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The dynamics of radicalization : a relational and comparative perspective
No full textWhy is it that some social movements engaged in contentious politics experience radicalization whereas others do not? The Dynamics of Radicalization offers an innovative reply by investigating how and when social movement organizations switch from a nonviolent mode of contention to a violent one. Moving beyond existing explanations that posit aggressive motivations, grievances or violence-prone ideologies, this book demonstrates how these factors gain and lose salience in the context of relational dynamics among various parties and actors involved in episodes of contention. Drawing on a comparative historical analysis of al-Qaeda, the Red Brigades, the Cypriot EOKA, the authors develop a relational, mechanism-based theory that advances our understanding of political violence in several important ways by identifying turning points in the radicalization process, similar mechanisms at work across each case, and the factors that drive or impede radicalization. The Dynamics of Radicalization offers a counterpoint to mainstream works on political violence, which often presume that political violence and terrorism is rooted in qualities intrinsic to or developed by groups considered to be radical.-- Preface
-- Acknowedgments
-- List of Figures and Tables
-- Acronyms
-- Chapter One: Introduction: Social movements, Contentious Politics, and Radicalization
-- Chapter Two: Theorizing and Comparing Radicalization: A Relational Framework
-- Chapter Three: The Italian Extra-Parliamentary Left Movement and Brigate Rosse (1969-1978)
-- Chapter Four: The Cypriot Enosis Movement and EOKA (1945-1959)
-- Chapter Five: The Salafi Transnational Jihad Movement and al-Qaeda (1984-2001)
-- Chapter Six: Processes of Radicalization: Dissimilarities in Similarities
-- Chapter Seven: Non-Radicalization and Radicalization in Reverse
-- Chapter Eight: The Relational Dynamics of Radicalization: Conclusion
-- Appendix: Sub-Mechanism Types and Definitions
-- Notes
-- References
-- Inde
Relational Dynamics and Processes of Radicalization: A comparative framework
No full textWe propose an explanatory framework for the comparative study of radicalization that focuses on its “how” and “when” questions. We build on the relational tradition in the study of social movements and contentious politics by expanding on a mechanism-process research strategy. Attentive to similarities as well as to dissimilarities, our comparative framework traces processes of radicalization by delineating four key arenas of interaction— between movement and political environment, among movement actors, between movement activists and state security forces, and between the movement and a countermovement. Then, we analyze how four similar corresponding general mechanisms—opportunity/threat spirals, competition for power, outbidding, and object shift—combine differently to drive the process. Last, we identify a set of submechanisms for each general mechanism. The explanatory utility of our framework is demonstrated through the analysis of three ethnonational episodes of radicalization: the enosis-EOKA movement in Cyprus (1950-1959), the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland (1969-1972), and the Fatah-Tanzim in Palestine (1995-2001)
A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Processes of Radicalization of the Weather Underground and of the Provisional Irish Republican Army
No full textIn this article, through comparative historical research, the authors seek to account for the «how» and «when» of the shift to political violence of the Weather Under¬ground and of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The focus is not on deep-rooted «causes», but on analyzing the dynamic processes of radicalization in the two historical contexts separately according to relational factors (competition for power, opportunity/threat spirals and outbidding). At the end of the article the authors focus on the dissimilarities found between the two processes and accordingly embed their explanation within the more general historical debates on the subject. In the conclusion, the article briefly points out the promise the authors find in their approach as a possible comparative framework for the analysis of radicalization
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Relational Context of Radicalization: The Case of Jewish Settler Contention before and after the Gaza Pullout
Get PDFWhy is it that some social movements engaged in contention experience radicalization of member factions, whereas others do not? The fact that in the vast majority of cases opposition movements experience a shift to political violence on the part of one or more organization must not lead us to overlook "exceptions to the rule." Indeed, there are times when violent-prone ideologies and aggressive propensities do not translate into violent mode of contention. To explain those exceptions, I argue that relational mechanisms mediate the influence of motives for aggression and ideologies that justify violence on actual engagement in violence, through their separate, but most centrally their combined operation in forming what I term Infrastructure of Coordination. A comparison of two "similar yet different in outcome" episodes of Jewish settler contention offers strong support for the key role relational mechanisms play in specifying the possibility of radicalization. Despite ample environmental stimuli and widespread violent-prone ideologies constant in both episodes, in the Gaza pullout radicalization was impeded as a result of high levels of coordination established between and within the contending parties and, conversely, in the dismantling of Amona outpost the disintegration of IOC propelled radicalization. Supportive evidence is provided from a multi-methods, mechanism-based design, including in-depth interviews with key players, content analysis of various movement-based news outlets, social network analysis, and contention-repression data. In concluding, I discuss the generalizability of the findings and the "exceptionality" of the Jewish settlement case.Ohio State University. Mershon Center for International Security Studies.Event Web Page, Streaming Video, Photo
The End of Self-Regulation: On the Role of Internet Intermediaries in Countering Terror
Get PDFTerrorism is a significant concern worldwide. Criminals, jihadists, and terrorists are quick to use technology to protect their anonymity, privacy, modes of operation, and secret antisocial plans. They adapt to new innovations and exploit any technological advantages as means to ends. Clandestine operations are used to raise funds. Criminals, jihadists, and terrorists are working in international cells and rings that contest geographical boundaries and that require large resources and international security cooperation to obstruct their activities. Addressing these cross-country challenges require cross-country cooperation. The aim of this essay is to analyze the role of Internet intermediaries in countering online terror. I argue that Internet intermediaries can and should do far more than what they do to proactively fight online terrorism and that self-regulation is not effective enough. It is time for governments to step in and to protect vulnerable third parties by demanding that Internet intermediaries be vigilant and proactive in fighting terror. The idea of a new browser, CleaNet, is proposed to ensure a safe environment for Net users and for society at large
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