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Makna dan Kapasitas Beradaptasi Petani Padi Sawah terhadap Perubahan Iklim
No full textUsaha tani padi sawah rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim, karena tingkat produksi padi sangat bergantung kepada daya dukung iklim. Petani biasanya merujuk pada apa yang dalam bahasa Jawa dikenal sebagai pranotomongso (baca: pranatamangsa), yaitu semacam penanggalan atau ketentuan musim yang dikaitkan dengan kegiatan bercocok tanam. Fenomena perubahan iklim dan perkiraannya ke depan kemudian menggeser ketentuan-ketentuan seperti itu sehingga petani kesulitan mengidentifikasi musim berjalan dan menentukan awal dan komoditas tanam. Akibatnya, usaha tani padi sawah kerap menghadapi kekurangan atau kelebihan air yang mengancam produktivitas lahan sawah dan pendapatan petani. Usaha tani padi sawah menjadi lebih sulit dikelola dan mensyaratkan kemampuan para petani beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Pada sisi lain, perubahan iklim masih menjadi isu yang relatif baru dan kompleks untuk dipahami bagi banyak petani yang diikuti oleh berkembangnya beragam respon terhadap perubahan iklim dan adaptasinya. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji peran kunci komunikasi dalam peningkatan kapasitas beradaptasi petani padi sawah terhadap perubahan iklim. Utamanya analisis yang didasari oleh penggalian makna atas berubahnya iklim bagi petani itu sendiri sebagai penjelas proses adaptasi yang selama ini telah dilakukannya.
Penelitian menggunakan metode campuran yang melibatkan asumsi-asumsi filosofis, aplikasi pendekatan-pendekatan, dan pencampuran pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif dalam satu penelitian untuk memperluas temuan-temuan penelitian. Untuk itu teori komunikasi lingkungan digunakan dalam menganalisis dengan merujuk pada landasan-landasan konseptual kapasitas beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Lokasi penelitian dipilih secara purposif di Kecamatan Gempol, Purwosari, dan Prigen, Kabupaten Pasuruan Jawa Timur yang secara berurut mewakili daerah pertanaman padi sawah yang terdampak perubahan iklim di zona agroekosistem dataran tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Pengumpulan data melibatkan 6 orang informan dan 96 responden. Data kualitatif dianalisis mengikuti prosedur sistematis analisis data fenomenologi dan model analisis data interaktif, sedangkan data kuantitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif melalui penyusunan tabel tunggal dan atau tabel silang dan secara inverensi menggunakan uji statistik perbedaan rata-rata, korelasi, serta uji kebebasan dan ketidakbebasan statistik.
Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan tujuh tema (unit makna) terkait terminologi dan bagaimana informan mengalami perubahan iklim yang teridentifikasi dari 97 pernyataan signifikan mengenai perubahan iklim yang dibagi bersama oleh para petani informan, yaitu (i) serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) yang semakin beragam dan sulit dikendalikan, (ii) musim yang tidak menentu, (iii) pasrah kepada nasib, (iv) penurunan produksi padi sawah, (v) suhu yang lebih panas, (vi) kehilangan tanda-tanda alam, dan (vii) hujan yang jarang-jarang dan tidak lebat. Menurut informan, perubahan iklim adalah respon balik Tuhan dan alam atas stimulan sifat dan perilaku manusia dalam kehidupan. Dampak
negatifnya merupakan musibah yang harus diterima dan dijalani sebagai bentuk ujian atau hukuman hidup bagi manusia sebagai makhluk ciptaan Tuhan. Stimulus dan respon ini bisa dilihat sebagai suatu relasi „kausalitas‟ dengan respon yang selalu kembali kepada manusia, baik dalam bentuk positif maupun negatif. Esensi dari pengalaman perubahan iklim informan petani padi sawah adalah hidup kembali kepada yang menjalaninya, maka kehidupan berpotensi untuk menjadi positif maupun negatif.
Penelitian menyimpulkan petani informan memaknai perubahan iklim dalam konteks sosioekologi. Karakteristik informan serta kesesuaian makna dan respon mereka atas perubahan iklim memberikan variabel yang dapat merepresentasikan atau patut diduga berhubungan dengan kapasitas adaptasi perubahan iklim petani padi sawah. Hasil analisis variabel-variabel tersebut pada petani padi sawah yang dilibatkan sebagai responden menunjukkan masih cukup banyak responden yang kapasitas adaptasinya rendah dan karenanya menjadi kurang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim. Responden yang lebih adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim adalah yang memiliki lebih beragam sumber informasi perubahan iklim dan sering memanfaatkannya, serta terdedah informasi perubahan iklim dan konvergen komunikasi perubahan iklimnya. Juga responden yang berumur lebih muda, lebih berpendidikan, belum terlalu lama berusaha tani dan mengalami perubahan iklim tetapi mampu merasakan lebih beragam manifestasinya, berlahan lebih luas, berada di zona agroekosistem dataran yang lebih rendah, dan akses terhadap komponen-komponen pendukung adaptasi perubahan iklim. Pada gilirannya, kapasitas responden beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim berhubungan nyata dengan penerapan adaptasi perubahan iklim
Direct and residual effects of lime on peanut performance on an acid soil of West Sumatra
Get PDFAcid soils are the largest available lands for peanut cultivation expansion in Indonesia. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of lime on peanut growth on an acid soil of West Sumatra. In the first experiment eight peanut cultivars were grown in plots with 0, 500 and 2000 kg lime/ha. Lime reduced soil Al saturation and increased peanut yields. Pelanduk and Rusa cultivars were the least sensitive to Al saturation and Banteng was the most. In the another experiment Tapir, Tupai, Florunner and Kelinci cultivars were grown under six combinations of lime rate (0, 375 and 1000 kg/ha) and methods of application (surface broadcast, shallow and deeply incorporated). The plots received 375, 2250 and 6500 kg lime/ha 29 months earlier. The plots then were planted with Srondol and Danau Dibawah rice followed by Kelinci and Tapir peanuts. Lime increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K but reduced extractable Al, P and SO42-. In about a year, the effects of lime extended to deeper soil layers. Roots that ceased to grow when near harvest contributed about 0.5 ton organic matter/ha. Peanut yields increased with lime and with higher rainfall. In the drier season peanut pod yields ranged from 240 kg/ha for Florunner at low lime to 1660 kg/ha for Kelinci with the high lime treatment. In the higher rainfall the yields ranged from 800 kg/ha for Tapir to 1960 kg/ha for Kelinci. In a dry period shallow incorporation of lime increased the yields over broadcast. Critical Al saturation was approximately 22 % for Florunner and Tapir cultivars, 35 % for Kelinci and 46 % for Tupai. The critical values increased to about 56 % for Kelinci and Tapir in the higher rainfall season. Florunner and Tapir yield responded almost linearly to Ca saturation. Kelinci and Tupai maximum yields were obtained at Ca saturation of 74 % and 65 %, and 50 % for both cultivars in the second crop. Peanut seedlings were grown in solution with low Ca and high Al at initial pHs 4 and 5. Root growth was enhanced by low-level Al, but reduced by initial concentration of 15 lM Al at initial pH 4 and by 50 lM Al at initial pH 5. Ca was essential for root growth but the requirement seemed low. Concentration of 150 lM reduced the toxic effect of Al.Ph.D
Agrometeorological Data and Rainfall Forecasting for Crop Simulation
Get PDFAgricultural production is one of the most weather sensitive human activities that depend on daily atmospheric conditions. This review attempts to describe the meteorological data for crop requirements, some techniques of climate prediction and its use for crop simulations. Despite the rapid progress achieved in forecasting technology lately, further works are necessary for the real application. The amount and distribution of the rainfall in the coming season is necessary for planning crop cultivation particularly when climate anomaly arises. In agriculture the efforts to bridge the gap, climate forecasting results are the main input in crop simulation, especially for water and agro-climate management and cropping calendar
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Recommendation of Sustainable Landuse in Border Area East Kalimantan-Malaysia
Get PDFDevelopment problems of agriculture on border area require handling which more comprehensive and sustainable. Up to now, research results indicate that efforts has been done in handling various problems in agricultural sector, but still partial and is not be able to overcome complex problems. Therefore to overcome various development problems of agriculture on the border area need to be done in holisticaly, covers all aspect i.e. social, economics, ecology, and institution. Sebatik Island is one of state border area between Indonesia and Malaysia, located in Nunukan District, East Kalimantan Province. Up to now, cocoa is still the priority commodity, but its productivity is relatively low. Based on potency and constraint of land resources in Sebatik Island, sustainable recommendations to increase land productivity of cocoa i.e. (1) land and water conservation management, (2) using organic matter, (3) proportional fertilization, (4) using mulch, (5) integrated crop management, (6) integrated crop-livestock system, and (7) improvement of capacity of farmers institutio
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