323,062 research outputs found
The law acts in the ancient Mesopotamia and the law collections (Sumerian,Babylonian and Ancient Israeli Law)
No full textÇalışmamızın amacı, tarihte yazılı hukukun ilk örneklerini vermiş olan Mezopotamya Uygarlıkları'nın hukuk sistemleri hakkında araştırma yapmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hazırlanan çalışma, esas olarak Sümer, Babil ve Eski İsrail toplumlarının hukuk anlayışları ve hukuk düzenlemelerine ilişkin inceleme ve değerlendirmeleri içermektedir. Çalışmamız üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Eski Mezopotamya tarihine ve buna bağlı olarak Eski Mezopotamya toplumlarının sosyal ve ekonomik yapıları üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, Eski Mezopotamya ve Eski İsrail Hukuku'nun temel ilkeleri ve hukuk anlayışları incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise, Eski Mezopotamya ve Eski İsrail Hukukları'nda yer alan hukuksal düzenlemeler ana hatlarıyla incelenmiştir. Çalışmam sırasında beni yönlendiren ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Niyazi Öktem Hocama teşekkürlerimi sunarım.The aim of our study is researching about Mesopotamian Civilization?s law system which has given the first examples of statute law. In accordance with this aim, this study, mainly, contains researchs and evolutions about society of Sumerian, Babylonian and Ancient Israeli law concepts and law regulations. Our study contains three parts. In the first part, information has been given about history of Ancient Mesopotamia and, depending on this, social organism of society of Ancient Mesopotamia. In the second part, there have been asserted about basic tenets and law concepts of Ancient Mesopotamian and Ancient Israeli Law. In the third part, Ancient Mesopotamian Law and Ancient Israeli Law have been studied substantially. I have special thanks to my advisor Prof. Dr. Niyazi Öktem, because of his helps and guidance, during my study
The adventure of the law that has struggled to come down to Earth from divine sources- the Roman empire
No full textÖktem, Niyazi (Dogus Author)İnsan eseri olan hukuk olgusu tarih boyunca göksel iradenin ve onun temsilcilerinin buyrukları olarak algılanırken, laiklik gündeme geldiğinde göksel iradenin yerini gerçekten halk iradesi mi almıştır? Laik hukukta da meşruiyetin dayanağı kaçınılmaz olarak, çağlar boyu mistik öğelere, irrasyonalitelere dayandırılan hukukta olduğu gibidir. Roma Hukuku 'nu laik hukuk olarak niteleyen genel görüş, zamanla hukuk kurallarıyla din kurallarının birbirinden ayrıldığına ve dine bağlı olmayan bir hukuk sisteminin oluştuğuna işaret etmektedir. Acaba durum böyle midir? Batı acaba ne kadar laiktir? Roma ımparatorluğu'nun her döneminde, hem pagan hem de Hristiyan yapılanmada, egemenlik ve meşruiyet bağlamında din her zaman etkili olmuştur. Dinin, Roma Hukuku üzerindeki etkisi çağdan çağa değişse de sistematik bir laikleşme sürecinden söz edemeyiz. Egemenlik kavram ve olgusunu yeryüzüne indirebilmenin tek dayanağı ise birey eksenli bir hukuk anlayışıdır.Has the law. as a human creation. which was perceived as god 's and god 's delegate 's will through the history, been replaced with people's will when laicism came up? Legitimacv in secular law has been the same as the law which stood on mvstic elements and irrationality. Majority apinion, that characterize Roman Law as secular law, points out that legal principles and religious rules were decomposed through the time and as a result. the legal system not based on religion was established. ls that the situation? How secular is the West? Religion took an important part on sovereigntv and legitimacv through the impazan and Christian periods of the Roman Empire. Although the impact of religion has been changed through the ages. we shall not speak of a systematic secularization in Roman Law. The fact and concept of sovereigntv can only come down to earth with a legal approach based on individuals
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
INVESTIGATION OF REMOVING Cr(VI) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY USING WASTE MATERIALS AS ADSORBENT
No full textIn the chemistry course of national program our teacher has talked
about the pollution problems related to our environment. Subject attracted my
interest since all of us should be sensitive for a clean environment and to
leave a clean world to the next generations. A short research led me to
interest with the industrial wastes which pollute our waters. After learning the
severe effects of heavy metals on human health I make a research on how to
remove heavy metals from waste waters. I found that adsorption is most
effective and economical method in removing heavy metals. Therefore I
planned to use some waste plastics as adsorbent. By this way I was
expected to remove heavy metals and convert waste plastics into useful
materials. Working with the removal of Cr(VI) ions and using of PET, PAN
and Cotton occurred spontaneously due to literature information and
availability of the laboratory asked for help.
A toxic metallic element with a density usually 4-5 times greater than
the density of water is classified as a heavy metal. Chromium and chromium
compounds are cancer causing agents. Therefore, studying the removal of
chromium ions with waste materials from aqueous solutions was planned.
Then I asked the research question; “Under atmospheric conditions and at
room temperature, how does removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous
solutions is affected by the solution pH, adsorption time and Cr(VI)
concentration when PET, PAN and cotton are used as adsorbents?
Waste water bottles (PET), synthetic wool (PAN), and cotton (natural
polymer) were used as adsorbent in the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous
solutions. Maximum Cr(VI) adsorptions are obtained at pH=5.0-5.5. Time
experiments showed a fast adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto adsorbents.
Highest maximum adsorption capacity is obtained with PAN, about 3.610.15
mg Cr(VI)/g PAN in 400.01.1 ppm Cr(VI) solutio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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