17 research outputs found
Essays on the economic analysis of discrimination in the labor and the rental housing market
No full textLa discrimination dans le marché de l’emploi et du logement locatif est génératrice de nombreuses inefficacités économiques et sociales. Pour combattre la discrimination à l’égard des minorités, il est essentiel d’en connaître l’ampleur ainsi que ses différentes sources. Dans cette thèse, nous exploitons à la fois des données expérimentales et des données de terrain pour détecter, mesurer, et étudier la discrimination à la première étape de l’attribution d’emplois et de logements locatifs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons le niveau et les sources de la discrimination à l’encontre des minorités ethniques dans le marché du logement locatif dans les pays de l’OCDE à travers une méta analyse de tests de correspondance. Les résultats de notre analyse montrent la présence d’une discrimination substantielle à l’encontre des minorités ethniques mais aussi à l’encontre des candidats masculins. Consécutivement à cela, nous réalisons une méta-analyse sur la discrimination à l’égard des candidats homosexuels dans le marché de l’emploi. En plus de révéler un niveau de discrimination similaire à celui subit par les minorités ethniques, notre étude permet de montrer des différences de traitement en fonction du genre des individus et du type d’emploi testé. Dans un troisième temps, nous réalisons une expérience de laboratoire pour étudier l’effet de l’intermédiation dans un contexte propice à la discrimination. Nos résultats indiquent que le plus faible niveau de discrimination observé empiriquement de la part des agents immobiliers n’est pas dû à l’intermédiation mais plutôt aux facteurs propres au marché. Enfin, nous réalisons une expérience de terrain afin de détecter la présence de discrimination à l’égard des personnes ayant un handicap mental, moteur ou visuel dans le marché du logement locatif en France. De manière cohérente avec la littérature sur le marché du travail, il semble que les personnes handicapées soient aussi la minorité la plus discriminée dans le marché du logement locatif.Discrimination in the labor and rental housing market generates many economic and social inefficiencies. In order to combat discrimination against minorities, it is essential to know its extent and its different sources. In this thesis, we use both experimental and field data to detect, measure, and investigate discrimination at the first stage of the rental or the hiring process in OECD countries. As a first step, we analyze the level and the sources of discrimination against ethnic minorities in the rental housing market in OECD countries through a meta-analysis of correspondence tests. Results show the presence of substantial discrimination against ethnic minorities and also against male tenants. Subsequent to this, we perform a meta-analysis on discrimination against openly homosexual candidates in the labor market. In addition to revealing a level of discrimination similar to that experienced by ethnic minorities, our study shows differences in treatment according to the gender of the individuals and the type of job tested. Thirdly, we carry out a laboratory experiment to study the effect of intermediation in a context conducive to discrimination. Our results indicate that the smaller level of empirically observed discrimination by real estate agents is not due to intermediation but rather to market-specific factors. Finally, we perform a field experience to detect the presence of discrimination against people with mental, motor or visual disabilities in the rental housing market in France. Consistent with the literature on the labor market, it appears that people with disabilities are also the most discriminated minority in the rental housing market
Essais sur l’analyse économique des discriminations dans le marché de l’emploi et du logement locatif
No full textDiscrimination in the labor and rental housing market generates many economic and social inefficiencies. In order to combat discrimination against minorities, it is essential to know its extent and its different sources. In this thesis, we use both experimental and field data to detect, measure, and investigate discrimination at the first stage of the rental or the hiring process in OECD countries. As a first step, we analyze the level and the sources of discrimination against ethnic minorities in the rental housing market in OECD countries through a meta-analysis of correspondence tests. Results show the presence of substantial discrimination against ethnic minorities and also against male tenants. Subsequent to this, we perform a meta-analysis on discrimination against openly homosexual candidates in the labor market. In addition to revealing a level of discrimination similar to that experienced by ethnic minorities, our study shows differences in treatment according to the gender of the individuals and the type of job tested. Thirdly, we carry out a laboratory experiment to study the effect of intermediation in a context conducive to discrimination. Our results indicate that the smaller level of empirically observed discrimination by real estate agents is not due to intermediation but rather to market-specific factors. Finally, we perform a field experience to detect the presence of discrimination against people with mental, motor or visual disabilities in the rental housing market in France. Consistent with the literature on the labor market, it appears that people with disabilities are also the most discriminated minority in the rental housing market.La discrimination dans le marché de l’emploi et du logement locatif est génératrice de nombreuses inefficacités économiques et sociales. Pour combattre la discrimination à l’égard des minorités, il est essentiel d’en connaître l’ampleur ainsi que ses différentes sources. Dans cette thèse, nous exploitons à la fois des données expérimentales et des données de terrain pour détecter, mesurer, et étudier la discrimination à la première étape de l’attribution d’emplois et de logements locatifs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons le niveau et les sources de la discrimination à l’encontre des minorités ethniques dans le marché du logement locatif dans les pays de l’OCDE à travers une méta analyse de tests de correspondance. Les résultats de notre analyse montrent la présence d’une discrimination substantielle à l’encontre des minorités ethniques mais aussi à l’encontre des candidats masculins. Consécutivement à cela, nous réalisons une méta-analyse sur la discrimination à l’égard des candidats homosexuels dans le marché de l’emploi. En plus de révéler un niveau de discrimination similaire à celui subit par les minorités ethniques, notre étude permet de montrer des différences de traitement en fonction du genre des individus et du type d’emploi testé. Dans un troisième temps, nous réalisons une expérience de laboratoire pour étudier l’effet de l’intermédiation dans un contexte propice à la discrimination. Nos résultats indiquent que le plus faible niveau de discrimination observé empiriquement de la part des agents immobiliers n’est pas dû à l’intermédiation mais plutôt aux facteurs propres au marché. Enfin, nous réalisons une expérience de terrain afin de détecter la présence de discrimination à l’égard des personnes ayant un handicap mental, moteur ou visuel dans le marché du logement locatif en France. De manière cohérente avec la littérature sur le marché du travail, il semble que les personnes handicapées soient aussi la minorité la plus discriminée dans le marché du logement locatif
Sharing Losses in Dictator and Ultimatum Games: A Meta-Analysis
No full textAre people less socially oriented when sharing losses instead of gains? This paper reports the findings of a meta-analysis of 33 studies with 114 estimates from ultimatum and dictator games in which participants share losses (of money, time, or even physical well-being) instead of gains. We provide evidence that dictators leave significantly more to receivers when sharing losses. Proposers are also fairer when sharing losses, but the result is only significant when protocol biases are controlled for. Receivers, on the other hand, demand significantly more in the loss-sharing ultimatum game than in the gain-sharing game. They also demand significantly more when the strategy method is employed. Moreover, we found that non-students are more generous and fairer when sharing losses than students. Finally, we found that, whether sharing a loss of time, a loss of money, or physical pain, players' behaviors do not differ in terms of the percentage of loss shared or demanded
Sharing Losses in Dictator and Ultimatum Games: A Meta-Analysis
No full textAre people less socially oriented when sharing losses instead of gains? This paper reports the findings of a meta-analysis of 33 studies with 114 estimates from ultimatum and dictator games in which participants share losses (of money, time, or even physical well-being) instead of gains. We provide evidence that dictators leave significantly more to receivers when sharing losses. Proposers are also fairer when sharing losses, but the result is only significant when protocol biases are controlled for. Receivers, on the other hand, demand significantly more in the loss-sharing ultimatum game than in the gain-sharing game. They also demand significantly more when the strategy method is employed. Moreover, we found that non-students are more generous and fairer when sharing losses than students. Finally, we found that, whether sharing a loss of time, a loss of money, or physical pain, players' behaviors do not differ in terms of the percentage of loss shared or demanded
Discrimination against people with mental, physical or visual disabilities in the French rental housing market: field experiment
No full textInternational audienceWe implement correspondence testing to detect and assess the extent of discrimination against people with disabilities in the French rental housing market. By sending 1,750 emails in a matched-pair procedure, we provide evidence of significant and extensive discrimination against blind people with a guide dog, individuals with mental disabilities, and individuals with motor impairments in the process of rented housing allocation. However, the primary cause of discrimination against blind individuals appears to stem from the presence of the guide dog, rather than the disability itself. Our results are also consistent with the presence of statistical discrimination (particularly based on financial means). We find that absolute discrimination against disabled applicants increases in accordance with the level of rent, while real estate agents discriminate significantly less against disabled applicants than private landlords
A vulnerability assessment of infrastructure response to climate change in Longyearbyen
No full textDuring the last decades, climate change has been a heavily debated theme in both the news media and in the academic world. A warmer climate will have huge implications for large areas around the world, and the Arctic has received special concerns related to climate change lately. Because of polar amplification, temperatures will rise much faster in the Arctic and Antarctic regions than in the rest of the world. One of the consequences of climate change is thawing of permafrost, which potentially can damage buildings and infrastructures that are constructed on top of it. Because heat is transferred from building to ground, it results in the ground to move which consequently makes the buildings move as well. This phenomenon will be further impaired by climate change.
The main objective of this master thesis is to investigate the damage to buildings as a result of different levels of permafrost thawing for the community in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. The levels of different permafrost thawing are based on climate change scenarios from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).
The methods chosen in this thesis was developed and first used to estimate damage and costs due to climate change in the Russian Arctic. The method has then been adapted to fit specific issues in Longyearbyen, where a higher level of salinity could be a problem. The method is a semi-quantitative assessment, which is modified to highlight assumptions. It needs little data to produce values, but this results in rather crude numbers. The method used in this thesis contributes to existing methods because it has introduced a semi-quantitative assessment which is adapted to fit local challenges and it measures the effects of climate change on buildings in Longyearbyen. As far as the author know, this has not been done to this extent earlier.
The results from different climate scenarios uncover that there might be need for different focuses with shifting scenarios. For the least severe scenario there is a bigger need for research on failure limits of bearing capacity and thaw subsidence. In the case of the other two more severe scenarios, bigger efforts may be put into research regarding construction methods for a warmer climate, along with recommendations for how to secure important existing buildings. Some specific areas should receive special attention, where the most critical areas are Lia and Nordre Lia.
There is a need for more research as a mitigating measure, especially regarding how the soils reacts to climate change and hence also the limits of failure of bearing capacity and thaw subsidence. This will help increase the accuracy of the vulnerability assessments of at least the mildest scenario. These is also a need for finding more information about critical areas, and information about areas that lacks information. Testing the validity of the equation for thaw subsidence is also important
