502 research outputs found
STUDY OF APPROACHES, METHODS, SOURCES AND INTERPRETATION INSTRUMENTS OF MULLA SADRA
No full textThis research is carried out on some uniqueness found in the interpretation of the Al-Qur\u27an by Mulla Sadra, including: he is a philosopher who is the foremost in interpreting the Al-Qur\u27an and productive writers who have produced many works. In the hands of Mulla Sadra, the synthesis of the three Islamic intellectual schools, namely Sufi makrifat, philosophy or theosophy, and Shiite theology was finally reached, and directly reflected in the field of esoteric interpretation of the Al-Qur\u27an. Based on the uniqueness, the author is interested in examining it with the title: "Mulla Sadra\u27s Interpretation Methodology (Study of Approaches, Methods, Sources and Instruments of Interpretation)". The purpose of this study is to find out and explore the methodology of the interpretation of Al-Quran Mulla Sadra, as well as describe how the approach, methods, sources and instruments of interpretation of the Al-Quran that he initiated. And to find out and criticize the application of the interpretation methodology of Al-Quran Mulla Sadra in its interpretation product. This type of research is a library research based on the book of Tafsir al-Qur\u27an al-Karim as a primary data source. Based on this research, we can draw the conclusion that Sadra\u27s work is a combination of approaches and interpretive methods that have developed in the Islamic world. The advantage is that it combines two approaches, namely f irfani and philosophy. This is then considered a bridge from the different interpretive traditions in the Islamic worl
Reflection on the Essentials of Avecinna and Mulla-Sadra's
No full textThe philosophers believe that the origin of the chain of Intellects "The primal Intellect "(Agl-al Awal) is the "First Creature ".In Islamic tradition the First Creature is called by different names such as: Intellect (Agl), The Pen (Qalam), Muhammadan Light, Muhammadan Soul Studies.This article Avicenna and Mulla Sadra's Points of view, and in this line concentrates on the problem that weather the reality of all these different expressions conform and especially, weather the fact inward of the Last prophet (Pbuh) can be the applicability of the First Creature or not.The author to tries the clarify bases of diversity of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra's opinions on this matter and belives that the differenc of the views of these two philosophers is based on their different approach to: Accepthing or rejecting the Originality of Existence and Gradating of Existencel, Pre-existence of soul, and Equality or differentiality of the essence of the Last messenger and the essence of other people
EPISTEMOLOGI ILMU HUDHURI MULLA SHADRA
No full textDiscussion on knowledge of hudhuri (knowledge by present) is an interesting topic in studying the history of philosophical thoughts or mysticism in Islam. Epistemologically, the knowledge of hudhuri is a farm of knowledge directly obtained by human from God, without involving the works of human's reasons conceptionally and human 's senses visually, but through involving the sanctity of human's soul (qalb). The criteria of the truth of this kind of knowledge is free from dualism between the truth and the mistakes. The concept of knowledge of hudhuri in the discourse of Islamic sciences has been explisitly formulated by Suhrawardi al-Maqtul, and then discussed by Mulla Shadrd. Before discussed by both Muslim thinkers, this concept has been also discussed by
oleh al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rusyd, and Ibn 'Arabi by using different terms. Mulla Shadrd as a figure who Jives longest of the others, when he formulated the concept of knowledge of hudhuri, was possibly influenced by the previous concepts. Hence, it is so interesting to study it comprehensively and systematically.
Key Words: Mulla Shadrd, Knowledge of hudhuri: epistemology, knowledge, and qalb.
 
On Caries Risk Profiles Using Cariogram and Caries Prevention with Fluoridated Toothpaste in Orthodontic Patients
No full textObjective. The aims of this thesis were to: 1) analyse caries-related factors shortly after orthodontic treatment, 2) demonstrate the usefulness of the Cariogram by presenting orthodontic patients with different caries-risk profiles, 3), and 4) test the hypothesis that toothpaste slurry rinsing, combined with some other simple post-brushing advice (in this thesis called the “modified F toothpaste technique, MFTT“), would reduce the number of decayed and filled tooth surfaces (DFS) in a 2-year randomised clinical trial in orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods. In Study I, a total of 100 patients were divided into two groups (50 in each), based on their pre-bonding DFS. A high- (DFS ≥ 5) and a low- (DFS ≤ 2) caries groups were created. In Study II, three cases were selected to present the three caries risk groups, i.e. high, medium and low. In Study III, 20 orthodontic patients were randomised into two groups: 1) a test group using 5,000 ppm F with no post-brushing water rinsing and 2) a control group using 1,450 ppm F with 3 times post-brushing water rinsing. On the upper first premolars, orthodontic stainless steel bands were applied, leaving 2-3 mm of space away from the exposed buccal surface in order to accumulate plaque and create an area for initial caries development. The teeth were extracted after 8 and 9 weeks and were then analysed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF). Moreover, the oral F retention was studied using the two brushing techniques. The Study IV population consisted of 100 orthodontic patients randomly divided into two groups. Each patient was examined before the beginning of orthodontic treatment (baseline) and shortly after de-bonding (follow-up) within a 2-year study period. The test group patients were instructed to use the MFTT, in which various behavioural factors were standardised in order to improve the caries preventive effect of F toothpaste. The control group patients were given the routine clinic oral hygiene instructions. Results. In Study I, the low-caries group displayed lower DFS (p < 0.001), lactobacilli (p < 0.001) and mutans streptococci (p < 0.001) and higher Cariogram values (p < 0.001). Study II showed that the Cariogram was a useful tool for distinguishing between low, medium and high caries risk patients. In Study III, in comparison to the control group, the test group regimen resulted in a non-significant smaller QLF lesion area and lower average QLF loss of fluorescence (p < 0.05). The highest F concentration under the band was found in the test group (p < 0.001). In Study IV, the clinical (p < 0.001), radiographic (p < 0.001) and clinical + radiographic (p < 0.001) ΔDFS (incidences) were significantly reduced in the test group in comparison to the controls, with prevented fractions of 87%, 78% and 83% respectively. Conclusions. 1) Patients with high DFS before orthodontic treatment ran a higher risk of developing caries. They had significantly higher numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and had less chance of avoiding new cavities according to the Cariogram. 2) The Cariogram may be a useful pedagogic model for illustrating a patient’s caries risk in the orthodontic clinic. 3) The combination of using a 5,000 ppm F toothpaste and no post-brushing water rinsing had better anti-caries potential and resulted in elevated oral F retention, compared with a 1,450 ppm F toothpaste with 3 times post-brushing water rinsing. 4) Compared with routine oral hygiene instructions including F toothpaste, the use of the MFTT significantly reduces the incidence of new caries lesions in orthodontic patients
Statistical Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors of Causation in Mulla Sadra’s Al-Shawahid Al-Rubūbīyyah
No full textThe theory of conceptual metaphor claims that abstract concepts are understood by concrete and less abstract concepts. Conceptual metaphors map the conceptual structure of the source domain over the conceptual structure of the target domain. In this view, a conceptual metaphor is an intrinsic component of human thought, and the appearance of metaphors in language is only a sign of their existence in human thought.Lakoff and Johnson introduce causation as one of the important abstract concepts that are understood and described by various conceptual metaphors. Causation is conceptualized both in ordinary and everyday language and in scientific and specialized texts through single cognitive mechanisms.Mulla Sadra is one of the greatest Muslim philosophers and Al-Shawahid Al-Rubūbīyyah is one of his most important philosophical books. In the framework of the conceptual metaphor theory, this study has analyzed the various terms used to describe causation in Al-Shawahid Al-Rubūbīyyah written by Mulla Sadra. The most important conceptual metaphors that are used in this book to describe causation have been extracted. Each of these metaphors emerges through the derivatives of one or more lexical roots in this book.In this study, Mulla Sadra’s use of metaphors is quantified based on statistical methods. By calculating the frequency of metaphoric usage of all the words that describe causation related to a metaphor, the frequency of that metaphor is extracted in the book.The “Causation is motion out” metaphor (306) emerges through the derivations of «ṣ-d-r» (49), «n-sh-’» (124), «f-y-ḍ» (82), «r-sh-ḥ» (2), «j-l-w » (18) and «ẓ-h-r» (31) roots. The “Causation is making an impression” metaphor (112) is revealed by the derivations of «‘- th-r» (112) root. The “Cause is source” metaphor (120) is related to the derivations of «b-d-’» (120) root. The “Causation is being basis” metaphor (156) is represented by the derivations of «q-w-m» (156) root. The “Causation is making” metaphor (117) includes the derivations of «j-‘-l» (107) and «ṣ-n-‘» (10) roots. The “Causation is transfer of possessions” metaphor (61) is revealed by the derivations of «‘-ṭ-w» (14), «w-h-b» (15) and «f-y-d» (32) roots.The frequency of metaphorical use of each of the lexical roots and related conceptual metaphors in this book is shown by numbers in parentheses.According to the statistical results, the “causation is motion out” metaphor has the highest frequency and the “causation is transfer of possessions” metaphor has the lowest frequency in the book.Statistical differences between the two metaphors can find a philosophical explanation. According to the “causation is motion out” metaphor, the cause is like a boiling and luminous fountain whose effects are considered as its manifestations and overflowing water. Such an image of causation is in great harmony with Mulla Sadra’s philosophical system. But in the “causation is transfer of possessions” metaphor, there is a clear distinction between cause and effect, and causation is considered as a kind of forced movement caused by the application of force. Such an image of causation is less compatible with Mulla Sadra’s philosophical system
Unraveling a fine-scale high genetic heterogeneity and recent continental connections of an Arabian Peninsula population
No full textRecent studies have showed the diverse genetic architecture of the highly consanguineous populations inhabiting the
Arabian Peninsula. Consanguinity coupled with heterogeneity is complex and makes it difficult to understand the bases of
population-specific genetic diseases in the region. Therefore, comprehensive genetic characterization of the populations at
the finest scale is warranted. Here, we revisit the genetic structure of the Kuwait population by analyzing genome-wide
single nucleotide polymorphisms data from 583 Kuwaiti individuals sorted into three subgroups. We envisage a diverse
demographic genetic history among the three subgroups based on drift and allelic sharing with modern and ancient
individuals. Furthermore, our comprehensive haplotype-based analyses disclose a high genetic heterogeneity among the
Kuwaiti populations. We infer the major sources of ancestry within the newly defined groups; one with an obvious
predominance of sub-Saharan/Western Africa mostly comprising Kuwait-B individuals, and other with West Eurasia
including Kuwait-P and Kuwait-S individuals. Overall, our results recapitulate the historical population movements and
reaffirm the genetic imprints of the legacy of continental trading in the region. Such deciphering of fine-scale population
structure and their regional genetic heterogeneity would provide clues to the uncharted areas of disease-gene discovery and
related associations in populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula
Development of a clinical risk score to predict death in patients with COVID-19
No full textObjective: To build a clinical risk score to aid risk stratification among hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Methods: The score was built using data of 417 consecutive COVID-19 in patients from Kuwait. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality were identified by multivariate logistic regressions and assigned weighted points proportional to their beta coefficient values. A final score was obtained for each patient and tested against death to calculate an Receiver-operating characteristic curve. Youden's index was used to determine the cut-off value for death prediction risk. The score was internally validated using another COVID-19 Kuwaiti-patient cohort of 923 patients. External validation was carried out using 178 patients from the Italian CoViDiab cohort. Results: Deceased COVID-19 patients more likely showed glucose levels of 7.0–11.1 mmol/L (34.4%, p < 0.0001) or >11.1 mmol/L (44.3%, p < 0.0001), and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension compared to those who survived (39.3% vs. 20.4% [p = 0.0027] and 45.9% vs. 26.6% [p = 0.0036], respectively). The risk factors for in-hospital mortality in the final model were gender, nationality, asthma, and glucose categories (<5.0, 5.5–6.9, 7.0–11.1, or 11.1 > mmol/L). A score of ≥5.5 points predicted death with 75% sensitivity and 86.3% specificity (area under the curve (AUC) 0.901). Internal validation resulted in an AUC of 0.826, and external validation showed an AUC of 0.687. Conclusion: This clinical risk score was built with easy-to-collect data and had good probability of predicting in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients
Mulla patogeeni Verticillium dahliae Kleb. ja mulla seenekoosluste iseloomustamine maasikapõldudel
No full textA Thesis
for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in AgricultureStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a high value crop, and it is grown for its berries in many countries. Strawberry industry in Estonia has been fluctuating due to the limited selection of cultivars suitable for Nordic climate that are also susceptible to several diseases. Due to the complexity of soil systems and the inadequacy of conventional techniques for describing microbial community composition, it is difficult to diagnose and forecast all ongoing diseases. Strawberry fields are often subjected to disease complex involving different soil-borne pathogens. One of the most widespread and destructive diseases of strawberry is Verticillum wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. So, knowing about the presence and amount of V. dahliae in the soil can be a key factor in determining appropriate management strategies. The general goal of the present dissertation was on assessment of V. dahliae inoculum density and soil fungal communities associated with Estonian strawberry fields in order to a better understanding of population dynamics. Additionally, finding new potential biocontrol agents was also important in terms of their implications for biological control.
In this respect, PCR-based methods used for detection and/or quantification of the most widespread strawberry pathogens were systematically reviewed (I) and then general description of different real-time PCR (rtPCR) chemistries applied in plant pathology was illustrated (II). Also, a rtPCR assay combined with a conventional technique was developed for detection and quantification of V. dahliae directly from strawberry plants and soils of different major production areas (Vasula, Rohu, Unipiha, Utsu, Kaie-Mare and Marjamaa) in Estonia (III, IV). Moreover, soil fungal communities in same strawberry production areas (except Kaie-Mare) were investigated using Illumina-based sequencing as the first study, which may improve available management strategies against strawberry soil-borne diseases (V). Lastly, the antagonistic potential of a native Ttichoderma harzianum collected from Estonian fields as well as Gliocladium catenulatum isolated from a bifungicide toward V. dahliae was assessed with the aim of protecting biological resources (VI, VII).
As the first study in Estonia, the newly developed rtPCR protocol efficiently enabled detecting and quantifying V. dahliae in strawberry plants and soils in which, 10.48 pg μl−1 of pathogen DNA represented at least one Microsclerotia (MS) per gram of soil, showing a high level of quantification in comparison with other studies. In fact, the presence of V. dahliae in strawberry production areas exhibited considerable variation, being high in samples from Vasula and Marjamaa, moderate in Rohu and Utsu, and low in Unipiha. No V. dahliae was detected from Kaie-Mare district. According to Illumina sequencing of strawberry soils from five commercially production sites, a high number of sequence matched V. dahliae in most samples particularly from soils with diseased plants (Vasula and Marjamaa) and so proved the interpretation of earlier estimates using rtPCR. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant in areas with healthy plants (Rohu, Utsu and Unipiha), which may highlight their suppressive role against fungal pathogens. Moreover, biocontrol ability of T. harzianum isolates and G. catenulatum over V. dahlia was proven, representing as useful candidates for biocontrol of one of the most economically important pathogen of strawberry.
The current dissertation provided important insights into the rtPCR as a valuable quantitative technique for diagnosis of important pathogens such as V. dahliae with high accuracy and rapidity as well as presented a comprehensive study to date on soil fungal communities in Estonian strawberry fields, which may help to achieve better understanding of the biological characteristics of soil in development of diseases. The data described within this dissertation may provide useful information for growers and agricultural organizations for applying suitable disease management strategies against plant pathogenic.Aedmaasikas (Fragaria × ananassa) on hinnatud marjakultuur, mida kasvatatakse paljudes riikides. Eestis on maasikakasvatuse maht aastate lõikes varieeruv, kuna kohalikule kliimale sobivate ja haiguskindlate sortide valik on piiratud. Paljud mullapatogeenid on maasikahaiguste põhjustajateks. Kõige levinum ja kõige suurema kahju tekitaja on Verticillium dahlia, mis põhjustab närbumistõbe. Maasikahaiguste määramine on keeruline, kuna mulla mikrobioom on kompleksne ja haigustekitajate määramiseks sobivate meetodite valik on piiratud. Parima agrotehnoloogia leidmiseks on vajalik teada V. dahliae kogust mullas.
Uurimistöö eesmärgid:
1) Analüüsida PCR-meetodite täpsust ja usaldusväärsust enamlevinud maasika patogeenide kvalitatiivsel ja kvantitatiivsel määramisel (I, II).
Hüpotees: PCR-meetodid sobivad maasika patogeenide detekteerimiseks ja identifitseerimiseks, kuid kvantitatiivne reaalaja PCR (rtPCR) on sobilik meetod patogeenide arvukuse määramiseks.
2) Koostada tundlik ja spetsiifiline rtPCR protokoll, et kvantitatiivselt määrata V. dahliae arvukus maasikatest ja mullast Eestis (III).
Hüpotees: rtPCR protokoll võimaldab iseloomustada V. dahliae arvukust maasikates ja mullas.
3) Hinnata V. dahliae mikrosklerootiumite arvukust mullas kahe meetodiga, klassikaline morfoloogiapõhise meetodi ja kvantitatiivse rtPCR-iga ja võrrelda saadud tulemusi ((IV).
Hüpotees: rtPCR võimaldab kiiremat ja tundlikumat kvantifitseerimist, määrates patogeenid ka terve välimusega taimedes.
4) Iseloomustada Eesti maasikapõldude muldade seenekooslusi järgmise põlvkonna sekveneerimise abil(V).
Hüpotees: Järgmise põlvkonna sekveneerimine võimaldab laiaulatuslikke seenekoosluste avastamist.
5) Hinnata G. catenulatum ja T. harzianum isolaatide võimekust kontrollida V. dahliae levikut.
Hüpotees: G. catenulatum ja T. harzianum on efektiivsed V: dahliae tõrjel.
Metoodika
Maasika patogeenide määramiseks kasutatud ja avaldatud PCR protokollidest tehti süstemaatiline ülevaade (I). Süstemaatilise otsingustrateegiaga leiti 22 otsingukriteeriumitele vastavat artiklit.
Taime ja mullaproovid koguti aastatel 2014-2015 aedmaasika põldudelt, mis asusid vastavalt Vasula, Rõhu, Unipiha, Utsu, Kaie-Mare ja Marjamaa piirkonnas. Kasvatav maasikasort oli Sonata. Seenpatogeenid ja V. dahliae arvukus määrati juure ristlõikest ja ühest grammist mullast morfoloogiliste tunnuste alusel (III, IV, V, VI). G. catenulatum eraldati biopreparaadist Prestop® (VII). Kõikide V. dahliae isolaatide patogeensus testiti kahe meetodiga: juurte ja mulla inokulatsiooniga (VI).
DNA eraldati puhaskultuuridest, taimedest ja mullast ning selle kvaliteeti kontrolliti cPCR abil (ITS1/ITS4 praimeritega). V. dahliae kvantifitseerimiseks disainiti vastavad praimerid (VD-rtPCR-F/VD-rtPCR-R) (III, IV). Reaalaja PCR protokolliga (CYBRGreen reaktsioonikeemiaga) kvantifitseeriti V. dahliae. Patogeeni DNA kontsentratsiooni määramise standardkõvera amplifitseerimise efektiivsus oli 95.67% ja kõige madalam amplifitseeritud DNA kontsentratsioon 0.93 pg μl−1 (III, IV).
Uue põlvkonna sekveneerimise meetodit rakendati seenekoosluste iseloomustamiseks, amplifitseerides ja järjestades ITS1 regiooni seene rRNA geenis (V).
Mullast eraldatud T. harzianum ja biofungitsiidist eraldatud G. catenulatum isolaatide patogeeni allasurumisevõimet testiti in vitro ja in vivo (VI, VII).
Statistilised analüüsid teostati R programmiga ja varieeruvusanalüüsid (ANOVA) programmiga
MSTATC (v. 1.42).
Tulemused ja arutelu
Süstemaatiliselt koguti ja analüüsiti kõik maasika patogeenide määramiseks seni kasutatud PCR-põhised meetodid, täpsemalt iseloomustati rtPCR protokolle (I, II). Kogutud info alusel töötati välja rtPCR protokoll, millega määrati kvalitatiivselt ja kvantitatiivselt Eesti suuremate maasikatootjate põldudelt (Vasula, Rõhu, Unipiha, Utsu, Kaie-Mare and Marjamaa) kogutud mulla ja taime proovidest V. dahliae sisaldus (III, IV). Kasutatud ITS regiooni spetsiifilised praimerid on laialt kasutusel patogeenide määramiseks (Lees et al. 2002; Luchi et al. 2005). Tõestust leidis ka ITS praimerite kõrge spetsiifilisus V. dahliae määramisel väga heterogeensest proovist. rtPCR võimaldas määrata isegi terve välimusega taimedes 11.05 pg μl−1 patogeeni DNA-d. See näitab, et paljud taimed võivad olla haigustekitaja varjatud kandjad (Markakis et al. 2009). Kasutades soil plating meetodit, leiti et V. dahlie arvukus varieerus ühes grammis mullas 1 kuni 13 mikrosklerootiani. Teiste meetoditega võrreldes oli rtPCR meetod väga kõrge tundlikkusega, sest 10.48 pg μl−1 patogeeni DNA-d leiti proovidest, mis klassikalise meetodiga ühtegi tulemust ei andnud. V. dahliae kontsentratsioon maasika tootmispõldudel oli väga varieeruv. Vasula ja Marjamaa proovides oli haigustekitaja sisaldus väga kõrge, Rõhu ja Utsu proovides oli see keskmine ja Unipiha proovides madal. Kaie-Mare piirkonnast ei tuvastatud ühtegi V. dahlia patogeeni.
Lisaks iseloomustati mulla seenekooslusi uue põlvkonna sekveneerimise abil (V). Identifitseeriti palju taksonoomiliselt erinvaid seenerühmi. Kõige rohkem esines rühmi Ascomycota ja Basidiomycota (V), mis on ühtlasi ka üle maailma kõige enamesindatud seened mullas (Gomes et al., 2003). Tulemused kinnitasid rtPCR protokolliga saadud tulemusi ja kõige rohkem V. dahlia järjestusi leiti muldadest, kus oli palju haigustunnustega taimi (Vasula ja Marjamaa). Lisaks leiti teisi maasikapatogeene: F. solani, R. solani ja C. truncatum. Arbuskulaarsete mükoriisaseente (Rhizophagus irregularis ja Glomus hoi) sisaldus oli kõrgem seal, kus domineerisid terved taimed (Rõhu, Utsu ja Unipiha), mis ilmselt viitab mükoriisaseente võimele haigustekitajaid alla suruda (Nallanchakravarthula et al., 2014). Samas on leitud, et vastupidi, arbuskulaarsete mükoriisaseente arvukus ei pruugi alati taimede haigustele vastuvõtlikkust mõjutada (Xu et al., 2012b). Edasine uurimistöö peab analüüsima keskkonna rolli taime haigestumisel.
Analüüsiti Eesti põllumullast eraldatud Trichoderma harzianum ja biofungitsiidist eraldatud Gliocladium catenulatum isolaatide potentsiaalset negatiivset mõju V. dahliae kasvule (VI, VII). Leiti, et T. harzianum ja G. catenulatum olid võimelised V. dahlia kasvu pärssima in vitro ja in vivo, mis teeb neist head kandidaadid maasika patogeenide biotõrjeks. Leiti, et mõlemad isolaadid sünteesisid erinevaid lenduvaid ja mittelenduvaid metaboliite, mille negatiivne mõju takistas V. dahliae mütseelkasvu (mycelial growth). Varasemalt on samuti leitud, et T. harzianum toodab erinevaid antibiootilise toimega metaboliite, mis inhibeerivad taime patogeenide kasvu (Siddiquee et al., 2012).
Järeldused
• PCR protokollid võimaldavad maasika patogeene tuvastada; neist rtPCR protokoll on kõige lootustandvam meetod, mis võimaldab enamlevinud maasika patogeene määrata kvalitatiivselt ja kvantitatiivselt (I, II).
• Välja töötatud rtPCR protokoll võimaldas efektiivselt ja täpselt määrata ja kvantifitseerida V. dahliae sisaldust nii maasika taimedes (nii haigussümptomite kui ka ilma sümptomita taimedes) kui ka mullas (III, IV).
• V. dahliae DNA kontsentratsioon 10.48 pg μl−1 vastab ühele mikrosklerootiale grammis mullas (IV).
• Uue põlvkonna sekveneerimise rakendamine võimaldas iseloomustada maasikapõldude mulla seenekooslusi (V). Mida rohkem oli haigustunnustega taimi, seda rohkem esines mullas V. dahliae järjestusi.
• Arbuskulaarsete mükoriisaseente sisaldus oli kõige kõrgem neis mullaproovides, mis oli kogutud põldudelt, kus olid valdavalt terved taimed (Rõhu, Utsu ja Unipiha), viidates nende võimalikule rollile haigustekitajate tagasitõrjumisel (V).
• Mullast eraldatud T. harzianum ja biofungitsiidist eraldatud G. catenulaum olid võimelised takistama V. dahliae kasvu nii in vitro, kui in vivo, mis tähendab, et neil on potentsiaali biotõrjes.
Käesoleva doktoritöö tulemused näitasid V. dahlia näitel, et rtPCR meetod on tundlik ja täpne maasika patogeenide kvantitatiivseks määramiseks. Töös iseloomustati ka Eesti maasikapõldude seenekooslusi, mis on tähtis, et mõista paremini mulla bioloogia rolli haiguste tekkimisel ja arenemisel. T. harzianum ja G. catenulaum osutusid headeks biofungitsiidideks, mis võimaldasid V. dahliae kasvu pidurdada.
Saadud tulemused aitavad maasikakasvatajal paremini määrata põllul haigustekitajaid, mis aitavad kiiremini ja täpsemini valida sobivaid võtteid patogeenide kontrolli all hoidmiseks.Publication of this dissertation is supported by the Estonian University of Life
Sciences, Ministry of Education and Research and the Doctoral School of
Earth Sciences and Ecology
Application of a hydrological model in a data-poor arid region catchment: a case study of Wadi Ham, United Arab Emirates
No full textMany arid region Wadi catchments are facing increasing water scarcity due to
the unsustainable human practises such as the over expansion of irrigated
agriculture and over exploitation of their groundwater aquifers.
The “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT) model, which is a
comprehensive conceptual, semi-distributed watershed scale model, was
selected after a review of the hydrological processes occurring in arid region
catchments to simulate the hydrological processes of the Wadi Ham catchment
in northeast United Arab Emirates.
A sensitivity analysis conducted for SWAT for the total runoff, maximum runoff
and days of runoff showed that a DEM resolution of no more than 100 m should
be used for proper representation of such mountainous arid catchments. The
appropriate size of defined sub-basins was found to be about 18 km
2
. The
sensitivity analysis also demonstrated that the most sensitive parameters that
affect the ephemeral streamflow are mainly related to the soil and channel
properties of the catchment soil depth, soil available water capacity, soil bulk
density, soil clay percentage, soil curve number, baseflow recession constant
and channel effective hydraulic conductivity.
SWAT simulated the ephemeral streamflow in Wadi Ham acceptably. For the
calibration period of 1981 and 1982, the performance statistics for DRMS,
PBIAS, NSE and PEM were 1.10 m
3
/s, 27.12%, 0.78 and 0.80 respectively.
During the validation period between 1983 and 1988, the DRMS, PBIAS, NSE
and PEM were 0.93 m
3
/s, -27.30%, 0.57 and 0.70 respectively. SWAT showed
very plausible behaviour for reservoir sedimentation, plant growth, irrigation abstraction and groundwater recharge via the transmission losses mechanism.
However, SWAT was not able to adequately simulate the recharge from the
bottom of the recharge dam reservoir due to an inappropriate maximum
effective hydraulic conductivity defined by the model.
Two management scenarios were simulated. The first scenario related to the
construction of an additional dam upstream and its effect on sedimentation rate
in the main reservoir. The second scenario found that the recharge volumes
could be enhanced through the construction of a discharge inlet point into the
main stream channel for the treated wastewater from the principal town
upstream of the catchment.
The successful simulation of Wadi Ham represents the first use of SWAT in a
truly arid climate. This research has therefore established the feasibility of
using SWAT as a tool for integrated catchment modelling in arid region data-
poor Wadi catchments and to support improved water resources management
in this water stressed environment
How many SNPs should be used for the human phylogeny of highly related ethnicities? : a case of pan Asian 63 ethnicities
No full textIn planning a model-based phylogenic study for highly
related ethnic data, the SNP marker number is an important
factor to determine for relationship inferences.
Genotype frequency data, utilizing a sub sampling method,
from 63 Pan Asian ethnic groups was used for determining
the minimum SNP number required to establish
such relationships. Bootstrap random sub-samplings
were done from 5.6K PASNPi SNP data. DA distance
was calculated and neighbour-joining trees were drawn
with every re-sampling data set. Consensus trees were
made with the same 100 sub-samples and bootstrap
proportions were calculated. The tree consistency to the
one obtained from the whole marker set, improved with
increasing marker numbers. The bootstrap proportions
became reliable when more than 7,000 SNPs were used
at a time. Within highly related ethnic groups, the minimum
SNPs number for a robust neighbor-joining tree inference
was about 7,000 for a 95% bootstrap support.open
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