National Institute for Space Research
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Estimativa e análise da distribuição espacial da energia solar incidente para a região do Distrito Federal
No full textThis research investigates the distribution of solar energy incurring in the whole area of the Federal District on August 9, 2011. The creation and analysis of surface temperature data was also carried out for the same date. The methodology applied is based on the calculation of energy received by a certain location when radiations do not fall upon the surface in a perpendicular angle, depending, therefore, on geometrical and geographic characteristics, period of the year and time of the day. Temperature estimation was carried out through the application of the Malaret model, which uses the images thermal band generated by the Thematic Mapper sensor of the Landsat 5 satellite for the date above mentioned. The incident solar energy was computed for the period ranging from 6.30a.m. to 10a.m. in gaps of thirty minutes that were added by the end of the procedure. It resulted in the generation of an incident energy map and an apparent surface temperature map for the Federal District, which allowed quantifying the relationship among information produced as well as determining their spatial distribution pattern within most relevant locations. Conclusions concern the definition of factors that most influence solar energy distribution, with the verification that the main ones have geometric nature. It was also noted that the behaviors displayed by temperature values are not an exclusive function of the quantity of incident energy, once there are factors which go beyond the suns action controlling the results observed.Pages: 1861-186
Aplicação do Sistema de Informações Geográficas na integração de dados sobre o meio físico como subsídio ao gerenciamento de recursos naturais
No full textThe growing concerns about water as a renewable resource led the Espírito Santo government to adopt measures to enable the conservation of this natural resource. For this reason, the Benevente river basin was chosen as a pilot area of the Water Producers Project. The Project is an attempt to preserve the natural resources in strategically important and vulnerable areas that could contribute to the increase in water quantity and quality in the Basin. However, the lack of detailed information about the Basin opposes to the great importance of managing the use of natural resources, based on the knowledge of their carrying capacity and vulnerability. Substantiated by this premise, this study aimed to characterize the soils and their use, and morphometry of the Basin to provide subsidies to its better management. Soils profiles and samples were collected and conducted to physical, chemical, and mineralogical analysis. The hydrologic terrain analysis was processed in ArcGIS. The Geographic Information System was used to store, manage, process, analyze the data obtained, and to create thematic maps. The results showed that the highest part of the Basin has high drainage density with the crystalline basement rocks exposed along the riverbeds. The steep terrain maximizes erosion potential, particularly, in soils with no vegetation. On the lower part, the drainage density is lower and the rivers flow on sediment following a natural inclination of the Barreiras Group. Empirical evidences led us to believe that pasturelands and roads are one of the major contributors of soil losses in the Basin.Pages: 3754-376
Padrão de variabilidade anual dos campos de temperatura superficial da Lagoa dos Patos-RS por análise EOF
No full textThis work is focused on the characterization of Lagoa dos Patos temperature dynamics in the South of Brazil in a space and time scale of one year cycle through an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The variability analyses are based on remote sense data provided by AVHRR NOAA satellite sensors for images between August/2007 and July/2008. The results and analyses show that lake surface temperature data have similar spatial values on the first EOF mode. The first EOF, which in this case explains more than 97% of the total variability in the images, shows simultaneous increase or decrease of water temperature due to surface heating or cooling with the uniform magnitude of the temperature change over the lake. The second mode reflects more local property of heat storage dependent on the depth of the water body and can adequately be associated with the bathymetric profile.Pages: 1595-160
Aplicação dos índices de vegetação NDVI, SAVI e IAF na caracterização da cobertura vegetativa da região Norte de Minas Gerais
No full textThrough image registration, it became possible analyzes of the relationship among environment target spatial location, image spectral variation, and soil cover vegetation variation. The data updating was also facilitated, once mounted a given database, it should become easier to generate a soil cover vegetation updated map, thereby obtaining a dynamic result, as closest as possible to reality information. This study aimed to generate the spatial variation of the land cover vegetation conditions in the North of Minas Gerais (Irrigated District of Gorutuba, inserted in the cities of Nova Porteirinha, Janaúba, Porteirinha, Verdelândia, and Pai Pedro) from spectral analyzes of Landsat-5 TM satellite images by means of remote sensing and GIS techniques, applying the calculation of the vegetation indexes (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-NDVI, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index-SAVI and Leaf Area Index-LAI) methodologies for vegetation characterization in the studied region. The thematic maps originated allowed detecting and separating into different classes the vegetation cover in the studied region. Information obtained on vegetation cover in both study periods, one dry and other wet, showed the changes of vegetation in the study area according to the three vegetation indexes studied. The results indicated higher NDVI, SAVI, and LAI values (0.70 -0.94) for the wet period due to the formation of a dense vegetation, caused by the good soil profile water availability, which provided better conditions in the development of native vegetation and areas of pastures for cattle. The index SAVI emphasized more the influence of exposed soil, especially in the dry period.Pages: 7345-735
Geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto aplicados na identificação de áreas com ocupação irregular no Bairro Marrecas de Francisco Beltrão PR
No full textWith the increase of urban population in recent decades, along with the factor of lack of planning of urban development is possible to notice that the useand occupation of land in the urban inadequate is more intense. The study of the urbanized area to identify problems related to occupation and urban expansion is facilitated by using some of the technology tools available today, helping to identify areas prone to natural disasters. The main factors for the analysis and development of this work were the texture, soil types and topography. This paper presents the results of the application of GIS techniques andremote sensing as tools for evaluating the potential of land use of Bairro Marrecas in the town of Francisco Beltrão - PR, having as main factors for the analysis and development of the texture results , soil types and topography. The results were obtained by processing data in the program SPRING 5.2 ,along with geological and soil analysis laboratory and field, obtaining thematic maps of slope, altitude, land use, soils and vulnerability. These maps areessential tools for the analysis and identification of environmental problems in the study area, serving as a subsidy to alert the authorities, suggested areas of action for possible action projects and aid in directing the development of the master plan of the city.Pages: 5185-519
Análise espaço-temporal da cobertura vegetal do município de Olinda-PE, utilizando imagens do sensor orbital tm/landsat 5
No full textThe process of population growth that occurred in Brazil in recent decades had the hallmark migration from the countryside to the cities, especially for large urban areas that are the metropolitan areas. This large concentration of population, coupled with the lack of urban planning, derived in complex scenarios and concern regarding environmental and socioeconomic status, with the sprawl of cities resulting in numerous problems, eg, the occupation in urban conservation areas or risk. In this context, the city of Olinda, located in the Metropolitan Region of Recife-PE, with a population of approximately 400 thousand inhabitants, occupying an area of 4300 hectares, is now the fifth position in Brazil among the most densely populated municipalities, concomitant the problems resulting from this consolidation, besides being Culture and Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO granted the title in 1987. This study sought from techniques of remote sensing and GIS: identify and understand the spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation removal from the city of Olinda, as well as making use of technologies that contribute uniquely to the understanding of geographical space, from temporal study of satellite images, analysis was performed using spatio-temporal satellite images TM / Landsat 5, the years 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2011, applying techniques of digital image processing, the results obtained demonstrate that there was a trend of urban sprawl in the city, marked from 2001, which consequently altered permanently the environment.Pages: 944-95
Verificação do uso do software livre TerraViewHidro para a extração das características físicas da bacia hidrográfica do rio Ipanema
No full textThe growing development and improvement of tools and algorithms present in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), coupled with the increasing availability of data from remote sensors, enable the study of several factors, including the hydrological, with the advantage of having a relatively low cost, high speed and good accuracy. This article aims to analyze the results obtained using free software in its version 0.2.7 TerraViewHidro in hydrological modeling phenomena with the aid of radar images SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) with 90 m spatial resolution, in one study case in Ipanema River basin.Pages: 4708-471
Mapeamento e classificação das áreas de ressaca na região metropolitana de Macapá-AP utilizando imagens do satélite CBERS-2B
No full textThe population growth in the last decade in the Macapá-AP, Brazil, was exceptional and one of the largest in the Brazilian nation. The institute IBGE showed population growth in 1991 of 179,777 inhabitants and in 2010 of 398,204 inhabitants, with human growth during this period approximately 121.49%. The most of this population has built their homes in places not adequate for humans, but it is cheaper and the access is easier. Macapá city is surrounded by the Amazon River and a complex basin, is located within this city limits. This river also feeds the various fields of great extent of flooding that are called ressacas. It is in these wet areas that immigrants come from another states and they find there free space to build their homes. The goal of this study is to analyze the satellite imagery of CBERS-2B, with passage in 11/13/2008, and make the mapping of the perimeter of Macapá city within its protected areas that are called ressacas and identify the human presence within areas that are legally protected. The methodology included the creation of the database, project design, collection of control points, the processing of the satellite images used in the design, construction of the perimeter of polygons urban and ressacas in the analysis, the segmentation procedure employed and the preparation of thematic maps. The results were the mapping of the urban area and their ressacas, the statistical analysis of human action in these areas of environmental preservation, and comparative analysis between ressacas.Pages: 2211-221
Mapeamento da Cobertura Vegetal Natural e Uso do Solo da Estação Ecológica do Panga, Município de Uberlândia, MG
No full textThe Panga Ecological Station - EEP is used for the development of research activities and preservation of the different vegetation types around the Cerrado Forest than have 409.50 ha. The objective of this study was make an analysis of land cover using satellite imagery in the Panga Ecological Station, that connect the different spots for trafficking in wildlife species within the study area. Was made image geoprocessing, which is based on processing data in this case, the spectral signature of an image to be reclassified, in a typical ArcGis tool, which performs an operation on a set of ArcGIS data. It was used, for the processing of satellite imagery, an image high-resolution satellite RapidEye of May of 2010. The mapping of the corridors was done in ArcGIS 9.3 as a criterion the following characteristics of the patches of vegetation. Five categories were identified by the automatic classification, which created classes of pixels with similar characteristics. Was assigned to each region a specific vegetation type, which were interpolated over the coverage rates obtained from the unsupervised classification resulted in the following values: Dirty Field (33.30%), Savannas (7.69%), Closed Forest (22.10%), Great Closed Forest (27.37%) and Mesophytic Forest (9.54%).Pages: 4322-432
Avaliação da propagação de erros ao utilizar a aproximação de Wien na linearização da lei de Planck
No full textTemperature and emissivity are among the major physical properties of materials which are studied using thermal infrared images. Many methods for temperature and emissivity retrieval are based on linearization of Plancks law though these approximations are subjected to errors. This paper describes the propagation of errors in the linearization of Planks function using Wiens approximation. The relationship between radiance and temperature is non-linear and the temperature emissivity separation is a complex task. Linearization is a technique that mitigates this problem. The data used for this study were obtained using a μFTIR field spectroradiometer from a quartz sample under controlled conditions. The instrument is calibrated using cold and hot blackbodies and the sensor is calibrated with a Lambertian surface. The emissivity is calculated using the Planks function and the temperature for a radiance measured in a given wavelength. Other sources of errors such as atmospheric effects were not considered here. Possible errors in temperature, emissivity and wavelength were analyzed. To solve the problem of multiple variables, Wiens approximation is applied to the Planks function for the linearization of the data which will help to understand how errors are propagated in different approximation. It is seen that the propagation of errors does not have a significant influence on the final results and the application of linearization can be applied without significant loss of information.Pages: 8807-881