrulegar skýringar hefðu verið víkjandi viðhorf. Í þessari grein verða þessi viðhorf sem hafa verið talin víkjandi könnuð nánar. Bornar eru saman tvær tegundir texta um eldgos, annars vegar ritgerðirkristinna höfunda frá 17. og 18. öld og hins vegar ljóð nokkurra 19. aldar skálda um eldgos. Frægasta dæmið um hina kristnu eldgosaumræðu er að finna í eldriti Jóns Steingrímssonar en slíkar túlkanir má finna víðar. Gerð er grein fyrir þessum kristnu túlkunum á eldgosum og síðan eru færð rök fyrir því að í ljóðum 19. aldar skálda um eldgos megi greina enduróm af kristnum og heiðnum trúarhugmyndum. Í þessu samhengi mætti ýmist tala um afhelgun trúarlegra hugmynda eða að í ljóðum rómantísku skáldanna sé að finna viðleitni til að endurhelga náttúruna.
AbstractIt is a common notion that Icelanders’ perception of volcanic eruptions has over the centuries first and foremost been characterized by realism and pragmatism, but to a lesser extent by myths and supernatural explanations. This notion can be seen in the context of the Enlightenment which, among other things, aimed at fighting superstition among the population. Paradoxically, the Enlightenment would most likely have been unnecessary if myths and supernatural explanations had been subordinate perspectives. In this article, the perspectives, which until now have been considered subordinate, will be carefully examined. Two types of texts about volcanic eruptions are compared, on the one hand, essays by Christian authors from the 17th and 18th centuries and, on the other hand, poems about volcanic eruptions written by 19th century poets. The most famous examples of Christian ideas about volcanoes are in Jón Steingrímsson’s writings on the Laki eruption, while such interpretations can also be found elsewhere. These Christian interpretations of eruptions are described, and it is argued that 19th-century poems about eruptions contain echoes of Christian as well as pagan religious ideas. In this context, one could either speak of thesecularization of religious ideas or that poetry of the 19th century poets represents efforts to re-enchant nature
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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