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El derecho de acceso a la justicia través de un recurso judicial efectivo: Estableciendo la comparación entre los Tribunales de Luxemburgo y Estrasburgo
Get PDFIn the realm of human rights and justice, the fundamental principle of the right to access the court through an effective legal remedy holds utmost significance. This article engages in a comparative analysis between the Court of Justice of the EU in Luxembourg, and the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, in terms of their role in safeguarding this crucial right. By examining their jurisdictional differences, enforcement mechanisms, and approaches to ensuring access to justice, the analysis aims to shed light on the unique dynamics of these two influential Courts. The article not only explores the legal pathways available to individuals seeking remedies for rights’ violations, but also examines the broader implications for the protection of human rights across the European continent. Through an examination of the relevant case law, procedural intricacies, and overarching principles, this article offers a comprehensive insight into the methods employed by the two Courts to uphold the right to an effective legal remedy, thus ultimately contributing to an understanding of the complex landscape of European legal protection, particularly in light of the upcoming EU accession to the European Convention on Human Rights.En el ámbito de los derechos humanos y la justicia, el principio fundamental del derecho de acceso a los tribunales mediante un recurso judicial efectivo reviste la máxima importancia. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo entre el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, con sede en Luxemburgo, y el Tribunal de Derechos Humanos, con sede en Estrasburgo, en cuanto a su papel en la salvaguarda de este derecho crucial. Mediante el examen de sus diferencias jurisdiccionales, mecanismos de ejecución y enfoques para garantizar el acceso a la justicia, el análisis pretende arrojar luz sobre la dinámica única de estos dos influyentes tribunales. El artículo explora las vías legales disponibles para las personas que buscan reparación por violaciones de sus derechos y examina las implicaciones más amplias para la protección de los derechos humanos en el continente europeo. A través de un examen de la jurisprudencia pertinente, las complejidades procesales y los principios generales, este artículo ofrece una visión global de los métodos empleados por los dos tribunales para defender el derecho a un recurso judicial efectivo, contribuyendo así en última instancia a la comprensión del complejo panorama de la protección jurídica europea, en especial con vistas a la próxima adhesión de la Unión Europea al Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos.
Accountability and multinational corporations: Minding the gap and mechanisms for responsible business
Get PDFIn today\u27s global economy, multinational corporations (MNCs) wield substantial influence across industries, economies, and societies worldwide. This article addresses the vital issue of holding MNCs accountable for their actions. As MNCs navigate complex supply chains, diverse stakeholders, and intricate operational structures, the imperative for ethical, environmental, and social compliance becomes pronounced. The challenge lies in establishing accountability for these transnational entities, given the limitations of traditional regulatory frameworks. Various mechanisms have emerged to bridge this accountability gap, encompassing domestic and international regulations, industry-led initiatives, and civil society interventions. This article offers an inclusive overview of these mechanisms, analysing their strengths and limitations, and assessing their real-world efficacy. By examining the diverse approaches, the article contributes to discussions on fostering responsibility in an interconnected business landscape.En la economía global actual, las corporaciones multinacionales (CMN) ejercen una influencia sustancial en industrias, economías y sociedades de todo el mundo. Este artículo aborda la cuestión vital de responsabilizar a las empresas multinacionales por sus acciones. Lo anterior, debido a que, a medida que las multinacionales navegan por complejas cadenas de suministro y por diversas partes interesadas y estructuras operativas intrincadas; el imperativo de cumplimiento ético, ambiental y social se vuelve inminente. El desafío radica en establecer la rendición de cuentas de estas entidades transnacionales, dadas las limitaciones de los marcos regulatorios tradicionales. Han surgido varios mecanismos para cerrar esta brecha de rendición de cuentas, que abarcan regulaciones nacionales e internacionales, iniciativas lideradas por la industria e intervenciones de la sociedad civil. Este artículo ofrece una descripción general inclusiva de estos mecanismos (...
Accountability and multinational corporations: minding the gap and mechanisms for responsible business
No full textIn today’s global economy, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) wield substantial influence across industries, economies, and societies worldwide. This article addresses the vital issue of holding MNCs accountable for their actions. As MNCs navigate complex supply chains, diverse stakeholders, and intricate operational structures, the imperative for ethical, environmental, and social compliance becomes pronounced. The challenge lies in establishing accountability for these transnational entities, given the limitations of traditional regulatory frameworks. Various mechanisms have emerged to bridge this accountability gap, encompassing domestic and international regulations, industry-led initiatives, and civil society interventions. This article offers an inclusive overview of these mechanisms, analysing their strengths and limitations, and assessing their real-world efficacy. By examining the diverse approaches, the article contributes to discussions on fostering responsibility in an interconnected business landscapeEn la economía global actual, las corporaciones multinacionales (CMN) ejercen una influencia sustancial en industrias, economías y sociedades de todo el mundo. Este artículo aborda la cuestión vital de responsabilizar a las empresas multinacionales por sus acciones. Lo anterior, debido a que, a medida que las multinacionales navegan por complejas cadenas de suministro y por diversas partes interesadas y estructuras operativas intrincadas; el imperativo de cumplimiento ético, ambiental y social se vuelve inminente. El desafío radica en establecer la rendición de cuentas de estas entidades transnacionales, dadas las limitaciones de los marcos regulatorios tradicionales. Han surgido varios mecanismos para cerrar esta brecha de rendición de cuentas, que abarcan regulaciones nacionales e internacionales, iniciativas lideradas por la industria e intervenciones de la sociedad civil. Este artículo ofrece una descripción general inclusiva de estos mecanismos, analiza sus fortalezas y limitaciones y evalúa su eficacia en el mundo real. Al examinar los diversos enfoques, el artículo contribuye a los debates sobre el fomento de la responsabilidad en un panorama empresarial interconectad
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Money laundering and sanctions enforcement : large rewards, leniency and witness protection for whistleblowers
No full textPurpose – With sanctions becoming an increasingly important tool in ostracising autocratic regimes from western markets, the need for effective enforcement of sanctions and anti-money laundering (AML) is increasing, and the global AML regime will be the backbone to detecting evasion of sanctions. This regime, however, has been widely criticised as ineffective. This paper aims to discuss issues with the current sanctions/AML regime and propose a reward scheme for whistleblowers to enable asset seizures that is not reliant on its effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews weaknesses in the global AML regime, provide suggestions on how to design whistleblower reward programmes, based on agency experience and empirical evidence, as well as elaborate on how to use such programmes in the AML context.Findings – This study concludes that for reward programmes to be effective in the context of AML and sanctions enforcement, they need to include witness protection and leniency for money launderers, though not for those convicted of a criminal offence associated with the predicate crime. Moreover, rewards should be mandatory and scale with the amount of money seized or confiscated, and the cap on monetary rewards should be higher than it is under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme in the USA.Originality/value – In contrast to how the USA went about implementing rewards in this area under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme, this study argues that these programmes should be designed differently. This study also provides novel advice to governments on different design dimensions in the AML context and a model with three crucial pillars along with other design dimensions that should be considered.</p
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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