1,735,855 research outputs found
The Macroeconomic Aggregates for England, 1209-2008
Full text linkEstimates are developed of the major macroeconomic aggregates – wages, land rents, interest rates, prices, factor shares, sectoral shares in output and employment, and real wages – for England by decade between 1209 and 2008. The efficiency of the economy 1209-2008 is also estimated. One finding is that the growth of real wages in the Industrial Revolution era and beyond was faster than the growth of output per person. Indeed until recently the greatest recipient of modern growth in England has been unskilled workers. The data also creates a number of puzzles, the principle one being the very high levels of output and efficiency estimated for England in the medieval era. This data is thus inconsistent with the general notion that there was a period of Smithian growth between 1300 and 1800 which preceded the Industrial Revolution, as expressed in such recent works as De Vries (2008).Long Run Growth
The Long March of History: Farm Wages, Population and Economic Growth, England 1209-1869
Full text linkThe paper forms three series for English farm workers 1209-1869: nominal day
wages, the implied marginal product of a day of farm labour, and the
purchasing power of a days’ wage in terms of farm workers’ consumption.
These series suggest that labour productivity in English agriculture was already
high in the middle ages. Further they fit well with one method of estimating
medieval population which suggests a peak English population circa 1300 of
nearly 6 million. Finally they imply that both agricultural technology and the
general efficiency of the economy was static from 1250 till 1600. Economic
changes were in these years entirely a product of demographic shifts. Finally
in 1600 to 1800 technological advance in agriculture provided an alternative
source of dynamism in the English economy.farm wages, economic wages
Completing a benthic-isotope record from ODP Site 198-1209
No full textStudying the dynamics of past global warming events during the late Paleocene to middle Eocene informs our understanding of Earth's carbon cycle behavior under elevated atmospheric pCO2 conditions. Due to sparse data coverage, the spatial character of numerous hyperthermal events during this period is still poorly constrained. Here we present a high‐resolution, benthic foraminiferal stable isotope record for northwest Pacific ODP Site 1209 (Leg 198) spanning 44 to 56 Ma with 5 kyr resolution. An existing Paleocene section was extended into the middle Eocene creating an unprecedented 22 myr single‐site record. Several identified carbon isotope excursions correspond in timing and magnitude to hyperthermal layers previously described elsewhere. Maxima in scanning XRF Fe intensities and pronounced minima in the wt% coarse fraction characterize carbonate dissolution for all of the hyperthermal events. The new astronomically‐calibrated stable oxygen isotope record assists in defining the onset, duration, and demise of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, 49.14 to 53.26 Ma) and the onset of global cooling after the EECO (49.14 Ma). The cooling trend was interrupted by two warming episodes at 47.2 and 46.7 Ma. A major positive shift in the benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope record occurring from 51.2 to 51.0 Ma is now confirmed to be global. Benthic foraminiferal δ13C records from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans converge from 52.0 to 47.5 Ma pointing to a closer connection of deep‐water convection initiating well in advance of the final connection ~40 Ma ago or an increase in bottom water formation around Antarctica
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
- …
