2,939 research outputs found
M. Colombo, La sintassi del parlato nel "Fermo e Lucia"
No full textL'articolo di Colombo analizza la presenza, in "Fermo e Lucia", di fenomeni sintattici riconducibili all'oralità, confrontandoli con gli esiti che saranno poi della quarantana
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT WAR: THE IMPACT OF MILITARY AI SYSTEMS ON THE OFFENSE-DEFENSE BALANCE
No full textQuesta tesi indaga l’impatto dell’intelligenza artificiale (IA) sui conflitti militari contemporanei a livello tattico-operativo e strategico. Sebbene l’uso dei sistemi di IA si sia rapidamente diffuso in ambito militare, questo rimane poco esplorato all’interno delle discipline delle Relazioni Internazionali e dei Security Studies da una prospettiva empirica. Questa tesi mira a colmare questa lacuna e a emendare la tendenza della letteratura esistente a sopravvalutare il potenziale rivoluzionario dell’IA e a trascurare i suoi limiti tecnici. Per farlo, l’elaborato di ricerca adotta una metodologia qualitativa basata sulla teoria dell’attacco-difesa, fornendo un quadro strutturato per valutare l’impatto dei sistemi di IA sulle operazioni militari. La ricerca è condotta attraverso un’analisi empirica di casi di studio incentrata su tre casi: l’impiego dei sistemi di IA di Project Maven da parte degli Stati Uniti nelle operazioni contro il terrorismo internazionale, l’uso dell’IA militare da parte delle forze armate ucraine nella guerra russo-ucraina e l’uso dei sistemi di IA da parte delle Israeli Defense Forces nelle operazioni militari del 2021 e 2023 contro Hamas a Gaza. L’analisi utilizza implicazioni osservabili per valutare la pervasività dei sistemi di IA all'interno dei processi decisionali e il loro impatto sulla velocità operativa e sul tasso di successo delle missioni, tenendo conto anche della presenza di variabili intervenienti come le contromisure nemiche. I risultati mostrano che i sistemi di IA spostano rendono l’equilibrio più prono alla preponderanza dell’attacco a livello tattico-operativo per mezzo dell’accelerazione de processi decisionali e del miglioramento l’acquisizione dei bersagli. Tuttavia, tale impatto non ingenera un pari effetto a livello strategico, in cui l’influenza dell’IA rimane molto limitata. Questi risultati mettono in discussione le ipotesi dominanti sull’impatto rivoluzionario dell’IA sulla guerra e riformulano il dibattito basandolo su effetti operativi osservabili, invece del solo potenziale speculativo dell’IA. La comprensione dell’impatto dell’IA qui presentata è d’interesse per accademici, policymaker e militari professionisti, poiché offre riflessioni applicabili anche allo studio di altre tecnologie emergenti. Il contributo di questa tesi è sia teorico che pratico: da un lato, offre un’analisi empiricamente fondata delle applicazioni militari dell’IA, sottolineando la necessità di ulteriori ricerche per valutarne il ruolo in evoluzione e le implicazioni militari, politiche ed etiche. Dall’altro, sottolinea la necessità di un’attenta valutazione dei modi in cui l’IA può essere integrata nei processi decisionali militari e, di conseguenza, la necessità di supervisione umana su tali sistemi.This dissertation investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on contemporary military conflicts at the tactical-operational and strategic levels of war. While the use of AI systems has rapidly proliferated in the military domain, it remains underexplored within the disciplines of International Relations and Security Studies from an empirical perspective. This thesis aims to address this gap while also amending the tendency of existing literature to overstate AI’s revolutionary potential and overlook its technical limitations. To do so, it adopts a qualitative methodological framework grounded in the offense-defense theory to provide a structured lens for evaluating how AI systems impact military operations. This research is carried out by means of an empirical case study analysis focusing on three cases: the deployment of Project Maven AI systems by the United States in their operations against international terrorism, Ukrainian armed forces’ use of military AI in the Russo-Ukrainian War, and the use of AI systems by Israeli Defense Forces in their 2021 and 2023 military operations against Hamas in Gaza. This analysis uses observable implications to assess the pervasiveness of AI systems within decision-making processes, and their impact on operational tempo and mission success rate; while accounting for intervening variables such as enemy countermeasures. The findings show that AI systems shift the balance towards offense-dominance at the tactical-operational level by accelerating decision-making, improving target acquisition, and shortening the sensor-to-shooter cycle. However, this impact does not spill over to the strategic level, where the influence of AI remains limited. These findings challenge the dominant assumptions about AI’s revolutionary impact on warfare and reframe the debate by grounding it in observable operational effects, rather than solely in AI’s speculative potential. The nuanced understanding of AI’s impact herein presented is critical for scholars, policymakers and military professionals alike, as it also offers insights applicable to the study of other emerging and disruptive technologies. This dissertation’s contribution is both theoretical and practical: on the one hand, it offers an empirically grounded analysis of AI’s military applications, underscoring the need for further research to assess the evolving role of AI and its military, political, and ethical implications. On the other hand, it stresses the need for careful evaluation of the ways in which AI can be integrated into military decision-making processes and, consequently, the need for human oversight over such systems
The Ad-As Model and its Solutions: Some New Results in A Disequilibrium Perspective
No full textThis paper extends the disequilibrium approach to aggregate demand and aggregate supply to situation in which the level of the fixed nominal wage is compatible with shortage of labour. We show that discontinuities arise in the AD-AS curves and that only a 'one sided,, not bilaterally stable equilibrium exists, which corresponds to the underconsumption regime. In order to show peculiarities, this extends AD-AS framework is then applied to a standard policy problem
Demand elasticity and fiscal policy
No full textIn this paper we study the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy based on possible changes in the elasticity of demand. These are obtained by assuming that firms face a balance of public and private demands, each characterized by di¤erent price elasticity. We show that in this set-up there exists a range of the technological conditions under which fiscal policy is expansionary, independently of the pro- or counter-cyclical nature of its
impact on the desired mark-up
COMPOSITION IN POWDER FORM MADE OF SOFT AGGLOMERATES OF A MICRONIZED DRUG AND TWO-COMPONENTS EXCIPIENTS, AND PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION
No full textMixed spatial duopoly, consumers’ distribution and efficiency
No full textWe solve a mixed spatial duopoly with a generic log-concave consumers’ distribution. We show that the sub-game perfect equilibrium in prices and locations exists and is generally inefficient, so that the efficiency in the standard uniform distribution case stands out as an exception. Notable examples show that the inefficiency may increase as the distribution becomes more concentrated
SPRAYABLE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION COMPRISING SUCRALFATE GEL
No full textThe present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for topical use comprising sucralfate gel, PVA and optionally a vegetable product comprising tocotrienols and tocopherols. In particular, these compositions have proved to be suitable for being sprayed, thus finding advantageous application in the treatment of skin lesions, even very deep lesions, such as second-degree burns
Beyond the Uniform Distribution: Equilibrium Prices and Qualities in a Vertically Differentiated Duopoly
No full textThe paper proves the existence of a subgame perfect Nash
equilibrium in a vertically differentiated duopoly with uncovered market, for a large set of symmetric and asymmetric distributions of consumers, including, among others, all logconcave distributions. The proof relies on the ’income share elasticity’ representation of the consumers’ density function, which ensures the analytical tractability of the firms’ optimality conditions at a high level of generality. Some illustrative examples of the solution are offered, in order to assess the impact of distributive shocks on the equilibrium market configuration
Orbit design for future SpaceChip swarm missions in a planetary atmosphere
No full textThe effect of solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag on the orbital dynamics of satellites-on-a-chip (SpaceChips) is exploited to design equatorial long-lived orbits about the oblate Earth. The orbit energy gain due to asymmetric solar radiation pressure, considering the Earth's shadow, is used to balance the energy loss due to atmospheric drag. Future missions for a swarm of SpaceChips are proposed, where a number of small devices are released from a conventional spacecraft to perform spatially distributed measurements of the conditions in the ionosphere and exosphere. It is shown that the orbit lifetime can be extended and indeed selected through solar radiation pressure and the end-of-life re-entry of the swarm can be ensured, by exploiting atmospheric drag
Income distribution and the incentive to privatization
No full textWithin the standard framework of mixed oligopoly theory, in this paper we investigate how changes in the distribution of income affect demand and the incentives towards privatization. We show that the scope for privatization is widened when the market is poorer, and when incomes become more concentrated. These results are accounted for in terms of the way distributional shocks alter the allocative inefficiency of imperfectly competitive markets
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