69 research outputs found
Agroecological Nutrient Management Strategy for Attaining Sustainable Rice Self-Sufficiency in Indonesia
No full textRice self-sufficiency is central to Indonesia’s agricultural development, but the country is increasingly challenged by population growth, climate change, and arable land scarcity. Agroecological nutrient management offers solutions though optimized fertilization, enhanced organic matter and biofertilizer utilizations, and improved farming systems and water management. Besides providing enough nutrients for crops, the agroecological approach also enhances resilience to climate change, reduces the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, and improves the biological functions of rice soil. Organic and bio fertilizers can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. For example, blue-green algae may contribute 30–40 kg N ha−1, while the application of phosphate solubilizing microbes can reduce the use of chemical phosphorous fertilizers by up to 50 percent. The country currently experiences substantial yield gaps of about 37 percent in irrigated and 48 percent in rain-fed rice. Achieving self-sufficiency requires that Indonesia accelerates annual yield growth through agroecological nutrient management from a historical 40 kg ha−1 year−1 to 74 kg ha−1 year−1. The aim is to raise the average yield from the current 5.2 t ha−1 year−1 to 7.3 t ha−1 year−1 by 2050. Simultaneously, controlling paddy field conversion to a maximum of 30,000 hectares per year is crucial. This strategic approach anticipates Indonesia’s milled rice production to reach around 40 million metric tonnes (Mt) by 2050, with an expected surplus of about 4 Mt
Emission reduction options for peatlands in the Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
No full textThe peatlands of Indonesia are an increasingly important land resource for the livelihood of the people and for economic development, but they turn rapidly into a carbon source when the peat forests are cleared and drained. Therefore, strategies are needed for the sustainable management of the peatlands and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research was conducted on 464 642 ha of peatland varying in depth between 200 and 680 cm, in the districts of Kubu Raya and Pontianak, in the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. It was aimed at: (i) evaluating land use changes in the peatland of the two districts and assessing the CO2 emissions these entai
Peranan Biochar TKKS sebagai Amelioran dalam Menurunkan Pencucian Hara dan Emisi Gas CO2 pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Lahan Gambut
No full textThe use of peatlands for oil palm plantations has been carried out quite a lot in Indonesia. But the development of oil palm in peatlands is actually faced with various problems such as low productivity and the issue of greenhouse gas emissions, this is caused by the marginal condition of peatlands low nutrient availability, so the use of inorganic fertilizers is quite high. The application of ameliorant in peat soil is one of the alternative solutions to increase the availability of nutrients in peat soil and palm oil productivity. This research was compiled in a series of studies with the aim to: 1). Evaluating the effect of OP-EFB biochar on nutrient washing in peat soil, 2). Evaluating the influence of OP-EFB biochar and N fertilizer on improving the chemical and nutrient properties of peat soil as a medium for planting palm oil seeds in main nursery, Evaluate the effect of OP-EFB biochar and N and K fertilizers on improving the chemical properties of peat soils and the growth of immature oil palm, 4). Evaluate CO2 emissions in peatland oil palm plantations managed with good water management with the application of several types of ameliorant.
The first study used sapric peat soil from oil palm plantation area in South Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province. This study aims to evaluate the effect of OP-EFB biochar on nutrient leaching in peat soils carried out in the laboratory using a pvc pipe filled with peat soil and dripped with distilled water. Leachate water dripping from the base of the pvc pipe is accommodated and analyzed for nutrient content to find out the purified nutrients. The study used a complete randomized factorial design with 3 replicates. The first factor is the administration of biochar with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 7.5 and 15 t ha-1. The second factor was the application of N fertilizer with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 30, 60 kg ha-1. The third factor is the application of K fertilizer with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 225, 450 kg K2O ha-1. The results showed that OP-EFB biochar was able to reduce the leaching of N nutrients in peat soils.
The second study was conducted using the same peat soil as the first study that was used as a medium for planting of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. This study aims to evaluate the OP-EFB biochar and the application of N fertilizer to improve the chemical characteristics of peat soils used as a medium for oil palm seedlings in main nursery. The study used a randomized design complete with 3 replicates. The first factor is biochar amelioration with 4 dose levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha-1. The second factor of giving N fertilizer with 3 dose levels is 30, 45, and 60 kg ha-1. The results showed that the amelioration of OP-EFB biochar in peat soil used as a medium of oil palm seedlings in main nursery can
improve the chemical characteristics of peat (K-dd and pH) and increase the absorbing of elements P, K, Cu, and B by oil palm seeds.
The third study was conducted in the field aimed at evaluating the influence of OP-EFB biochar and N and K fertilizers on improving the chemical properties of peat soils and the growth of immature oil palm. The study was conducted in oil palm plantations on immature oil palm age of 18 months in South Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province. The study used a randomized design of factorial groups with 3 replicates. The first factor of biochar amelioration with 3 levels is 0, 7.5, and 15 t ha-1. The second factor is the fertilization of N and K with 2 levels, namely 0 kg ha-1 N + 0 kg ha-1 K2O, and 100 kg ha-1 N + 380 kg ha-1 K2O. The results showed that biochar amelioration in peatlands can improve the chemical properties of peat soils (pH, KTK, P-total, K-total, K-dd, Mg-dd) and can only increase vegetative growth of immature oil palm oil at 12 months after application.
The fourth study was conducted in the same field as the third study. This study aims to evaluate CO2 emissions in peatlands oil palm plantations managed with good water management with the application of several types of ameliorant. The study used a randomized design of groups with 3 replicates, there were 9 treatments from 4 types of ameliorant evaluated. The measurement of CO2 flux is done by closed-door method using pvc pipes with a diameter of 21.7 cm with a length of 40 cm (short chamber). The pipe is immersed into the ground as deep as 20 cm and the remaining 20 cm is the top of the body for the measurement of CO2 flux. Chamber was installed among the oil palm in the rows of oil palm at a distance of about 400 cm from the oil palm. CO2 flux measurements were carried out every 2 weeks from April to June 2018 using an Infrared CO2 Gas Analyzer (IRGA) model Li-COR 820 connected to a chamber. The results showed that the application of ameliorant on peat caused an increase in CO2 emissions at the beginning after application.Pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit sudah cukup banyak dilakukan di Indonesia. Namun pengembangan kelapa sawit di lahan gambut sebenarnya dihadapkan pada berbagai permasalahan seperti produktifitas rendah dan adanya isu terjadi emisi gas rumah kaca, hal ini diakibatkan oleh kondisi tanah gambut yang marginal ketersediaan hara yang rendah, sehingga penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang cukup tinggi. Aplikasi amelioran pada tanah gambut merupakan salah satu solusi alternative untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan hara di tanah gambut dan produktifitas kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini disusun dalam suatu rangkaian penelitian dengan tujuan untuk: 1). Mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS terhadap pencucian hara di tanah gambut, 2). Mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia dan hara tanah gambut sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery, 3).mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N dan K terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia tanah gambut dan pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit TBM, 4). Mengevaluasi emisi CO2 pada perkebunan kelapa sawit lahan gambut yang dikelola dengan pengelolaan air yang baik dengan aplikasi beberapa jenis amelioran.
Penelitian pertama menggunakan tanah gambut saprik dari areal kebun kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS terhadap pencucian hara di tanah gambut dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan pipa paralon yang diisi tanah gambut dan ditetesi dengan aquades. Air cucian (leachate water) yang menetes dari dasar pipa paralon ditampung dan dianalisa kandungan haranya untuk mengetahui unsur hara yang tercuci. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap factorial dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah pemberian biochar dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 7.5 dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua pemberian pupuk N dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 30, 60 kg ha-1. Faktor ketiga adalah pemberian pupuk K dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 225, 450 kg K2O ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biochar TKKS mampu menurunkan pencucian unsur hara N di tanah gambut.
Penelitian kedua dilakukan dengan menggunakan tanah gambut yang sama dengan penelitian pertama yang dijadikan sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi biochar TKKS dan aplikasi pupuk N terhadap peningkatan karakteristik kimia tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah
ameliorasi biochar dengan 4 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 5, 10, dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua pemberian pupuk N dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 30, 45, dan 60 kg ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi biochar TKKS pada tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai media bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery dapat meningkatkan karakteristik kimia gambut (K-dd dan PH) dan meningkatkan penyerapaan unsur P, K, Cu, dan B oleh bibit kelapa sawit.
Penelitian ketiga dilakukan di lapangan bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N dan K terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia tanah gambut dan pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit TBM. Penelitian dilakukan di areal perkebunan kelapa sawit pada tanaman belum menghasilkan umur 18 bulan (TBM-2) di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok factorial dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama ameliorasi biochar dengan 3 taraf yaitu 0, 7.5, dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua adalah pemupukan N dan K dengan 2 taraf yaitu 0 kg ha-1 N + 0 kg ha-1 K2O, dan 100 kg ha-1 N + 380 kg ha-1 K2O. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi biochar di lahan gambut dapat meningkatkan sifat kimia tanah gambut (pH, KTK, P-total, K-total, K-dd, Mg-dd) dan baru dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman kelapa sawit pada 12 bulan setelah aplikasi.
Penelitian keempat dilakukan di lapangan yang sama dengan penelitian ketiga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi emisi CO2 pada perkebunan kelapa sawit lahan gambut yang dikelola dengan pengelolaan air yang baik dengan aplikasi beberapa jenis amelioran. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan, terdapat 9 treatment dari 4 jenis amelioran yang dievaluasi. Pengukuran flux CO2 dilakukan dengan metode sungkup tertutup menggunakan pipa pvc berdiameter 21,7 cm dengan panjang 40 cm (sungkup pendek). Pipa dibenamkan ke tanah sedalam 20 cm dan 20 cm sisanya merupakan bagian atas sungkup untuk pengukuran flux CO2. Sungkup dipasang di antara tanaman di dalam barisan tanaman pada jarak sekitar 400 cm dari tanaman kelapa sawit. Pengukuran flux CO2 dilakukan setiap 2 minggu dari bulan April sampai Juni 2018 menggunakan alat Infrared CO2 Gas Analyzer (IRGA) model LiCor 820 yang dihubungkan dengan sungkup. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ameliorant di lahan gambut menyebabkan peningkatan emisi CO2 pada saat awal setelah aplikasi.166 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Peranan Biochar TKKS sebagai Amelioran dalam Menurunkan Pencucian Hara dan Emisi Gas CO2 pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Lahan Gambut
No full textThe use of peatlands for oil palm plantations has been carried out quite a lot in Indonesia. But the development of oil palm in peatlands is actually faced with various problems such as low productivity and the issue of greenhouse gas emissions, this is caused by the marginal condition of peatlands low nutrient availability, so the use of inorganic fertilizers is quite high. The application of ameliorant in peat soil is one of the alternative solutions to increase the availability of nutrients in peat soil and palm oil productivity. This research was compiled in a series of studies with the aim to: 1). Evaluating the effect of OP-EFB biochar on nutrient washing in peat soil, 2). Evaluating the influence of OP-EFB biochar and N fertilizer on improving the chemical and nutrient properties of peat soil as a medium for planting palm oil seeds in main nursery, Evaluate the effect of OP-EFB biochar and N and K fertilizers on improving the chemical properties of peat soils and the growth of immature oil palm, 4). Evaluate CO2 emissions in peatland oil palm plantations managed with good water management with the application of several types of ameliorant.
The first study used sapric peat soil from oil palm plantation area in South Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province. This study aims to evaluate the effect of OP-EFB biochar on nutrient leaching in peat soils carried out in the laboratory using a pvc pipe filled with peat soil and dripped with distilled water. Leachate water dripping from the base of the pvc pipe is accommodated and analyzed for nutrient content to find out the purified nutrients. The study used a complete randomized factorial design with 3 replicates. The first factor is the administration of biochar with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 7.5 and 15 t ha-1. The second factor was the application of N fertilizer with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 30, 60 kg ha-1. The third factor is the application of K fertilizer with 3 dose levels, namely 0, 225, 450 kg K2O ha-1. The results showed that OP-EFB biochar was able to reduce the leaching of N nutrients in peat soils.
The second study was conducted using the same peat soil as the first study that was used as a medium for planting of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. This study aims to evaluate the OP-EFB biochar and the application of N fertilizer to improve the chemical characteristics of peat soils used as a medium for oil palm seedlings in main nursery. The study used a randomized design complete with 3 replicates. The first factor is biochar amelioration with 4 dose levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha-1. The second factor of giving N fertilizer with 3 dose levels is 30, 45, and 60 kg ha-1. The results showed that the amelioration of OP-EFB biochar in peat soil used as a medium of oil palm seedlings in main nursery can
improve the chemical characteristics of peat (K-dd and pH) and increase the absorbing of elements P, K, Cu, and B by oil palm seeds.
The third study was conducted in the field aimed at evaluating the influence of OP-EFB biochar and N and K fertilizers on improving the chemical properties of peat soils and the growth of immature oil palm. The study was conducted in oil palm plantations on immature oil palm age of 18 months in South Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province. The study used a randomized design of factorial groups with 3 replicates. The first factor of biochar amelioration with 3 levels is 0, 7.5, and 15 t ha-1. The second factor is the fertilization of N and K with 2 levels, namely 0 kg ha-1 N + 0 kg ha-1 K2O, and 100 kg ha-1 N + 380 kg ha-1 K2O. The results showed that biochar amelioration in peatlands can improve the chemical properties of peat soils (pH, KTK, P-total, K-total, K-dd, Mg-dd) and can only increase vegetative growth of immature oil palm oil at 12 months after application.
The fourth study was conducted in the same field as the third study. This study aims to evaluate CO2 emissions in peatlands oil palm plantations managed with good water management with the application of several types of ameliorant. The study used a randomized design of groups with 3 replicates, there were 9 treatments from 4 types of ameliorant evaluated. The measurement of CO2 flux is done by closed-door method using pvc pipes with a diameter of 21.7 cm with a length of 40 cm (short chamber). The pipe is immersed into the ground as deep as 20 cm and the remaining 20 cm is the top of the body for the measurement of CO2 flux. Chamber was installed among the oil palm in the rows of oil palm at a distance of about 400 cm from the oil palm. CO2 flux measurements were carried out every 2 weeks from April to June 2018 using an Infrared CO2 Gas Analyzer (IRGA) model Li-COR 820 connected to a chamber. The results showed that the application of ameliorant on peat caused an increase in CO2 emissions at the beginning after application.Pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit sudah cukup banyak dilakukan di Indonesia. Namun pengembangan kelapa sawit di lahan gambut sebenarnya dihadapkan pada berbagai permasalahan seperti produktifitas rendah dan adanya isu terjadi emisi gas rumah kaca, hal ini diakibatkan oleh kondisi tanah gambut yang marginal ketersediaan hara yang rendah, sehingga penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang cukup tinggi. Aplikasi amelioran pada tanah gambut merupakan salah satu solusi alternative untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan hara di tanah gambut dan produktifitas kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini disusun dalam suatu rangkaian penelitian dengan tujuan untuk: 1). Mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS terhadap pencucian hara di tanah gambut, 2). Mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia dan hara tanah gambut sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery, 3).mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N dan K terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia tanah gambut dan pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit TBM, 4). Mengevaluasi emisi CO2 pada perkebunan kelapa sawit lahan gambut yang dikelola dengan pengelolaan air yang baik dengan aplikasi beberapa jenis amelioran.
Penelitian pertama menggunakan tanah gambut saprik dari areal kebun kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS terhadap pencucian hara di tanah gambut dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan pipa paralon yang diisi tanah gambut dan ditetesi dengan aquades. Air cucian (leachate water) yang menetes dari dasar pipa paralon ditampung dan dianalisa kandungan haranya untuk mengetahui unsur hara yang tercuci. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap factorial dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah pemberian biochar dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 7.5 dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua pemberian pupuk N dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 30, 60 kg ha-1. Faktor ketiga adalah pemberian pupuk K dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 225, 450 kg K2O ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biochar TKKS mampu menurunkan pencucian unsur hara N di tanah gambut.
Penelitian kedua dilakukan dengan menggunakan tanah gambut yang sama dengan penelitian pertama yang dijadikan sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi biochar TKKS dan aplikasi pupuk N terhadap peningkatan karakteristik kimia tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai media tanam bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah
ameliorasi biochar dengan 4 taraf dosis yaitu 0, 5, 10, dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua pemberian pupuk N dengan 3 taraf dosis yaitu 30, 45, dan 60 kg ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi biochar TKKS pada tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai media bibit kelapa sawit di main nursery dapat meningkatkan karakteristik kimia gambut (K-dd dan PH) dan meningkatkan penyerapaan unsur P, K, Cu, dan B oleh bibit kelapa sawit.
Penelitian ketiga dilakukan di lapangan bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh biochar TKKS dan pupuk N dan K terhadap peningkatan sifat kimia tanah gambut dan pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit TBM. Penelitian dilakukan di areal perkebunan kelapa sawit pada tanaman belum menghasilkan umur 18 bulan (TBM-2) di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok factorial dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama ameliorasi biochar dengan 3 taraf yaitu 0, 7.5, dan 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua adalah pemupukan N dan K dengan 2 taraf yaitu 0 kg ha-1 N + 0 kg ha-1 K2O, dan 100 kg ha-1 N + 380 kg ha-1 K2O. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi biochar di lahan gambut dapat meningkatkan sifat kimia tanah gambut (pH, KTK, P-total, K-total, K-dd, Mg-dd) dan baru dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman kelapa sawit pada 12 bulan setelah aplikasi.
Penelitian keempat dilakukan di lapangan yang sama dengan penelitian ketiga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi emisi CO2 pada perkebunan kelapa sawit lahan gambut yang dikelola dengan pengelolaan air yang baik dengan aplikasi beberapa jenis amelioran. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan, terdapat 9 treatment dari 4 jenis amelioran yang dievaluasi. Pengukuran flux CO2 dilakukan dengan metode sungkup tertutup menggunakan pipa pvc berdiameter 21,7 cm dengan panjang 40 cm (sungkup pendek). Pipa dibenamkan ke tanah sedalam 20 cm dan 20 cm sisanya merupakan bagian atas sungkup untuk pengukuran flux CO2. Sungkup dipasang di antara tanaman di dalam barisan tanaman pada jarak sekitar 400 cm dari tanaman kelapa sawit. Pengukuran flux CO2 dilakukan setiap 2 minggu dari bulan April sampai Juni 2018 menggunakan alat Infrared CO2 Gas Analyzer (IRGA) model LiCor 820 yang dihubungkan dengan sungkup. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ameliorant di lahan gambut menyebabkan peningkatan emisi CO2 pada saat awal setelah aplikasi.166 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Respirasi Heterotrofik pada Lahan Gambut di Bawah Tegakan Kelapa Sawit
No full textPembukaan lahan gambut dan pembuatan saluran drainase menyebabkan
perubahan kondisi anaerobik menjadi aerobik sehingga meningkatkan aktivitas
mikroba dan emisi CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi laju respirasi
dan jumlah populasi mikroba pada gambut saprik dan hemik di bawah tegakan
kelapa sawit pada kedalaman yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan gambut
saprik di Sumatera Utara dengan ketebalan gambut 100-200 cm dan lahan gambut
hemik di Jambi dengan ketebalan gambut 150-300 cm. Laju respirasi mikroba
(heterotrofik) dilakukan menggunakan metode jar dengan mengukur respirasi di
laboratorium menggunakan Kalium Hidroksida (KOH) untuk mengikat CO2 yang
dilepaskan, dan menghitung jumlah mikroba antara lain bakteri, fungi. Jumlah
mikroba selulolitik, dan mikroba lignolitik diukur menggunakan media agar
selektif selulosa dan lignin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laju respirasi
tertinggi pada gambut saprik di lokasi pasar pikul sebesar 3,9 ± 0,4 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun menjadi 2,5 ± 1.3 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm dan 1,7 ± 0,9 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada
kedalaman 40-60 cm. Pada lokasi gawangan mati laju respirasi tertinggi sebesar
2,7 ± 0,6 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun menjadi 1,6 ±
0,2 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm dan 0,7 ± 0,5 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 40-60 cm. Pada gambut hemik laju respirasi tertinggi
sebesar 3,1 ± 0,4 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun
menjadi 2,0 ± 0,7 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm. Hasil analisis
statistik menunjukkan bahwa laju respirasi pada gambut saprik dan hemik berbeda
tidak nyata (p=0,625). Bakteri merupakan mikroba yang paling dominan di setiap
kedalaman pada gambut saprik dan hemik. Respirasi tanah menurun dengan
meningkatnya kedalaman, namun tidak berbeda nyata antara gambut saprik dan
hemik menunjukkan bahwa proses dekomposisi pada gambut saprik masih tinggi
sebagaimana gambut hemik, dan asumsi bahwa respirasi akan menurun dengan
meningkatnya kematangan gambut tidak terbukti pada penelitian ini.156 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Respirasi Heterotrofik pada Lahan Gambut di Bawah Tegakan Kelapa Sawit
No full textPembukaan lahan gambut dan pembuatan saluran drainase menyebabkan
perubahan kondisi anaerobik menjadi aerobik sehingga meningkatkan aktivitas
mikroba dan emisi CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi laju respirasi
dan jumlah populasi mikroba pada gambut saprik dan hemik di bawah tegakan
kelapa sawit pada kedalaman yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan gambut
saprik di Sumatera Utara dengan ketebalan gambut 100-200 cm dan lahan gambut
hemik di Jambi dengan ketebalan gambut 150-300 cm. Laju respirasi mikroba
(heterotrofik) dilakukan menggunakan metode jar dengan mengukur respirasi di
laboratorium menggunakan Kalium Hidroksida (KOH) untuk mengikat CO2 yang
dilepaskan, dan menghitung jumlah mikroba antara lain bakteri, fungi. Jumlah
mikroba selulolitik, dan mikroba lignolitik diukur menggunakan media agar
selektif selulosa dan lignin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laju respirasi
tertinggi pada gambut saprik di lokasi pasar pikul sebesar 3,9 ± 0,4 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun menjadi 2,5 ± 1.3 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm dan 1,7 ± 0,9 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada
kedalaman 40-60 cm. Pada lokasi gawangan mati laju respirasi tertinggi sebesar
2,7 ± 0,6 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun menjadi 1,6 ±
0,2 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm dan 0,7 ± 0,5 mg CO2/100
g/hari pada kedalaman 40-60 cm. Pada gambut hemik laju respirasi tertinggi
sebesar 3,1 ± 0,4 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 0-20 cm dan menurun
menjadi 2,0 ± 0,7 mg CO2/100 g/hari pada kedalaman 20-40 cm. Hasil analisis
statistik menunjukkan bahwa laju respirasi pada gambut saprik dan hemik berbeda
tidak nyata (p=0,625). Bakteri merupakan mikroba yang paling dominan di setiap
kedalaman pada gambut saprik dan hemik. Respirasi tanah menurun dengan
meningkatnya kedalaman, namun tidak berbeda nyata antara gambut saprik dan
hemik menunjukkan bahwa proses dekomposisi pada gambut saprik masih tinggi
sebagaimana gambut hemik, dan asumsi bahwa respirasi akan menurun dengan
meningkatnya kematangan gambut tidak terbukti pada penelitian ini.156 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Impact of urbanization trends on production of key staple crops
Full text linkUrbanization has appropriated millions of hectares of cropland, and this trend will persist as cities continue to expand. We estimate the impact of this conversion as the amount of land needed elsewhere to give the same yield potential as determined by differences in climate and soil properties. Robust spatial upscaling techniques, well-validated crop simulation models, and soil, climate, and cropping system databases are employed with a focus on populous countries with high rates of land conversion. We find that converted cropland is 30–40% more productive than new cropland, which means that projection of food production potential must account for expected cropland loss to urbanization. Policies that protect existing farmland from urbanization would help relieve pressure on expansion of agriculture into natural ecosystems.Fil: Andrade, José Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Cassman, Kenneth G.. Universidad de Nebraska - Lincoln; Estados UnidosFil: Rattalino Edreira, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Agus, Fahmuddin. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development; IndonesiaFil: Bala, Abdullahi. Federal University of Technology Minna; NigeriaFil: Deng, Nanyan. Huazhong Agricultural University; ChinaFil: Grassini, Patricio. Universidad de Nebraska - Lincoln; Estados Unido
Relationship between Distance Sampling and Carbon Dioxide Emission under Oil Palm Plantation
No full textCarbon dioxide emission on peatland under oil palm plantation were highly varied probably due to many factors involved. The objectives of the research were to evaluate the effect of distance sampling from center of oil palm tree on Carbon dioxide flux, and to study the factors that cause variability of carbon dioxide flux on peatland under oil palm plantation. The study was conducted on peatland at Arang-Arang Village, Kumpek Ulu Sub-District, Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province, on six year old oil palm plantation. The study was conducted in the form of observational exploratory. Emission measurements performed on 5 selected oil palm trees at points within 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 cm from the center of trunk. Carbon dioxide flux was measured using (IRGA), Li-COR 820. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the distance of sampling from center of oil palm tree and Carbon dioxide flux. The farther distance from the tree, Carbon dioxide flux more decreased. Before applying fertilizer, variability of soil fertility was not significantly correlated with the flux of Carbon dioxide, so the difference of Carbon dioxide flux based on distance sampling can be caused by root distribution factor. After fertilizer application, variability of Carbon dioxide flux under the oil palm tree were beside affected by differences in root distribution, was also greatly influenced by fertilization.Keywords: Carbon dioxide flux, distance sampling, oil palm, peat, root-related respiration [How to Cite: Dariah A, F Agus, E Susanti and Jubaedah. 2013.Relationship between Sampling Distance and Carbon Dioxide Emission under Oil Palm Plantation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 125-130. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125] REFERENCESAgus F, E Handayani, van M Noordwijk, K Idris and S Sabiham. 2010 Root respiration interferes with peat CO2 emission measurement. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. 1 - 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.Amador JA and RD Jones. 1993. Nutrient limitation on microbial respiration in peat soil with diffrent total phosphorus content. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 793-801.Franklin O, P Hoogberg, A Ekbled and GI Agren. 2003. Pine forest floor carbon accumulation in response to N and PK addition: Bomb C-14 modeling and respiration studies. Ecosystem 6: 644-658. Freeman C, N Ostle and H Kang. 2001. An Enzymic ‘latch’ on global carbon store-a shortage of oxigen locks up carbon in peatlands by restraining a single enzyme. Nature 409: 149-149.Hanson PJ, NT Edwards, CT Garten and JA Andrew. 2000. 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Environmental and Sustainability Issues of Indonesia Agriculture
Full text linkAgriculture in Indonesia intensifies from the swidden to very intensive systems and expands rapidly, including tosteep slopes and peatland areas. These have implications to the environment and the system's sustainability.Cereal and pulses-based farming systems uses moderate amount of chemicals and thus poses little threats to waterquality. However, these systems encroach into steepland accelerating erosion and depleting soil fertility. Intensivevegetable farming applies around 50 Mg/ha of barnyard manure, 300 kg/ha of N, and high rates of pesticides,posing a threat to water quality in the downstream areas. Plantation develops very rapidly, including to forest andpeatland areas. Conversion, to plantation crops, of forest (with 132300 Mg C/ha) decreases, but of shrub (with1540 Mg C/ha) and Imperata grassland (with < 5 Mg C/ha) increases the carbon stock to 3050 Mg/ha. Thetraditional tree-crop-based agriculture, characterized by a mixture of several species, reduces erosion and maintainsrelatively high carbon stock and biodiversity. Lowland rice (paddy) system, currently covering around 7.9 millionha area, has been practiced sustainably for thousands of years. Despite providing food security and variousenvironmental services, this system is under tremendous pressures of conversion to industrial and settlement areas.Meanwhile, some 20 million ha peatland of Indonesia is being converted at a rate of 1.3% annually for agricultureand silviculture. The carbon-rich land rapidly emits carbon once it is cleared and drained. Indonesian agriculturaldevelopment is challenged by the demand to keep a high level of production with minimal negative impacts to theenvironment. This can be achieved by prioritization of low carbon stock land for agricultural expansion,rationalization of fertilizer application, minimization of intensive agricultural expansion to steepland, andsafeguarding paddy field from conversion
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