National Institute for Space Research
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Aplicação de técnicas de geoprocessamento e métricas da paisagem na análise temporal da cobertura florestal da Bacia do Ribeirão Fortaleza em Blumenau/SC
No full textSince the early colonization process of the city of Blumenau until the present days, significant changes have taken place in the landscape. One of the most radical changes is the modification of the patterns of soil usage and occupation, whereby the forest cover gave place to agriculture, pastures and urbanization. Taking into account the environmental, social and economic importance of the forests, the lack of temporal quantitative information on the situation, it is necessary to examine this transformation process to provide the basis for future proposals of planning and management. Given these assumptions, this research had the objective of examining temporally the forest cover in the basin of the Fortaleza River in Blumenau/SC, using geoprocessing techniques and landscape metrics. The adopted methodological approach was divided into four stages: a) literature review; b) Data collection, to gather the available materials that would help elucidate the transformation process of the basin landscape, such as aerial photos, orthophotos, and satellite images; c) Development of thematic maps of the soil occupation in the years of 1972, 1981, 1993, 2003 and 2009, with the help of software ArcGis 10; and d) Quantitative analysis of the landscape structure, which consisted of the submission of the thematic classes of soil occupation to software V-LATE 2.0 for quantification of the landscape metrics. The results obtained revealed important quantitative changes in the forest cover of the Basin and the potentialities of the geoprocessing techniques and measurements of the landscape metrics for the assessment, planning and management of natural resources.Pages: 1742-174
Verticalização e permeabilização do solo urbano: entre as promessas e a realidade - considerações com base no caso de belo horizonte/MG
No full textThe discussion on the impact of vertical city about maintaining permeable areas in urban or not, gained great repercussions in political debate and in the international media. Although the influence of areas, including green areas, atmospheric composition, the balance between soil, climate and vegetation in the reduction in noise levels and also contribute to a city's environmental quality aesthetics, the relationship with the form of occupation space is still underexplored. There are few studies that investigated based on georeferenced data, the relationship between environmental variables and vertical integration in the urban space. In this respect, this work, and review some concepts and bring to debate the use of GIS tools and remote sensing to support the analyzes. Its main objective is to test the hypothesis that vertical integration could enhance or induce greater proportion of green areas in porous urban space, as it has appeared in some speeches, especially those of great appeal in the media.Pages: 890-89
Avaliação dos recursos hídricos da sub-bacia do Tuá, em Cruz das Almas, BA
No full textThe study aimed to evaluate the state of a watershed hydric resources conservation, with emphasis on its sources and riparian areas. The results can be used in future projects of recuperation of natural resources and to propagate and capacitate the local farmers for conservation. The study site is located in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, and is dominated by small rural properties with family farming, where the main crop is cassava. By the conception of watershed as the unit of study and planning, with the use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) for the identification and analysis of environmental problems allied to field trips for georeferencing and evaluation, data were generated to characterize the watershed. Water resources are at a high degradation degree, and most of the streams are silted or even dry. The main problems encountered were absence of riparian vegetation, presence of dams in the sources to provide water for the cattle with the consequent presence of animals on the margins, and the land use surrounding the sources predominated by pastures and agriculture. It was created map with the boundaries of the watershed, the classification of sources and the riparian forests. The higher areas, that should be well preserved, are in high degree of degradation.Pages: 5499-550
O EVI (índice de vegetação melhorado), e a estimativa de produtividade da cafeicultura nos municípios de Carlópolis, Corumbataí do Sul, Londrina, e Rolândia-PR
No full textThis study aimed to use the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to estimate production and productivity of coffee plantations in the municipalities of Carlópolis do Sul, Corumbataí do Sul, Londrina, and Rolândia in the state of Parana. With EVI data, we defined the period information of 18 February 2000 to 19 December 2010. In this period, we calculated the average and maximum values of the vegetation index in the mapped area with coffee in each municipality. The predictive model is based on FAO model, but with the use of satellite information. The model was calibrated with data from years 2000 to 2007, resulting in an equation of linear trend analysis for each municipality. These results allowed to estimate the productivity of the production for the years 2008 to 2010. The results with the model generated based on vegetation index of the mapped area, estimated values close to those generated by the organs oficiais.Os best results were found for the city of Carlópolis, followed by the counties of Corumbataí do Sul, Londrina and Rolândia. Os results with the model generated based on vegetation index of the mapped area, estimated values close to those generated by official agencies. Itai was the municipality with the highest distinction in 2008. It should be noted that even with this difference model is still considered effective because it represented the real behavior vegetative. The methodology used in this study lacks updated information, especially as the mapped areas, so the results are more precise.Pages: 1672-167
Atenuação vertical da irradiância descendente na coluna de água e sua influência sobre a ocorrência de macrófitas submersas - Reservatório de Nova Avanhandava
No full textSubmerged macrophytes are a serious problem in water reservoirs. The radiation availability is among the main factors related with the occurrence of this vegetation. Therefore, this study aimed to survey the vertical attenuation for downward irradiance and their influence on submerged macrophytes occurrence. The work was made in a region of Tietê river arm, in Nova Avanhandava reservoir. Data about the river depth and plant height were collected using an echosounder BioSonics DT-X. Downward irradiance data were collected in different depths using TriOS Optical sensor. It was noted that the downward irradiance decreases exponentially with depth. The vertical attenuation coefficient and the euphotic zone depth were calculated. Therefore, the behavior of submerged aquatic vegetation with different radiations quantities was evaluated. Up to 1 meter depth submerged macrophytes had not a strong development. It happened due to excessive radiation and waves. Between 1 and 5 meter the macrophytes height increase with the depth. Between 5 and 8 meter the macrophytes are highest because the lower light intensities make the higher elongation of the occurred species (E. densa and E. najas). To leave the euphotic zone (9,7 meter) the submerged aquatic vegetation occurrence is completely interrupted. Finally, the study of vertical attenuation for downward irradiance in the water column can contribute to the understanding of the behavior of submerged aquatic vegetation in different aquatic environments.Pages: 5792-579
Identificação de áreas agrícolas na fronteira Maranhão, Piauí, Tocantins e Bahia
No full textThe increase in demand for food and agricultural products has led to an expansion of agricultural areas in Brazilian lands over the last decade, notably the region between the states of Maranhão, Piaui, Tocantins and Bahia. In order to evaluate and map such expansion, cropland mask from 2001 to 2007 were created based on remote sensing images. The production cycle of grain crops, with its rapid development and harvest, results in a strong seasonal signal that can be identified in time series of vegetation index images. Annual time series of the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS sensor were analyzed and Fourier transforms were applied to each multitemporal image in order to isolate the annual and 6-month variation in the vegetation cover, typical of short cycle agricultural crops. Results were compared to official planted area statistics for the microregions encompassed in the study area. Both cropland masks and official statistics showed a strong increase in croplands. However, the cropland mask generated underestimated total planted area in 20%. These differences could be due to the account of double season crops in the planted area statistics or to a confusion caused by the Caatinga vegetation, which shows a strong seasonal vegetation cycle similar to the pattern observed in grain crops.Pages: 704-71
Uso da Krigagem para variáveis ambientais no município de Madre de Deus - Ba
No full textThis study aimed to spatialize the physicochemical data from the region of Madre de Deus in order to analyze and present the distribution of parameters to differentiate mangrove environments, hipertidal saltflats and vegetated hillsides. The study took place in four stages: a survey of references on the topic or related; collecting samples in the field and physicochemical analyzes, creation of a database using the Excel program containing spatial data (x, y) and the analyzed results of (pH, salinity and nitrogen - N total), and the generation of isolines by Kriging. The literature review has enabled a greater understanding of the importance of studying the physical and chemical parameters in mangroves and nearby ambiences using a geostatistical method, kriging. After importation of analytical results for the program ArcGis 10, for each variable isolines (contours) were generated representing the spatial distribution of concentrations of each parameter over a Madre de Deus image. This facilitated the observation of element concentrations analyzed over the study area. The ordinary kriging was very effective on the spatial distribution of geochemical data in different environments and has proven quite effective to identify some factors that contribute to the elements concentration in the study area facilitating the acquisition of information through the use of georeferenced data.Pages: 6636-664
Avaliação de técnicas de fusão aplicadas à imagem GeoEye
No full textThe fusion can be defined by applying a set of methods and tools for merging data from different sources in order to obtain higher quality information. This study aims to evaluate the fusion of images from GeoEye in two softwares. The study area comprises part of the region of Alphaville, located on the city of Nova Lima, Brazil. We applied four fusion methods: IHS, Brovey, Simple-mean and ESRI, in ArcGIS 10.0 and just IHS fusion technique in SPRING 5.2.1. The four image fusion techniques are far superior when compared to multispectral and panchromatic states image before processing takes place. The method IHS provides sharper contour of targets besides presenting the colors in a way closer to reality, there is an improvement in visibility and distinction of ground targets, resulting in images with spatial resolution of 0.50 m. In ArcGIS software, merge operations provided images with less noise compared to image generated in SPRING in 8 bits, but no significant difference in 11-bit. The product obtained by the fusion of ArcGIS showed better results compared to the fusion performed in SPRING, which substantially decreases the time spent post-processing steps that will result in an image with better visual quality fused noisy.Pages: 7950-795
Avaliação da precisão posicional relativa de uma carta topográfica na escala 1:100.000 na área do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães - MT
No full textWith technological advancement in Geoinformation area, arises the necessity for adequacy of cartographic production index and quality standards currently required by law. However great part of the official cartographic patrimony actually used and widely used in the production of spatial data no longer meets to the required quality standards to achieve a reliable data. The update of this collection patrimony demands great technical and financial effort by the government and therefore updated cartographic projects are punctual. In order to ascertain the quality of spatial data contained in official bases, in relation at least with positional and thematic accuracy obtained, there is need to check in advance the veracity of the information and features contained in these materials through of a simple method accessible to any GIS user. This evaluation can be performed from field coordinated points with known precision collected with GPS. The method suggests the acquisition of coordinates differences between points collected on the field and his counterpart agreeing, in the topographic map. The results of these differences are represented by statistical variance and standard deviations related to hypothesis test t student and chi square tabulated, and aim the decisions about the viability or not on using a cartographic map for building a new cartographic project with good quality positional and thematic. As alternative of complementing or replacing those data sources when is appropriate, evaluated the viability of using remote sensing imagery as a support data to predict as said by the Decree-Law No. 243 of February 28, 1967. This research has applications on Federal Conservation Unit.Pages: 2149-215
Análise do campo térmico da área urbana do município de Vitória através de dados de sensoriamento remoto
No full textUrbanization is a process that promotes changes in the Earth's radiation balance, causing temperature variations between rural and urban areas and in the urban site. Due to the changes brought by the urbanization in the thermal field, this study was developed for the Vitória city, Espírito Santo State, to analyze its thermal field. For this purpose, we used satellite image TM/Landsat5, band 6 (thermal band), WRS 215/074 from 14/07/2011, and aerial photographs together with documents created by the city's master plan for the Vitorias land use and land cover mapping. Once obtained the image and aerial photographs, SPRING program was used to handle and extraction the temperature data. The results showed that the highest average temperature is associated with class Indústria(Industry) and Área Verde (Green Area). On the other side, the classes Área Verde (green area) and Residencial/assentamentos Precários (Residential/Slum) had presented the lowest average temperatures. The spatial variation of the Victoria city temperature was about 3.56 ° C indicating the formation of urban heat island. Finally, it was found that the satellite image used in this work is an important tool for analyzing the thermal field at the regional scale, contributing to environmental planning actions.Pages: 1092-109