53 research outputs found
La critica multiforme. Gillo Dorfles sulle pagine di aut aut
No full textNel 1951 il filosofo Enzo Paci fonda la rivista “Aut Aut”. Nonostante la rivista sia rivolta principalmente a studi filosofici, Paci decide di nominare capo redattore il critico d’arte Gillo Dorfles. L’apporto di Dorfles alla rivista è duplice, da un lato articoli su temi diversi: l’estetica, la percezione, l’astrazione; dall’altro l’impegno a recensire le edizioni della Biennale di Venezia. Il contributo analizza la capacità di Dorfles di comprendere, e raccontare, i nodi cruciali del mondo dell’arte attraverso la Biennale per tutti gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta e parallelamente porta alla luce le diverse tematiche di cui il critico si occupa sulle pagine di “Aut Aut”
Origini russe del monocromo
No full textTalking about monochrome painting is a complex issue, due to the impossibility of considering it as a pictorial genre with unique characteristics, and due to the difficulty of framing the variety of artists who can be ascribed, in different ways, to this movement. This essay is intended to be a historical-critical reflection on the initial phase of monochrome painting, in order to clarify how the pictorial roots of modern monochrome are to be found in the context of the experiences relating to abstraction in the early 1900s, in particular, in Malevič and Rodčenko. Although this genesis is well-known, highlighting the ambivalences of the beginnings can contribute to enrich our perception of the “tradition of the new” in many of its dualisms.Talking about monochrome painting is a complex issue, due to the impossibility of considering it as a pictorial genre with unique characteristics, and due to the difficulty of framing the variety of artists who can be ascribed, in different ways, to this movement. This essay is intended to be a historical-critical reflection on the initial phase of monochrome painting, in order to clarify how the pictorial roots of modern monochrome are to be found in the context of the experiences relating to abstraction in the early 1900s, in particular, in Malevič and Rodčenko. Although this genesis is well-known, highlighting the ambivalences of the beginnings can contribute to enrich our perception of the “tradition of the new” in many of its dualisms
«Io giungo all’essere e a me stesso». Le prime opere di Francesco Lo Savio, 1957-1959
No full textThe main aim of the article is to explain the beginning of the Roman painter Francesco Lo Savio’s career from 1957 to 1959. This part of his production has long been unknown because it was considered too distant from the mature works. During those years Lo Savio is still tied to his training in Informal Art. Moreover, the work of this period also show influences coming from American art, in particular, from the pictorial research of Mark Rothko. This essay illustrates why these works should be considered an important step, although germinal, in Lo Savio’s painting career. Just by analyzing the origins of his painting, it is possible to understand the next steps of his work. The works at the end of 1958 and early 1959 are, in fact, the start of his artistic path that will result in Space-Light paintings a few months later.The main aim of the article is to explain the beginning of the Roman painter Francesco Lo Savio’s career from 1957 to 1959. This part of his production has long been unknown because it was considered too distant from the mature works. During those years Lo Savio is still tied to his training in Informal Art. Moreover, the work of this period also show influences coming from American art, in particular, from the pictorial research of Mark Rothko. This essay illustrates why these works should be considered an important step, although germinal, in Lo Savio’s painting career. Just by analyzing the origins of his painting, it is possible to understand the next steps of his work. The works at the end of 1958 and early 1959 are, in fact, the start of his artistic path that will result in Space-Light paintings a few months later
Francesco Lo Savio. Colore Luce Spazio
No full textSiamo a Roma, alla fine degli anni '50, quando la scena artistica italiana è in grande fermento. Uno dei protagonisti del dibattito sul rinnovamento delle arti è Francesco Lo Savio, tra le personalità più problematiche dell'avanguardia post-informale italiana. Lo Savio è partecipe della rivoluzione, non solo italiana ma internazionale, di una generazione di giovani artisti che vogliono distaccarsi dalla precedente cultura informale per approdare a un nuovo meccanismo di costruzione dell'opera d'arte, incentrato sulle qualità insite alla pittura stessa
La proposta di regolamento MiCA e la disciplina delle pratiche commerciali scorrette
No full textThe most part of European and domestic supervisory authorities have underlined the likelihood
that either the issuing and the negotiation of cryptoassets may be the final outcome of
unfair and deceptive commercial practices. The discipline laid down by the Directive 2005/29/
CE – now expressely recalled by the MiCAR Proposal – seems to be crucial for the best functioning
of the market at stake. The Author stresses how the interplay between «horizontal»
and «vertical» measures needs the interpreters play a pivotal role, in order to grant the best
understanding of the circumstances of the case as well as the best using of the «professional
diligence» general clause
IL PIANO DEL CONSUMATORE SOVRAINDEBITATO: TENTATIVI DI RIFORMA E PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA
No full textSocial Inclusion and responsible lending seem to became the main policy roots along which a new regulatory framework for households credit and particularly for consumer credit is being shaped at Europeanlevel;throughtheinterplaybetweenthetwo,non-economic goals such as fighting poverty spread and promoting social cohesion can be combined with properly economic ones, such as the systemic risks prevention arising from weak credit access filter mechanism. Proofs of that come from political documents as well as from proper sources of law: suffice to mention the 2016 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on “Fighting poverty”, on the one hand, and the Directive 2014/17 EU on credit agreements for consumers relating to residential immovable property, on the other. Coherently with such a sensibility, even if quite late compare to the most of other Member States, Italy has adopted the new discipline on consumer overindebtedness (Legge 3/2012), implying a subversion of many consolidated principles and rules on law of obligations by offering three different legal mechanisms to put the debt relief goal into practice. Notwithstanding this potential, the interest payed to it by both the courts and the doctrine has been modest. The article stresses the reasons of such a scarce appeal, by mainly focusing and analyzing pros and cons of the “Consumer plan”, one of the available techniques offered to overindebted consumers by the Italian legislation for getting a debts relief. On these premises, the Author depicts those amendments of the discipline into force looking more coherent with the European framework, and worth in terms of efficiency
Peer to Consumer Lending
No full textPeer to consumer lending represents an alternative form of financing characterized, within
the crowdfunding genus, by the collecting of credit offers to be matched with borrowing demand through a digital platform. The essay focuses on legal analysis of some aspects of the
structure and the functioning of lending marketplaces operating in the sector at stake. The
Author argues how this business model – especially when the phenomenon involves consumers and, more generally, non-professionals counterparts – may be critical as regards to the
classical cathegories and concepts ruling the lending/borrowing discourse
Disciplina generale delle obbligazioni e sovraindebitamento
No full textThe essay compares the law of obligations and the
law of over-indebtedness with the aim of examining whether and to what extent
they interact. To this end, the Author highlights the diversity of assumptions and
effects -which is first and foremost a diversity of perspective-between them and
then clarifies their relationship in terms of alternativity and self-sufficiency. On
these premises, it is argued that despite the reported differences, the over-indebtedness rules are capable of changing the face of the obligation in more than
one respect. In particular, the possibility of a fresh start offered to “any debtor”
undermines the idea of an essentially enforceable bond and marks the demise
of the Civil Code obligation as the prototype of market relations
Sistemi inorganici e ibridi inorganici-organici per trattamenti conservativi di materiali lapidei e lignei
No full textInorganic and hybrid inorganic-organic systems for conservative treatments of stone and wood materials
The research has focused on the synthesis, characterization and application of inorganic and hybrid inorganic-organic systems for conservative treatments of stone and wood.
The wood preservatives synthesized and tested for biocidal activity are polyamidoamines functionalized with hydroxyl and siloxane groups, while the coatings applied on the stones are water based TiO2 nanosols with photocatalytic and self-cleaning properties.
Firstly is reported the synthesis of amidoamines by addition reaction between an α,β-unsaturated amide (2-propenamide or N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) and an amine (ethanolamine or diethanolamine). Their synthesis is a simple system for the study of polyamidoamines. The characterization of the starting reagents and the products of addition was made by means of different techniques (ESI-MS, NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy). The model amidoamines synthesized by aza-Michael addition have allowed the study of the main parameters that influence the reaction It was verified that the reaction proceeds better in water compared to alcohol, and that at 55 °C the reaction takes place relatively quickly (about 4 h).
Polyamidoamines under different reaction conditions were then synthesized. The polymers were functionalized with OH groups (PAAOH) and siloxane groups (SiPAA, SiPAAOH). The various polymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (ESI-MS, NMR, FTIR, Raman) and with thermal analysis. Polymers were applied on wood samples and their efficacy against fungi and termites has been verified according to UNI EN. The interaction with the substrate, the depth of penetration and the colour changes induced by the treatment were also investigated. The investigations showed that the polymerization reaction for the polymers with hydroxyl side chain is favoured when the amide is completely dissolved in the solvent and added slowly into the solution containing the ethanolamine, in particular when using water or methanol as the solvent.
The measurements carried out on the polymers obtained without solvent at 90 °C show that the reaction proceeds up to completeness in less than 3 hours. As regards the polymers functionalized with siloxane, it is noticed that with increasing EtA/APTES ratio the effectiveness of polymerization increases. The DSC has allowed to evaluate the glass transition temperature of the polymers in the range 109 ÷ 120 °C.
The hybrid polymers have been incorporated in the lignocellulosic structure of the wood and subjected to heat treatment (103 ± 1 °C for 18h) in order to increase the crosslinking. The high degree of crosslinking (DOC Degree of Condensation) within the wood has been demonstrated by 29Si-NMR spectra. Thanks to electron microscopy SEM it has been possible to verify the successful impregnation of wood specimens with different treatments. The preparations were applied as a protective coating on wood samples (sapwood of Pinus sylvestris) and tested for efficacy against biotic attack, both xilophagous insects and fungi, and resulted effective. After aging tests the polymers with siloxane functionality (SiPAA, SiPAAOH) are effective on wood-decay fungi.
Finally, the synthesis and characterization of sol-gel TiO2 based coatings for the photocatalytic self-cleaning of biocalcarenites, are reported.
Nanocrystalline titania sols in acid and basic aqueous environments have been prepared by sol-gel, processing titanium isopropoxide with two complexing agents, acetic acid and malonic acid and different peptizers, i.e. acetic acid, nitric acid and triethylamine. To verify the photocatalytic activity, gold nanoparticles have been added to the sol obtained by acetic acid.
The effectiveness of the photocatalytic sols was verified by evidence of degradation of dyes, methyl orange (MeO) and methylene blue (MB), under UV-Vis irradiation. In accordance with the rules on cultural heritage, the harmlessness of coating towards the substrate has been investigated.
XRD, Raman and TEM measurements on the corresponding titania powders have revealed nanocrystalline particles of anatase (5-6 nm) and of brookite in lesser amount.
DLS and ELS-IEP analyses have indicated that preparations with acetic acid, acetic/nitric acids or malonic/triethylamine (basic) gives stable sols.
The catalytic photoactivity of the sols under UV irradiation for the degradation of the anionic azo-dye MeO is much faster with acid sols than with the basic one. The cationic MB dye is completely photodegraded only by the basic TiO2 sol, on which the dye is adsorbed with the formation of trimeric species.
Coatings at different pH were applied to biocalcarenites typical of southern Italy (Comiso, Modica, Noto and Lecce stones) used in the Baroque period of interest for cultural heritage.
Satisfactory results are obtained by photodegradation under UV irradiation of Modica and Comiso stones coated by acid sol. The colour difference before and after the treatments is acceptable. The coatings do not alter the intrinsic properties of Modica and Comiso stones in the capillarity absorption of water, do not prevent the salts crystallization and leave unchanged the stone characteristics. The sol, used alone or with a silica interlayer, is promising for application in limestone protection.
On Pietra di Lecce all the acidic sols showed good photocatalytic activity. All the coatings slightly reduce the capillarity water absorption. Colorimetric analyses show that the coatings do not significantly alter the original colour of the stones. The photocatalytic activity for MeO stain degradation is comparable for all the coatings: the addition of gold nanoparticle improves the cleaning in the first minutes, but the purple coloring prevents its use.
On Pietra di Noto, both acid and basic titanium coatings do not alter the proprieties of the stone as the color difference measured is very small and capillarity absorption coefficient are comparable for treated and untreated samples. Referring to durability of the stone, the resistance to salt crystallization is generally improved. As concerns the self-cleaning properties, both TiO2 coatings exhibit a good photodegradation activity of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes. Both nanosols are suitable for harmlessness protection of Pietra di Noto, but the basic one exhibits better performances in term of filmogenic properties, colour changes, water absorption, durability enhancement and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and then it should be preferred for calcarenite substrates.
The results highlight the compatibility of the treatments with respect to the properties of the calcarenite stones, showing no chromatic changes, no alteration of physical properties, an improvement of the resistance to salts crystallization and good photocatalytic activity on both dyes.
This study has revealed that the basic sol is particularly suited for the self-cleaning of carbonatic stones, widely employed in ancient and modern architecture, opening perspectives for further applications.Sistemi inorganici e ibridi inorganici-organici per trattamenti conservativi di materiali lapidei e lignei
La ricerca si è concentrata sulla sintesi, caratterizzazione e applicazione di sistemi inorganici e ibridi organici-inorganici per la protezione di pietra e legno. Il preservante del legno sintetizzato e di cui si è testata l’attività biocida è una poliammidoammina funzionalizzata con gruppi idrossilici e silossanici, mentre il rivestimento applicato su pietre è un nanosol a base di TiO2 con proprietà fotocatalitiche e autopulenti.
Nella prima parte è riportata la sintesi di piccole molecole ammidoamminiche, ottenute dalla reazione di addizione tra un’ammide α,β-insatura (2-propenammide o N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide) ed una ammina (etanolammina o dietanolammina). Queste molecole sono state sintetizzate in quanto sistema semplice per lo studio delle poliammidoammine. La caratterizzazione dei reagenti di partenza e dei prodotti di addizione è stata effettuata mediante diverse tecniche (ESI-MS, NMR, FTIR e spettroscopia Raman). Dall’analisi delle molecole modello sintetizzate si è verificato che la reazione procede meglio in acqua rispetto all'alcol, e che a 55 ° C la reazione avviene in modo relativamente rapido (circa 4 h).
Successivamente sono state sintetizzate le poliammidoammine (PAA) in diverse condizioni di reazione. I polimeri sono stati funzionalizzati con gruppi OH (PAAOH) e gruppi silossanici (SiPAA, SiPAAOH). I vari polimeri sono stati caratterizzati mediante tecniche spettroscopiche (ESI-MS, NMR, FTIR, Raman) e analisi termica. Quindi, le PAA sono state applicate su campioni di legno e la loro efficacia contro funghi e termiti è stata verificata in accordo alle norme UNI EN. Sono state inoltre studiate l'interazione con il substrato, la profondità di penetrazione e le variazioni di colore indotte dal trattamento. Le indagini hanno mostrato che la reazione di polimerizzazione dei polimeri con catena laterale idrossilica è influenzata dal modo di miscelazione dei reagenti: è favorita quando l'ammide è completamente disciolta nel solvente e aggiunta lentamente nella soluzione contenente l'etanolammina, in particolare quando si utilizza acqua o metanolo come solvente. Le prove effettuate sui polimeri ottenuti senza solvente a 90 °C mostrano che la reazione procede fino a completamento in meno di 3 ore. Per quanto riguarda i polimeri funzionalizzati con gruppi silossanici, si nota che con l'aumentare rapporto EtA/APTES aumenta l’efficienza di polimerizzazione. I polimeri ibridi sono stati incorporati nella struttura lignocellulosica del legno e i provini impregnati sottoposti a trattamento termico (103 °C per 18 ore) per aumentare la reticolazione. L'alto grado di reticolazione dentro il legno è stato dimostrato dagli spettri 29Si-NMR. Grazie alla microscopia elettronica è stato possibile verificare il successo dell’impregnazione dei campioni di Pinus sylvestris. I trattamenti testati come biocidi contro insetti xilofagi e funghi sono risultati efficaci.
Infine, sono descritte la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di rivestimenti self-cleaning a base di TiO2 per la protezione di materiale lapideo, in particolare di biocalcareniti.
Sols di titania nanocristallina sono stati sintetizzati via sol-gel, in ambiente acido e basico da titanio isopropossido, con due agenti complessanti, acido acetico e acido malonico, e differenti peptizzanti: acido acetico, acido nitrico e trietilammina. Per verificare gli effetti sull’attività fotocatalitica, al sol con acido acetico sono state aggiunte nanoparticelle d’oro.
L'efficacia fotocatalitica dei sols è stata verificata mediante prove di degradazione di coloranti organici (Blu di Metilene e Metilarancio) sotto irraggiamento UV-Vis. In conformità con le norme sui Beni Culturali, è stata studiata l'innocuità del rivestimento verso il substrato.
Analisi XRD, Raman e TEM sulle corrispondenti polveri di titania hanno rivelato particelle nanocristalline di anatasio (5-6 nm) e di brookite in minore quantità. DLS ed ELS-IEP hanno indicato che le preparazioni con acido acetico, acido acetico/nitrico o malonico/trietilammina forniscono sol stabili.
L’attività fotocatalitica dei sols sotto irraggiamento UV per la degradazione del colorante anionico Metilarancio è risultata molto più veloce con sol acido che con quello basico. Il colorante cationico Blu di Metilene è completamente foto-degradato solo dalla formulazione basica.
I coating sono stati applicati a biocalcareniti tipiche dell’Italia meridionale, utilizzate in epoca barocca e di interesse per i beni culturali (pietra di Comiso, Modica, Noto e Lecce).
Sulle pietre di Modica e Comiso, trattate con la formulazione acida, sono stati ottenuti risultati soddisfacenti per quanto riguarda la fotodegradazione dei coloranti. La differenza di colore prima e dopo i trattamenti è accettabile. I rivestimenti non alterano le proprietà intrinseche delle pietre: assorbimento d’acqua per capillarità, fuoriuscita dei sali cristallizzati dai pori e caratteristiche estetiche.
Sulla Pietra di Lecce i sols hanno mostrato una buona attività fotocatalitica per la degradazione del colorante; inoltre l'aggiunta di nanoparticelle di oro migliora le prestazioni nei primi minuti, ma la colorazione violacea impedisce il suo uso nell’ambito dei Beni Culturali. I rivestimenti riducono leggermente l'assorbimento d'acqua per capillarità e le analisi colorimetriche mostrano che, ad eccezione del sol con aggiunta di nanoparticelle d’oro, essi non modificano significativamente il colore originale delle pietre.
Su Pietra di Noto, entrambi i nanosols acido e basico mostrano buone prestazioni in termini di idrorepellenza e la resistenza alla cristallizzazione dei sali. Inoltre non alterano l’aspetto estetico della pietra. Per quanto riguarda le proprietà autopulenti, entrambi i rivestimenti di TiO2 mostrano una buona attività fotocatalitica per il degrado dei coloranti.
Tutti i sol sintetizzati sono risultati efficaci per il foto-degrado di coloranti sulle pietre studiate. Il sol basico è particolarmente adatto come rivestimento self-cleaning per le pietre carbonatiche, ampiamente utilizzate nell'architettura antica e moderna, suggerendo possibilità per ulteriori applicazioni
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