1,720,984 research outputs found
Ceiling effects in the "Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression" study: was the sky the limit? Efeitos do teto no estudo "Eficácia do tratamento antidepressivo adjuvante para depressão bipolar": era o céu o limite?
Full text linkBeyond the DSM: trends in psychiatry diagnoses
No full textBackground: Although widely used in clinical practice and research, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnoses have low validity: patients with different mental disorders can share similar symptoms, while those with the same diagnosis might have different symptoms. In fact, the DSM diagnostic system has been considered one of the main obstacles for further development of psychiatric research. Recently, it has been proposed that psychiatry nosology should be reframed according to a biologically-based etiology. Objectives: To review present and past endeavors of establishing an etiology-based nosology. Methods: Comprehensive review of articles on the topic. Results: From Hippocrates onwards, multiple attempts have been undertaken aiming to move etiology and nosology closer. The most recent efforts are represented by Developmental Psychopathology (DP) and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), which presents an operational matrix recommended to be used in clinical research instead of the DSM diagnoses. Discussion: The DSM-based nosology is faulty. RDoC and DP might be interesting alternatives for an etiology-based nosology. However, while DP has already brought promising results, RDoC is a novel proposal, whose advantages and disadvantages should gradually be identified in the upcoming years
Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review
No full text
Neuroimaging predictors and state biomarkers in psychiatric and neurological disorders after Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: Scoping Systematic Review
No full textTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation modality (NIBS) that presents moderate response rates and heterogeneous outcomes for psychiatric disorders. In addition, its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. The identification of biomarkers - "objective indications of medical state" that "can be measured accurately and reproducibly" associated with the clinical outcome ("predictor biomarkers") and/or that change according to clinical response ("state biomarkers") can be useful in unveiling mechanisms of action by examining the role of these markers in the pathophysiology of the disease. Among several of them, structural and functional neuroimaging biomarkers are natural candidates for predicting NIBS response and being influenced by its effects, since they represent the underlying circuit ("target") that is stimulated by tDCS and other NIBS modalities. Recently, structural and functional neuroimaging biomarkers provided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) indicated that the volume and thickness of certain structures (e.g., portions of the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex), resting-state connectivity of certain networks, and connectivity between regions of interest (ROIs) predicts and are modified by NIBS antidepressant effects. Nonetheless, this evidence is preliminary as it was obtained in mostly small sample sizes in non-RCT studies. Our aim is to synthesize the best available evidence on neuroimaging biomarkers in psychiatric and neurological disorders using tDCS
Translational research in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a systematic review of studies in animals
No full textAbstract
Recent therapeutic human studies testing transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS) have shown promising results, although many questions remain unanswered.
Translational research with experimental animals is an appropriate framework for
investigating its mechanisms of action that are still undetermined.
Nevertheless, animal and human studies are often discordant. Our aim was to
review tDCS animal studies, examining and comparing their main findings with
human studies. We performed a systematic review in Medline and other databases,
screening for animal studies in vivo that delivered tDCS.
Studies in vitro and using other neuromodulatory techniques
were excluded. We extracted data according to Animal Research: Reporting
In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines for reporting
in vivo animal research. Thus, we collected data on sample
characteristics (size, gender, weight and specimen) and methodology
(experimental procedures, experimental animals, housing and husbandry, as well
as analysis). We also collected data on methods for delivering tDCS (location,
size, current and current density of electrodes and electrode montage),
experimental effects (polarity-, intensity- and after-effects) and safety. Only
12 of 48 potentially eligible studies met our inclusion criteria and were
reviewed. Quality assessment reporting was only moderate and studies were
heterogeneous regarding tDCS montage methodology, position of active and
reference electrodes, and current density used. Nonetheless, almost all studies
demonstrated that tDCS had positive immediate and long-lasting effects.
Vis-à-vis human trials, animal studies applied
higher current densities (34.2 vs. 0.4 A/m2, respectively), preferred
extra-cephalic positions for reference electrodes (60% vs. 10%,
respectively) and used electrodes with different sizes more often. Potential
implications for translational tDCS research are discussed.</jats:p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Neuromodulatory approaches for bipolar disorder: current evidences and future perspectives
No full textBipolar disorder is a prevalent condition, with few therapeutic options and a high degree of refractoriness. This justifies the development of novel non-pharmacological treatment strategies, such as the non-invasive techniques of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as well as the invasive techniques of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). In this chapter, we provide a summary of the development of the techniques as well as the studies carried out with patients with bipolar disorder. Although many promising results regarding the efficacy of theses techniques were described, the total number of studies is still low, highlighting the need of further studies in larger samples as to provide a definite picture regarding the use of clinical neuromodulation in bipolar disorder.</p
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