National Institute for Space Research
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Aspectos da Mudança de Escala na Geração de Bases Hidrográficas para a Gestão de Recursos Hídricos
No full textIn recent years the National Water Agency - ANA has conducted the delimitation of areas of contribution for each stretch of the river system in Brazil, organizing this within a hierarchical structure. Developed by Otto Pfastetter the ottocodificação is based on an innovative method in order to effectively prioritize the base basin. The ANA performed this coding for the millionth scale. Given the concern over water resources currently due to the possibility of water scarcity, it became necessary planning and effective management of its use. For this it is necessary a reliable information base and a Geographic Information System (GIS) that allows us to generate evolutionary scenario of these water resources. In this context of concern for the better management of water resources, is that this article goes to show the aspects involved in the change of scale in generation hydrographic bases for HR management and its implications in helping.Pages: 5824-583
Análise de áreas sazonalmente inundáveis com uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto: o caso da lagoa Feia, região Norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro
No full textFloods in the Lagoa Feia and adjacencies are seasonally recurring. This phenomenon occurs due to morphological (lowland plain), soil (soil with Tiomorfismo), climate (rainfall concentrated in summer) and hydrological factors (complex mesh of articifial and natural channels that interconnect the Lagoa Feia), in addition to multiple anthropogenic interventions in the study area. This paper proposed zoning and identify areas flooded effectively using temporal images downloaded for free from the National Institute for Space Research - INPE, the satellite / sensor Landsat-5/TM in two periods (dry 07.27.2011 and flooded 02.05.2009), taking into consideration the climatological normal of 30 years (from National Institute of Meteorology - INMET), worked in ArcGIS 9.3.1 interface as subsidy to the planning and management of that water body. It was observed that the adjacent areas of extensive Quaternary plain of fluvial, marine and lagoon origin are subject to seasonal flooding events, not recommended dwellings on the banks borders of the great lagoon. The study will enable further analysis by geographic science bias with an integrating character of the landscape elements of the sub-basin of the Lagoa and the Basin Lower Paraíba do Sul. The methodology adopted for the study proved to be satisfactory and can be used to other areas with similar geo-environmental characteristics to the studied area in this present article.Pages: 1822-182
Classificação das zonas superficiais de neve seca e úmida da Península Antártica por limiares altimétricos, de retroespalhamento e de razão de imagens SAR
No full textOne of the most used techniques to classify the Wet Snow Zone (WSZ) in SAR imagery is the application of a knowledge-based algorithm with altimetric and backscattering thresholds. We propose the additional use of a synthetic image threshold by rationing summer and winter sigma linear images in order to identify this glacier facie based on its seasonal variations. The study area is the Antarctic Peninsula, which is a region where some of the most spectacular changes in glacial systems have happened for the last decades. In the proposed algorithm we used altimetric, backscattering and image ratio thresholds from previous studies. The input data were ENVISAT ASAR wideswath imagery, acquired in winter 2006 and summer 2007, the RAMP digital elevation model, and coastline and rock masks from the Antarctic Digital Database. These images were post-classified by a 5 x 5 focal majority filter, masked by rock outcrop data and the remaing areas of Antarctic Peninsula were classified as Dry Snow Zone (DSZ). The ratio threshold allowed discriminating WSZ from DSZ, radar shadows and transitional areas between this glacier facie and percolation zones, which would be classified incorrectly if only altimetric and backscattering thresholds had been used. Using these three thresholds simultaneously, we can detect the WSZ extension more accurately, which is an important parameter into models to estimate runoff variations, to predict its impacts on coastal environments, and their contribution to sea-level rise.Pages: 8366-837
Análise da temperatura da superfície terrestre e índice de vegetação SAVI para o município de Goiânia, 2009
No full textThe city of Goiania, capital of Goiás, is a regional metropolis inserted in the central-western part of Brazil. In recent years it has been the object of intense urbanization leading to increased conversion of land coverage, from natural to anthropic features, altering the thermal behavior of the landscape. Thus, this study seeks to understand the changes in surface temperature for the municipality of Goiânia, in 2009, according to neighborhoods and land coverage, from the beginning of the dry season, in May, to its end, in September. The method used for estimating surface temperature in degrees Celsius consisted in converting the Landsat 5 TM band 6 images for the days 22/05/2009, 07/06/2009, 10/08/2009 and 11/09/2009 to radiance and then to brightness temperatures, corrected relatively to a constant emissivity. These estimated surface temperature images were validated with ground data from meteorological stations from INMET and compared to Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) images. In general, the mean temperature increased from 28°C, in May 22nd, to 31°C in September 11th. Interestingly, the variation of surface temperature throughout the dry months showed that the reduction in soil and vegetation moisture throughout the dry season tended to yield similar thermal behavior between rural and urban areas in Goiânia.Pages: 834-84
Análisis multitemporal de imágenes SAR Cosmo-Skymed (CSK) para identificar la respuesta espectral del cultivo de caña de azúcar durante el periodo de cosecha, en la provincia de Tucumán, República Argentina
No full textTechnicians of the Obispo Colombres Agroindustrial Experimental Station (EEAOC), in Tucumán province (Argentina), work on optical satellite images to estimate sugarcane planted area and production. Naturally, problems arise when days are cloudy. SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensors present the advantage of enabling image recording even through clouds, mist, fog, and the dark. EEAOC takes part in AO-SAOCOM of CONAE (National Commission on Space Activities), specifically with Project N\ub0 38, which is devoted to analyzing the potential of different SAR sensors for discriminating agricultural and rural-urban areas. This work aimed to evaluate the spectral response of sugarcane in the harvested period in six COSMO SKYMED (CSK) (λ 3 cm) images, five in HH-polarized and one VV-polarized, in Tucumán province using Lansat 5TM images as referents. Covers discriminated by the optical images were identified in the CSK image. Then, backscattering coefficient values (0) corresponding to each cover, expressed as decibels, were extracted and used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, which allowed graphical comparison. For each image, 0 mean values were within a narrow range, which was smaller than 2.5dB, while standard deviation varied from 2.4 to 2.7 dB in all covers on different dates. This situation would make it difficult to discriminate covers related to different sugarcane harvest stages. Subsequent research work will be focused on studying the use of different processing methods in the analysis of the set of available images to improve results.Pages: 8413-842
Definição de custos de oportunidade por meio da integração de dados em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica
No full textPayment for ecosystem services has often been addressed in discussions of strategies for environmentally sustainable development in rural properties and companies. In Brazil, this theme has been a major concern in discussions about the new Forest Code. However, there are several legislative conjectures under analysis in the National Congress, whose deliberation can contribute to build an innovative regulatory framework in the relations between production and environment. This type of economic instrument recognizes the value of services and promotes a financial incentive for farmers that produce them. Therefore, this article aims to present a strategy for valuation of ecosystem services related to water regulation in the rural area of Joinville city, Santa Catarina- Brazil, between 2010 and 2012.Pages: 570-57
Simulação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre a escoriose da videira no Brasil
No full textViticulture in Brazil has been growing in importance in recent years. Among fungal diseases, the phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola) is one of the main diseases affecting this crop in Brazil, with important damage effects on its production. The objective of this study was to predict the favorability of incidence of the phomopsis on grape under the climatic change conditions in Brazil, based on criterions of mathematical logic associating combinations of ranges of climate variables with classes of favorability and using Geographical Information System - GIS tools. The study considered the months throughout the year of periods of 1961-1990 and 2071-2100, scenario A2 of IPCC. Mean temperature and relative humidity were the basic weather data entered in the GIS database. Leaf wetness duration was estimated from relative humidity measurements. Climatic data entered in the GIS were used to calculate and produce maps depicting the favorability of incidence of the phomopsis, through the application of disease favorability criterions. Areas of classes of favorability were calculated considered the country and Northeast and South regions. There is a tendency in the future to increase the favorability of incidence of the phomopsis on grape considering Northeast and South regions. The adopted methodology permitted quantifying the area of favorability of the phomopsis on grape not only in spatial terms, identifying the variability among the different regions of the country, but also in temporal terms, along the months, making an adequate distinction of the studied regions.Pages: 252-25
Evolución temporal del NDVI en el Uruguay, mediante imágenes SPOT en el período 1998-2012
No full textThe agricultural processes in Uruguay have had a steady intensification during the last decade, specially in the fields of crops, forestation and cattle. This new stage has been powered by the aggro-business model, having a great impact on the Aerial Net Primary Productivity (PPNA). In order to be able to assess these transformations nationwide, the work was focused on the analysis of the Normalized difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for Uruguay during the period April 1998 - March 2012, using SPOT 4-5 images. Thus, a series of remote sensing techniques were used, as well as the Geographical Information System (SIG). All this has allowed the systematization and precessing of the information. The main results have showed a general tendency towards the lowering of the NDVI for the whole of the country. The seasonal differences are considerable; Spring has the greater values with a very homogeneous distribution over the territory, followed by autumn with a considerable division of territories; then comes summer with a very abrupt transition from west to east. Finally we have winter with the lowest and most homogeneous values. This work generated the first nationwide NDVI with SPOT images, offering data that can be used directly to evaluate the PPNA. It is necessary to continue monitoring the PPNA to be able to interpret longer time period processes.Pages: 1314-132
Mapeamento dos pontos de disposição de resíduos da construção civil e demolição em Goiânia
No full textCurrently, the construction industry stands out as the largest consumer of natural resources and the largest generator of residues. As a result of a market in frank expansion, it becomes increasingly critical issue of residues disposal. As the points increase irregular arrangement, other problems arise contiguously, often are used as Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) for the practice. Besides the environment degradation, also generate losses to public coffers, by burdening the sector collection and street cleaning, increase pollution of water sources (rivers and streams). Given that it was not possible to have an effective plan for managing civil construction residues, this paper focuses on the identification of points of irregular disposition of RCC (Civil Construction Residues) and RCD (Construction and Demolition Residues ) in Goiânia, as well as their impacts on the environment. In evaluating this research, after site visits, photographic records, bibliographic consultations and legislation relevant to these spatial locations were used satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which allowed the verification of a significant increase (approximately 290%) of irregular discharge points of RCC in Goiânia - from the year 2007 until the year 2011. Thus the use of geoprocessing proves quite useful in mapping these points of disposal as well as generate subsidies for environmental inspection agencies.Pages: 5323-533
A experiência da Diretoria de Serviço Geográfico do Exército nos trabalhos de reambulação do projeto de atualização cartográfica do Estado da Bahia, utilizando novas geotecnologias e as especificações técnicas EDGV E ADGV
No full textThis paper describes the experience of the Board of Geographic Service (DSG) in reambulação cartographic work, developed in Project Update Cartography of Bahia using, for that, new methods and geotechnology for collection and / or confirmation directly on the ground geographic information acquired to compose the required cartographic products, and still describes the use of new technical specifications, recently approved by the National Cartography Committee (CONCAR), part of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (INDE), the Technical Specification for Structuring Geospatial Data Vector (ET-EDGV) and Technical Specification for the Acquisition of Geospatial Data Vector (ET-ADGV). In this sense, were built new methodologies and techniques, which were based on the procedures of classical reambulação, then mapping of analog, combined the new demands of modern society by large information and accurate, and the requirements of new technologies of digital cartography.Pages: 1953-195