212 research outputs found
Trust and Financial Trades: Lessons from an Investment Game Where Reciprocators Can Hide Behind Probabilities
Get PDFIn this paper we show that if a very small, exogenously given probability of terminating the exchange is introduced in an elementary investment game, reciprocators play more often the defection strategy. Everything happens as if they "hide behind probabilities" in order to break the trust relationship. Investors do no not seem able to internalize the reciprocators' change in behavior. This could explain why trades involving an exogenous risk of value destruction, such as financial transactions, provide an unfavorable environment for trust-buildingExperimental Economics; Financial Transactions; Investment Game; Objective Risk; Trust
Trust and financial trades : lessons from an investment game wher reciprocators can hide behind probabilities
Get PDFThis paper shows that if a very small, exogenously given probability of terminating the exchange is introduced in an elementary investment game, more reciprocators will choose the defection strategy. Everything happens as if they "hide behind probabilities" in order to break the trust relationship. Investors do not alter their behavior in a significant way, at least not for a very small external risk. Financial assets all come with a predetermined and contractual probability that by the time when the buyer has to receive the reward for his investment, "bad luck" might have brought the asset value down to zero. In the light of the experimental findings, such trades would not provide a favorable environment for building trust.Trust ; Financial transactions ; Experimental economics ; Investment game ; External randomness
HUMAN REALITY AND PERFECTION IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SUTAN TAKDIR ALISJAHBANA
Get PDFAbstrak: Realitas dan Kesempurnaan Manusia dalam Perspektif Filosofis Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana. Tulisan ini difokuskan pada pemikiran Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana tentang filsafat manusia dan relevansinya dengan pemikiran Islam kontemporer. Teori nilai dasar pemikiran filsafat Eduard Sprenger meliputi agama, estetika, politik, sosial, ekonomi dan teori nilai menjadi landasan analisis terhadap studi ini. Penulis menemukan bahwa menurut filsafat Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, dalam diri manusia terdapat unsur-unsur pokok yang menjadi sumber perilaku badani dan kualitas mental. Pemikiran filsafat Alisjahbana yang demikian tidak bisa dilepaskan dari penilaian budi dan tumbuhnya sikap tanggung jawab yang merupakan tujuan dari filsafat manusia. Selanjutnya, Alisjahbana juga merumuskan bahwa solusi terbaik dalam penyelesaian krisis kemanusiaan dewasa ini adalah dengan mengintegrasikan keseluruhan nilai dasar yang ditopang oleh nilai ketuhanan sejalan dengan rasionalitas ilmu pengetahuan modern.Abstract: This article focuses on Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana’s thoughts on the philosophy of man and its relevance to contemporary Islamic thought. This study used Eduard Sprenger’s theory of six basic values of philosophy, all of which become the grounds in analysing Alisjahbana’s philosophy of man and its relevance to the current Islamic thought. The author maintains that according to Alisjahbana, human behaviours, both mentally and physically, are built upon the main essence existing in human nature. He is not able to free of it unless with the effort of doing goodness. Alisjahbana’s thought is much related to his assessment on human philosophy that emerges from the value system embedded in human nature reflected in the growth of responsibility is used as parameter on his philosophical thought. For Alisjahbana, the best solutions on the current problem of humanities is to balance the values supported by the idea of the divinity value in line with the rationality of today’s modern science.Keywords: Islamic philosophy, Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, philosophy of ma
"Facta Non Verba": an experiment on pledging
No full textThis paper builds an experiment to investigate whether asking people to state how much they will donate to a charity (to pledge) can increase their actual donation. Individuals’ endowment is either certain or a random variable. We study different types of pledges, namely private, public and irrevocable ones, which differ in individual cost of not keeping a promise. Public pledges appear to be associated to lower donation levels. Irrevocable pledges ensure an amount of donations equal to donations in absence of pledges. Moreover, a significant number of individuals keep their promises, in presence of either private or public pledges. A higher risk attached to the endowment increases donations
Virtual vs. Standard Strike: An Experiment
Get PDFIn this paper we compare - in the laboratory - stoppage and virtual strike. Our experiment confirms that higher wages offered by an employer lead to considerably more costly effort provision. The number of strikes, the level of efforts and average total payoffs are higher under virtual strike than under standard strike. However, when standard strike is associated with reciprocal externalities, it induces higher effort levels, higher payoffs and an extremely reduced number of strikes than virtual strike. It is unclear whether this behavior re?ects reciprocity or other forms of social preferences. However our results might explain why standard strikes rather than virtual ones are generally adopted by workers.virtual strike, cooperation, reciprocity, fairness, experiments
Revue de presse - mardi 13 décembre 2016
No full textNous sommes presque tous des tricheurs… et alors ? / Jean-Marc Vittori, Les Echos, 13/12/2016 La circulation alternée mise en œuvre à Paris a mis en lumière l’ampleur des comportements de triche. Cela confirme des travaux récents d’économistes montrant que la fraude est un comportement très répandu... lire La circulation alternée, symbole d'une utopie solidaire / Angela Sutan, enseignant-chercheur à Burgundy School of Business, le cercle des Echos, 12/12/2016 La circulation alternée, qui exis..
Forgive or Buy Back: An Experimental Study of Debt Relief
Get PDFA large share of the debt claims owed by the world’s poorest countries has been cancelled through the HIPC (highly indebted poor countries) debt relief initiative. It is believed that, with less debt burden, the HIPC will be able to devote more resources to investment and thus promote their own growth and benefit their creditors in the long run. But does debt forgiveness really provide the best incentive for those countries who suffers from debt overhang? In this paper, we adopt experimental methods to study the impact of two different schemes for relieving debt. The two schemes we consider here are debt forgiveness and debt buyback, with the latter being more market-based since it allows indebted countries to repurchase their own debt on the secondary market at a discount. We find that creditors tend to reduce more debt when the relief takes the form of debt forgiveness than that of buyback. Debtors under the scheme of forgiveness are not significantly more reciprocal than those of buyback. After controlling for the amount of debt relief, creditors are significantly worse off under forgiveness whereas debtors are indifferent between the two schemes. Overall, debt forgiveness yields less desirable outcomes than debt buybacks.Laboratory Experiments
Personality of the Main Character Jemima in the Novel God for Jemima by Indah Hanaco Psychological Study of Literary
No full textLiterary works are imaginative results or creations conveyed communicatively by the author which contain the aesthetics of the life of the people who created them. Literary works are created by writers to be enjoyed, understood and utilized by society. A novel is a long prose essay that contains a series of stories about a person's life and the people around him, highlighting the character and nature of each actor. Generally, stories in novels begin with the most important incident or event experienced by the character in the story which will later change the fate of his life. Thus, the characters and characters will develop until they experience a change in fate or experience an important event.
In general, the definition of a character is an individual created by the author who experiences the events in the story. Psychology is a science that researches and studies behavior or activities which are seen as manifestations of human psychological life. In general, literary psychology is a science that studies humans from the inside. Literary psychology was born as a type of literary study which is used to read and interpret literary works, authors of literary works and their readers using various concepts and theoretical frameworks that exist in psychology. Psychoanalysis is a scientific discipline that studies human functioning and development. In this research, the author uses two theories, namely Hippocrates' theory of personality types which is divided into 4 parts, namely Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine, then Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory which is divided into 4 parts, namely Id, Ego and Superego. This research aims to describe the type of personality possessed by the character "Jemima" in the novel God for Jemima by Indah Hanaco. From the results of this research, it can be concluded what type of personality the character "Jemima" has and its relationship with the personality system in the aspect of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis contained in the novel God for Jemima by Indah Hanaco.66 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
An experimental investigation of the eductive abilities of the agents in negative feedback environments
No full textCe travail étudie la mise en place du raisonnement éductif dans des situations de feedback négatif. Nous utilisons une approche expérimentale. Nous construisons cette thèse autour de trois questions : quel est le mécanisme par lequel le raisonnement éductif se met en place ? Existe-t-il des situations dans lesquelles il est plus probable que le raisonnement éductif aboutisse ? Dans ce type de situations, y a-t-il des conditions sous lesquelles les performances de ce type de raisonnement s'améliorent ? Nous identifions les environnements de feedback négatif comme des situations stabilisatrices pour le raisonnement éductif. Ainsi, après avoir défini le concept de raisonnement éductif et caractérisé les environnements de feedback négatif, nous introduisons et testons dans une première partie les jeux du concours de beauté à feedback négatif. La répétition, l'élicitation et la circularité sont des conditions de succès de ce type de raisonnement dans une situation de marché. Ainsi, dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à l'application des jeux à feedback négatif sur les marchés de type cobweb. Notre thèse montre que, dans des situations de feedback négatif, les croyances réflectives se transforment en croyances intuitives plus rapidement, parce qu'à travers un raisonnement éductif l'équilibre est scanné de manière répétée et l'information utile est accrue. C'est la raison pour laquelle les marchés qui ont une structure de feedback négatif sont stable s et les agents qui y interviennent ont des croyances coordonnées.
The goal of this thesis is to study the eductive-type of reasoning in negative feedback situations. We address it through an experimental approach. We construct this thesis around three questions: what mechanism is the eductive type of reasoning based on? Is this type of reasoning more likely to succeed in some particular situations? Can we find particular conditions improving the performance of the eductive reasoning? We identify the negative feedback environments as stabilizing situations for the eductive reasoning. Therefore, after defining the concept of eductive reasoning and characterizing negative feedback situations, we introduce and test in the first part of this thesis a negative feedback beauty contest game. Repetition, elicitation and circularity are the conditions of its success within a market situation. Therefore, in the second part of this thesis, we are interested in the application of this game in cobweb markets. Our thesis shows that, in negative feedback situations, reflective beliefs turn faster into intuitive beliefs, because through an eductive type of reasoning, the equilibrium is scanned several times, and useful information is increased. Consequently, a market with a negative feedback structure is stable and the agents within this type of market hold coordinated beliefs.The goal of this thesis is to study the eductive-type of reasoning in negative feedback situations. We address it through an experimental approach. We construct this thesis around three questions: what mechanism is the eductive type of reasoning based on? Is this type of reasoning more likely to succeed in some particular situations? Can we find particular conditions improving the performance of the eductive reasoning? We identify the negative feedback environments as stabilizing situations for the eductive reasoning. Therefore, after defining the concept of eductive reasoning and characterizing negative feedback situations, we introduce and test in the first part of this thesis a negative feedback beauty contest game. Repetition, elicitation and circularity are the conditions of its success within a market situation. Therefore, in the second part of this thesis, we are interested in the application of this game in cobweb markets. Our thesis shows that, in negative feedback situations, reflective beliefs turn faster into intuitive beliefs, because through an eductive type of reasoning, the equilibrium is scanned several times, and useful information is increased. Consequently, a market with a negative feedback structure is stable and the agents within this type of market hold coordinated beliefs
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