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“In Italy, we have a saying: make the law and you will find a way to cheat it”. The Regionalized Implementation of Italian Abortion Policies
No full textWhile abortion debates often center the moral balance between individual autonomy versus state control, the idea of “state control” itself is nuanced. Regional versus national control of abortion policy has been a matter of much debate in recent years, most famously in the US case. In this paper, we explore how regional policies manifest in Italy. Abortion in Italy is characterized by the high level of conscientious objection among medical professionals, though the level varies significantly by region. Italy delegates administration of its health system to the regional level as well. We argue that this has led to different interpretations of the national abortion law and varying levels of abortion access across the country. We reach these conclusions by bringing together two datasets of interviews with doctors and administrators about abortion policy implementation. We conclude by theorizing a direct causal chain between the delegation of this policy to the regional level and the divergent levels of abortion access across Italy
Il principio di lealtà nell'ordinamento sportivo
No full textWithin the sports legal order, the principle of loyalty is not merely a moral norm but a genuine legal principle that underpins the validity of the entire system, in line with the Olympic Charter, the European Sports Charter, and other internal sources (CONI and the national sports federations). In the sports sanctions framework, alongside specifically defined offenses, open-ended clauses operate that allow the repression of unfair conduct, that are not foreseeable ex ante; a breach of the duty of loyalty can therefore be actionable on an independent basis, especially when it affects the integrity of competition. While recalling the category of general clauses, the author distinguishes loyalty: it does not refer back to extra-legal standards, because it is considered an internal and structural principle of the sports legal order – while noting that the sports judge's interpretation must remain within the bounds of reasonableness, proportionality, and the duty to give reasons. On the subjective side, the duty binds all persons "in any way relevant" to the federal order; on the objective side, its extension to the extra-sporting sphere remains controversial, at most confined to cases of final criminal convictions for particularly serious offenses. In conclusion, loyalty takes the form of an "open" typicity that remains compatible with procedural safeguards; its centrality is justified by the autonomy of the sports legal order, further reinforced by the recent constitutionalization of sport in the Italian Constitution
Dai boicottaggi statali alle sanzioni istituzionali: l'evoluzione del rapporto tra politica e Olimpiadi
No full textThe relationship between politics and the Olympic Games emerges with particular clarity in the phenomenon of boycotts. From the initial debates over the 1936 Berlin Games to the large-scale boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s, states have used Olympic participation as a tool of diplomatic pressure, linking competitions to ideological conflicts, wars, and racial issues. With the end of the Cold War, however, the "classic boycott" has progressively declined, giving way to more nuanced forms of protest: diplomatic boycotts, IOC-imposed suspensions, and the neutralization of athletes, as in recent Russian cases. This transformation reflects the Olympic movement's attempt to preserve universality and neutrality, but it also highlights the continuing politicization of sport in its increasingly global dimension. Analyzing the evolution of the Olympic boycott therefore means understanding how the Olympics remain a privileged vantage point from which to grasp certain features of international tensions
Koukounaries of Paros: architectural evidence, the institution of kingship and the creation of the Parian city-state
No full textEnThis paper analyses the architectural, urbanistic and, at the same time, social and economic transformations that characterised the appearance of the city-state in the Aegean island context, attesting to the birth of a phenomenon, which is not only continental, also in Koukounaries of Paros.ItNel presente contributo si analizzano le trasformazioni architettoniche, urbanistiche e, contestualmente, sociali ed economiche, che hanno caratterizzato la comparsa della città-stato in ambito insulare egeo, attestando la nascita di un fenomeno, che non è solo continentale, anche a Koukounaries di Paros
Il calco in gesso della colonna di Patù. Elementi per una rilettura delle iscrizioni del manufatto veretino
No full textEnThe finding of an old high-quality plaster cast and a series of equally old photographs of the Column from Patù, probably made in the late nineties, led me to re-examine, in the light of these new materials, the drawings and inscriptions traced on the monument. The brief work presented here shows the results of this operation.ItIl ritrovamento di un vecchio calco in gesso di ottima qualità e di una serie di altrettanto vecchie fotografie della colonna di Patù, probabilmente realizzate alla fine degli anni Novanta, mi ha indotto a riesaminare, alla luce di questi nuovi materiali, i disegni e le iscrizioni che figurano sul monumento. Il breve lavoro qui proposto presenta i risultati di tale operazione
Colonizzazione greca, popolazioni epicorie e 'frontiera' nella Puglia antica: qualche osservazione
No full textEnThe paper draws inspiration from the reflections of M.I. Finley and E. Lepore on frontier history, as a methodologically 'adequate' tool for the study of the interaction processes triggered by archaic 'colonisation', and from those of M. Bats and J.-P. Morel on 'frontier spaces' in the various areas affected by it and on the 'gaps' identifiable in the geographical distribution of the latter, with particular reference to the central-western Mediterranean. Starting from these, some observations are proposed regarding the marked peculiarities presented, within the regional horizon of Magna Graecia and Sicily, by the Apulian area, and by Salento in particular, characterized by the presence of only one archaic colonial settlement, that of Taras, moreover located on the (south-)western margins of the region. After some reflections on the Spartan foundation and on the subsequent history of the City of the Gulf, the suggestion is made to read those peculiarities in a strong connection with the settlement, organizational and cultural structures of the 'native' populations of the region, the Iapyghes Messapioi, to whom Cosimo Pagliara has dedicated so much innovative research, with so many important discoveries.ItIl lavoro trae spunto dalle riflessioni di M.I. Finley e di E. Lepore sulla frontier history, quale strumento metodologicamente 'adeguato' per lo studio dei processi di interazione innescati dalla colonizzazione arcaica, e da quelle di M. Bats e J.-P. Morel sugli 'spazi della frontiera' nelle diverse aree da essa investite e sulle 'lacune' individuabili nella distribuzione geografica di queste ultime, con particolare riferimento al Mediterraneo centro-occidentale. Partendo da qui, si propongono alcune osservazioni a proposito delle marcate peculiarità che presenta, entro l'orizzonte regionale della Magna Grecia e della Sicilia, l'area pugliese, e salentina in particolare, caratterizzata dalla presenza di un solo insediamento coloniale arcaico, quello di Taranto, per di più ubicato ai margini (sud-)occidentali della regione. Dopo alcune riflessioni sulla fondazione spartana e sulla vicenda storica successiva della Città del Golfo, si avanza la proposta di leggere quelle peculiarità in un forte nesso con le strutture insediative, organizzative e culturali delle popolazioni epicorie della regione, gli Iapigi Messapi, ai quali Cosimo Pagliara ha dedicato tante e così originali ricerche, con tante importanti scoperte