National Institute for Space Research
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Mensuração e distribuição do verde urbano no município do Recife - PE: bases para a gestão ambiental urbana
No full textAs time and space developed, impacts on the relation among the energetics and hydrological circles - down on the surface - had happen due to the massive changes on the use and covering of urban environment. The replacement of Green areas by waterproofed ground, has interfered and aggravated a series of phenomenons such as: the high raises of overflows and the establishment of urban heat islands. According to the city of Recife Urban Planning Law, created in 1996, the definition of Green area is any public or private area, over natural soil, in which vegetation predominates on its different forms: arboreal, shrubby or herbaceous, native or exotic. With all that in mind, the main reasons of this is article are: to demonstrate the methodology used to classify the total amount of Green areas in the city of Recife, to understand the distribution of those areas in order to identify what is public and private over the registered data bank and examine the application of the referred concept on the research of areas in which afforestation of streets is a priority. By the analysis of the ortophotomap generated in 2007 over the municipal vetorial base, it was possible to elaborate an equation to define the potential of afforestation in public lots of selected neighborhoods. As a result, 44,68% of the city total area is occupied by vegetation, whereas 64% are located in UCN, in addiction to that, 23% of UCN areas have other uses like: residential, abnormal groups and tanks of shrimp creation. The neighborhoods included in this research can afford the plantation of 24.474 new trees totalizing an amount of 37 green hectares.Pages: 1143-115
Estimativa do Índice de Área Foliar no Parque Nacional do Catimbau (PE - Brasil) e sua comparação com medições de campo usando o LAI-2200
No full textAs a vegetation biophysical parameter, LAI is of fundamental importance for quantitative analysis of several physical and biological processes related to vegetation dynamics. Therefore, direct or indirect estimation of LAI measurements are key input in many ecosystem studies. Even though direct measurements of LAI provide more accurate estimation, it is time consuming and work intensive to use over large areas. LAI estimated with remote sensing data is a non-destruction method and can be calculated by mathematical combination of the reflectance of satellite red and infrared bands. Usually, LAI is computed using the "top of atmosphere" reflectance of a band, however, METRIC method uses calibrated atmospheric transmittance to compute actual surface reflectance at satellite image time. Several researchers investigated the relationships between vegetation indices and ground measured LAI and have found good correlation. The aim of this paper is to analyze LAI spatial distribution in Catimbau National Park (Pernambuco - Brazil) estimated with and without atmospheric correction, using a TM Landsat 5 satellite image and to investigate its relationship with field measured LAI using LAI-2200. The results showed that, although a superior relationship between ground-measured LAI and the estimations made using METRIC atmospheric correction was found, a calibration to the atmospheric transmittance and paths reflectance functions is needed to proper adjustment to local conditions. LAI spatial distribution over Catimbau showed that almost 1/3 of the park area is covered by man activities and exposed soil, mainly concentrated at the center of the park where a road network is present. To the west of Catimbau, where the access is more difficult, the vegetation cover appears to be more preserved.Pages: 2850-285
Caracterização da fragilidade potencial da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Municipal das Nascentes do Rio Apa: uma adaptação metodológica
No full textThe present study aimed to characterize the potential fragility of the Environmental Protection Area Municipal Headwaters of the Rio Apa located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul in the northwestern city of Ponta Porã between latitudes 21 \ub0 52 '30 "S and 22 \ub0 07 '30 "S and longitude 56 \ub0 07' 30" W and 55 \ub0 50'37 "W, was created according to the municipal decree 4743/2004, whose area is approximately. 17.196 ha. The scientific technical procedures employed consisted in adapting two methodological approaches: Empirical Analysis of Fragility of Natural Environments developed by Ross (1994) and the methodology proposed by Crepani et al., (2001) called GIS and Remote Sensing applied to Economic and Ecological Zoning planning, which was inserted areas of biological importance (Probio, MMA, 2007). From the combination data of slope, soils, precipitation (rainfall intensity) and biological importance was possible to characterize APA Municipal Headwaters of the Rio Apa in 4 degrees of frailty: Low, Medium, High and Very High. The adaptation met with efficiency methodological research objectives, areas of biological importance satisfactorily presented as an important factor in the characterization of potential fragility and/or environmental, since such data, not used before, now represent a new base indicator for environmental studies.Pages: 4201-420
Mapeamento de uso e cobertura do solo da Bacia do Pardinho com imagens de alta resolução espacial
No full textCurrently the use of maps is essential to decision makers, considering personal activities, business and public institutions for optimize time consuming and results. Thus, the use of satellite images with different spatial resolutions must to be considered. In this way, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of nominal spatial resolution to mapping different land use and coverage classes (forest fragments, urban areas, water, clouds and shadow, and agricultural uses) bases on the image interpretation. The study was conducted with the use of a Worldview-2 (WV2) orthorectified image, originally acquired with 0.5 meters of spatial resolution, in the Frederico Westphalen municipality, in the Rio Grande do Sul State, South of Brazil. The original image of November 2011 was resampled to 2.5m, 10m, 50m and 250m. Based on these images, the visual image interpretation and manual mapping process started with the poorest image (250m) until the 2.5 m image. The classification was performed based on all images, covering the watershed of Rio Pardinho. The results showed significant differences between the maps created with different spatial resolution. Some water bodies only coul be mapped in the finest spatial resolution, as well some small forest fragments. On the other hand, based on image comparably to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 250m), only the largest forest areas could be identified. Furthermore, more studies are necessary to validate the results, specially based on field word derived data.Pages: 8830-883
Análise das formas de uso do solo e cobertura vegetal da APA da Serra da Meruoca/CE, através de imagem obtida por sensoriamento remoto orbital
No full textThe research was developed in the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Serra da Meruoca, which is situated in the middle course of the river Acarau, approximately 20 km from the county of Sobral, in Ceara State. The main objective of the research was to analyze in an integrated manner the dynamics of occupation of the Meruoca EPA and evaluate their influence on environmental degradation in order to identify conflicts between land use and environmental law. The theoretical and methodological work was based on Geosystemic Theory proposed by Bertrand (1972) and the concept of the Tricart Landscape Ecodynamic (1977), as well as the interpretation of the digital image sensor on LANDSAT-5 TM, from the use of SPRING version 5.2.1 (1996). As observed in the image interpretation by both classifiers, Meruoca EPA has well conserved areas. However the use of rudimentary techniques for purposes of forest overthrow and burn eventually causes an imbalance in the ecosystem as a whole. Additionally, the area is used for leisure practices as its climatic conditions provide activities directed for tourism, strengthening real estate speculation in some sections of the area. Thus, it is clear the need for action by the competent institutions in order to reverse this situation and educate the local population through activities that leads to the adoption of a policy of conservation and preservation of this environment, seeking for harmonious coexistence with nature.Pages: 9028-903
Trajetórias de vulnerabilidade socioecológica nos municípios de Caraguatatuba e São Sebastião, Litoral Norte de São Paulo
No full textThis work presents a temporal analysis of the vulnerability applied to the coastal region comprising the municipalities of Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião, located in the northern coast of São Paulo, based on the methodology that operationalizes the concept of socioecological vulnerability presented by Anazawa et al. (2012). Seeking to contribute to an interdisciplinary debate on vulnerability, this work proposes the construction of an Observation Panel to facilitate the dialogue about the multidimensionality of the concept of vulnerability and surpass the reductionist approaches that rely on a single synthetic index. This panel is composed of numerous representing forms of vulnerability, including measures, summarized by an multidimensional index - the SEVI (Socioecological Vulnerability Index) -, its components, Surface Maps, Assets Profile, Trajectories, Graphics, as well as Satellite Images and Photos used for remote and field verifications. By analyzing the results, we observed the heterogeneity of the conditions of vulnerability and the dynamics of their trajectories in different regions of the municipalities. The results demonstrate the analytical potential of vulnerability representations presented in this work, especially in the context of urban public policies, given their ability to explain the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities in the city, and evidence the role of territory as the ground where the daily life and experiences happen.Pages: 5161-516
O uso da terra da bacia do ribeirão Bom Jardim-MG por meio de imagem do satélite liss3/Resource
No full textThe Indian origin satellite Liss3 Linear Imaging Self-Scanner Satellite Resource enables the acquisition of information related to vegetation, crops and characterization of plant species because it has four spectral bands: band 2 (green) from 0.52 to 0.59 µm; band 3 (red) 0.62 to 0.68 µm, band 4 (near infrared) from 0.77 to 0.86 µm band 5 (mid infrared) from 1.55 to 1.70 µm. The first scene was captured in November 2009. The study aims to verify the accuracy of geospatial technologies by using satellite image to produce a land use map. We used the software SPRING 5.2 for the Digital Image Processing (DIP) of the LISS3/RESOURCE image, orbit 329, point 091, September 7, 2010 with complete scene of 141x141 km, 23 m of spatial resolution, 24 days of revisit period and 7 bits of radiometric resolution. Currently, images are freely available by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). The PDI procedures used was radiometric and geometric correction followed by an automatic mapping using Bhatthacharya method. We mapped the following thematic classes: forestry, native vegetation, agriculture, pasture and water resources. To check the mapping accuracy it was used a land truth map of the study area prepared by Resende (2011) and Kappa index. As a result of this work, regarding land use, there is a predominance of predominance of agricultural activities and with regard to remote sensing techniques.Pages: 8269-827
Mudança do uso da terra devido à expansão da cana-de-açúcar em São Paulo de 2005 a 2011
No full textThe recent increase of cultivated sugarcane area to produce ethanol has promoted debates about the impacts on available land for food production and on biodiversity suppression. The lack of objective information on this subject has motivated the present study in which the land use prior to the expansion of sugarcane, observed from 2005 to 2011 in São Paulo State, was mapped. A total of 36 Landsat scenes acquired between October 2002 and September 2003 with at least two dates per scene. Time series of MODIS images transformed to EVI2 were also used to support the land use change analysis. The most relevant land use change classes were: Pasture, Annual Crops, Citrus, Forest and Reforestation. The area of sugarcane expansion from 2005 to 2011 was mapped by the Canasat project corresponding to almost 2,360 thousand hectares. The results showed that sugarcane expanded on: 1,490,108 ha (63.1%) of pasture land; 774,050 ha (32.1%) of annual crops; 88,587 ha (3.7%) of citrus; 3,900 ha (0.2%) of forested land; and 3,304 (0.1%) of reforestation. These figures indicate that the expansion of sugarcane is not causing direct land use change on forested land but rather on pasture and annual crop land. The impact of sugarcane expansion on indirect land use change in the agricultural frontier in Brazil has to be analyzed with caution since during the same period of this study the lowest deforestation rate were observed in the Brazilian Legal Amazon in response to governance and intensification of land use.Pages: 482-48
AMBDATA: Variáveis ambientais para Modelos de Distribuição de Espécies (SDMs)
No full textSpecies distribution models (SDMs) provide the geographical distribution of a species based on the definition of it potential ecological niche, from the relation between species occurrences and environmental characteristics. As SDMs have been widely used for biodiversity studies at regional scale, there are increase demands for different environmental data in a standardized format. In order to facilitate the manipulation of these geographical datasets, at this paper we present Ambdata: a website created to provide environmental variables from official data sources useful for SDMs purpose. Environmental variables related to climate (monthly minimum, maximum, and mean temperature; monthly precipitation; and bioclimatic data), topography (altitude, slope, aspect, drainage density, vertical height to the closest drainage), soil and vegetation characteristics, usually used for SDMs, were first acquired, produced and then organized in a geographical information system. Each variable was resampled to spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds (approximately 1 km), converted to Lat-Long geographical projection, and clipped to the geographical boundaries of Brazil and Brazilian Amazon. Once the ascii-raster grid files were prepared, we organized a webpage called Ambdata that describes the dataset and provides free access to these data. This articles contributes to present Ambdata webpage to the scientific community: a database available to assist SDM studies of Amazon and Brazilian species, improving the knowledge about our biodiversity.Pages: 6930-693
Detecção de mudanças de uso do solo por sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de classificação de imagens no Cerrado do Mato Grosso
No full textThe expansion of modern agriculture in recent years has resulted in significant changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The landscape dominated by agricultural activities became a dynamic mosaic composed of different land use types. Thus, the objective of this study is to characterize the land cover changes due to agricultural activities using images acquired along 20 years in a study area located in the North of Mato Grosso. TM/Landsat-5 images from 1990 to 2010 were classified and analyzed. The classification results indicated a reduction in the Cerrado area from 73.2% (11,699.3 km2) to 46.3% (7,408.9 km2) in only twenty years, which was converted into agro-pastoral land covers.Pages: 7390-739