433 research outputs found
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
No full textThis report contains a summary of expression patterns for genes that are enriched in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of the midbrain. All data are derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse project. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were compared to the values of its larger parent structure, in this case the midbrain, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The highest ranking genes were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression analysis. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlations between gene expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report. 

A critical juncture ? The 2004 European Elections and the making of a supranational elite
No full textThis article considers the emergence of a cohesive political elite within the European Parliament. Moving from a short review of the literature and drawing on some preliminary data, the paper discusses alternative hypotheses to explain the recruitment and career pattern of MEPs and introduces a typology of members. Afterwards, the paper compares representatives of the new EU member states with the ‘pioneer parliamentarians’ elected in 1979 and with their colleagues elected in the 15 countries of the ‘old’ European Union. Signs of a new pattern of European political career appear to be emerging, thus providing a new possible set of explanatory hypotheses about the evolution of European Union representatives. † This article is a preliminary result of the work developed on MEPs' cross-national convergence in the context of the network EurElite, a project sponsored by the European Science Foundation. We want to thank the other members of the EurElite task force on MEPs, Stefaan Fiers, Ulrik Kjaer and Michael Rush, as well as the two directors of EurElite, Heinrich Best and Maurizio Cotta, for their valuable comments. We also would like to thank our colleagues from Central-Eastern Europe for providing the available data for the ACC-10 MEPs: Witek Betkiewicz (Poland), Béla Keszegh (Hungary and Slovakia), Mindaugas Kuklys (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), and Lukás Linek (Czech Republic). Stefan Jahr has also been involved in the definition of the codebook and in the process of data elaboration. © 2005, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Untersuchungen über das Gehirn der Tauben
No full textvon L. Edinger und A. WallerbergSonderabdruck aus: Anatomischer Anzeiger ; 15(1899), Nr. 14/1
FIGURE 5. Mycale lingua. A. Specimen collected. B in Sponge (Porifera) fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada with the description of an Iophon rich sponge garden
No full textFIGURE 5. Mycale lingua. A. Specimen collected. B. Sponge in situ, scale bar is 6 cm. C, D. Style/mycalostyles. E–G. Anisochelae I. H–J. Anisochelae II. K. Sigma. L. Raphide.Published as part of Dinn, Curtis, Edinger, Evan & Leys, Sally P., 2019, Sponge (Porifera) fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada with the description of an Iophon rich sponge garden, pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 4576 (2) on page 314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/262495
Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Control of Sympathetic Outflow and Energy Homeostasis
No full textThe centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a midbrain neuronal group, adjacent but segregated from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus that projects to the ciliary ganglion. The EWcp plays a crucial role in stress responses and in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions that require an adjustment of energy expenditure, by virtue of modulating heart rate and blood pressure, thermogenesis, food intake, and fat and glucose metabolism. This modulation is ultimately mediated by changes in the sympathetic outflow to several effector organs, including the adrenal gland, heart, kidneys, brown and white adipose tissues and pancreas, in response to environmental conditions and the animal’s energy state, providing for appropriate energy utilization. Classic neuroanatomical studies have shown that the EWcp receives inputs from forebrain regions involved in these functions and projects to presympathetic neuronal populations in the brainstem. Transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus has demonstrated that the EWcp is connected polysynaptically with central circuits that provide sympathetic innervation to all these effector organs that are critical for stress responses and energy homeostasis. We propose that EWcp integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands
Teaching NeuroImages: In vivo visualization of Edinger comb and Wilson pencils
No full textThe “direct” and “indirect” pathways play crucial roles in movement disorder pathophysiology. Both traverse from the striatum to the internal pallidum and substantia nigra, the latter detouring to external pallidum and subthalamic nucleus. Anatomically, the pathways manifest within the striatofugal bundle that passes radially through the pallidum in the form of pencil-like tracts (first described by Wilson1; figure 1) before leaving the pallidum toward the substantia nigra in the form of a comb described by Edinger in 18962 (figure 2). A century later, these structures can be visualized in the living human brai
Edinger-Westphal peptidergic neurons enable maternal preparatory nesting
No full textInternational audienceOptimizing reproductive fitness in mammalians requires behavioral adaptations during pregnancy. Maternal preparatory nesting is an essential behavior for the survival of the upcoming litter. Brain-wide immediate early gene mapping in mice evoked by nesting sequences revealed that phases of nest construction strongly activate peptidergic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in pregnant mice. Genetic ablation, bidirectional neuromodulation, and in vitro and in vivo activity recordings demonstrated that these neurons are essential to modulate arousal before sleep to promote nesting specifically. We show that these neurons enable the behavioral effects of progesterone on preparatory nesting by modulating a broad network of downstream targets. Our study deciphers the role of midbrain CART+ neurons in behavioral adaptations during pregnancy vital for reproductive fitness
The non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus: an integration center for energy balance and stress adaption
No full textContains fulltext :
91338.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)The aim of this thesis research was to test our hypothesis that the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW) serves as an integrating center linking energy metabolism with stress adaptation. We have shown indeed that the npEW receives information about stress stimuli and the peripheral metabolic state. Moreover, it appears that not only the npEW as a whole responds to this information by changing its activity, but also that this reaction is a result of the differential reactions of the various neuropeptides expressed in this nucleus. Our results extend knowledge of the energy-dependent regulation of the stress adaptation response and, hopefully, will contribute to broadening insight into the etiology of stress-induced anxiety, depression and eating disorders, as well as may stimulate research to identify novel treatments to combat these disorders. In this respect, future studies on the mechanisms by which energy balance and leptin participate in the regulation of the npEW-Ucn1/CART system will be of particular interest.Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 12 december 2011Promotor : Roubos, E.W. Co-promotor : Kozicz, L.T.147 p
Behavior of identified Edinger-Westphal neurons during ocular accommodation
No full text 1. The present study used single-unit recording and antidromic activation techniques in alert rhesus monkeys to examine the static and dynamic behavior of 21 parasympathetic, preganglionic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) during ocular accommodation. 2. All identified EW neurons were active when viewing at optical infinity with an average firing rate of 11.6 spikes/s. During near viewing, there was a linear relationship between firing rate and accommodation with an overall gain for the population of preganglionic EW neurons of 3.3 (spikes/s)/diopter. 3. The activity of eight identified EW neurons was studied during viewing of targets with conflicting vergence and accommodative demands to dissociate their vergence and accommodation responses. With normal viewing these responses are so closely matched that it cannot be determined if the activity of a cell is related to vergence or to accommodation, but with dissociated viewing these relationships can be determined. Under this viewing condition, six preganglionic EW neurons showed the same relationship to accommodation as they did during normal viewing. However, the activity of two cells could not be explained solely by accommodation, and they showed some activity related to vergence. 4. Microstimulation at the sites of identified EW neurons produced accommodation in the ipsilateral eye. Repeated measures of the effect of microstimulation yielded a value of 75 ms for the latency of the response. This latency was essentially the same in both animals tested. 5. The activity of identified EW neurons is related to the velocity of accommodation as well as to static accommodation. The relationship between accommodation velocity and firing rate was studied for 15 identified EW neurons during sine-wave tracking of targets moving in depth. All of these cells showed a clear relationship between firing rate and accommodation velocity. Overall, this group of identified EW neurons showed a velocity sensitivity of 1.2 (spikes/s)/(diopter/s) and an estimated neural time constant of 380 ms. 6. Eleven neurons encountered near to preganglionic EW neurons could not be antidromically activated by stimulation of the oculomotor nerve. These neurons had statistically higher gains with respect to the near response; indeed, there was no overlap between the gains of these neurons and the gains of preganglionic EW neurons. Upon dissociation of vergence from accommodation, they were found to be related to either vergence or to vergence and accommodation but not solely to accommodation. </jats:p
- …
