National Institute for Space Research
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Análise comparativa de índices de vegetação por categoria territorial nos estados do Pará e do Mato Grosso
No full textThe Mato Grosso and Pará are the Amazonian states that have been contributing to the major part of deforestation in Brazilian Amazon. Between 1988 and 2011 their deforestation represented 68% of overall deforestation in Brazilian Amazon. The aim of this paper is to make a comparative evaluation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and reflectance in medium infrared wavelength (MIR) in territorial categories (Indigenous Lands, Strictly Protected Areas, Sustainable Use Protected Areas and rural private lands) located at Mato Grosso and Pará states. The Analysis was carried out over a mosaic of seven tiles of a MODIS vegetation product (MOD13Q1) from August of 2012. In order to obtain the means of digital values, a vector grid with cells of 5-km was constructed for sampling purpose over the territorial categories. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that digital values of NDVI, EVI and MIR are different among territorial categories of Mato Grosso and Pará states. The overall trend revealed by Tukey test for multiple comparisons of means of NDVI, EVI and MIR is that Indigenous Lands and Strictly Protected Areas present better conserved forests, followed by Sustainable Use Protected Areas and rural private lands respectively.Pages: 3344-335
Análise de cor de para discriminação de seis variedades de cana-de-açúcar em quatro épocas de colheita no ano
No full textSugar cane (Saccharum sp.) stands out in Brazilian agriculture and is expanding worldwide. The objective of this study was to analyze the variation of chromaticity coordinates L *, a *, b *, chroma (C) and hue angle (h) of the CIELAB system (International Commission on Illumination), to identify six different varieties of sugarcane -cane (RB 72454, RB 835054, RB 845156, RB 855453, RB 855536 and 966928 RB) and two position of leaves (+1 and +3) in four harvest seasons of the year. An important component in this study is the color, which can be used as a parameter of an object. Remote color measurement by means of sensing instruments such as colorimeters results in greater precision due to controlled conditions and not being subjective. Color evaluation was accomplished using a tristimulus calorimeter Minolta CR-300. Data variance and averages were calculated and compared by Tukey statistical test, considering 95% confidence. Results demonstrate that it is possible to identify sugar cane varieties, appropriate harvest time and leaf position through the analysis of different leaf colors. The variety RB 72454 was the one that presented the most significant difference, both in varieties distinction and in leaf position. Likewise, March was the time of the year that showed difference in terms of the parameters evaluated in this study.Pages: 274-28
Utilização de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) Como Recurso Didático Aplicado ao Ensino em Geografia
No full textThe use of new technologies for teaching is seen as a necessity in this school because of the importance of this technological resource. Faced with this demand, it is possible to observe large incidence of technological proposals in Brazilian legal body regulating the use of Geographic Information System in the teaching of technologies for teaching and its importance. Therefore, part of the technology of GIS GIS, Geographic Information System (GIS) assumes a prominent position in the school learning. However, in comparison with the benefits that the use of this technology comes the challenge of adapting the use of the SIG teaching elementary school, more precisely, largely because it is characterized by the fact that the process of cognitive student , are still ongoing. Thus, this paper analyzes the use of Geographic Information System for teaching jobs based software CTGEO - SCHOOL as a pedagogical resource in the various activities proposed for the fundamental series. To conduct the survey, we chose the following procedures: a survey of references b) Using the demo version of the software for teaching students fundamental and c) development of educational activities present in the school curriculum and adapted for use by technological resource d) Application of questionnaires and organization and presentation of results. Therefore, the use of GIS as a teaching tool for teaching geography in proved quite feasible, since 90% of respondents were successful in activities.Pages: 2687-269
Predição do Carbono Orgânico do solo por meio do Sensoriamento Remoto e duas técnicas de Análise multivariada
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate two methods of multivariate analysis: PLSR by chemometric program Parles and Multiple linear regression with stepwise variable selection by SAS to predict the soil organic carbon by means of reflectance data from a laboratory spectroradiometer. 156 samples were collected in northwestern Paraná and those undergoing chemical analysis in soil laboratory at the State University of Maringá. The spectral readings were performed on a spectroradiometer in the range 350-2500 nm (Vis-NIR spectroscopy), allowing construction of a prediction model for soil organic carbon through its spectral response. The Parles and SAS showed similar results for the calibration phase of the model prediction. For the validation phase, the PLSR technique overcame Stepwise regression.Pages: 8869-887
Características limnológicas de compartimentos aquáticos opticamente ativos no reservatório Itaúba, RS, Brasil
No full textWater reservoirs are of great social and economic importance due to their multiple uses. In the last few decades, however, water quality has been deteriorating as a consequence of increased use by human populations. Within this framework, this study aimed at analysing limnological variables of the Itaúba reservoir, high course of the Jacuí river, RS, Brazil. Water transparency, total suspended solids, turbidity and chlorophyll a were measured in the water sub-surface in ten GPS marked sampling stations. Spatially, the lowest transparency and higher turbidity values were found at the site where the river Ivaí, a tributary, reaches the reservoir, due to its high levels of chlorophyll a and total suspended solids. On the other hand, at the confluence with the river Jacuí, another tributary, the waters were more transparent and oligotrophic, demonstrating the diverse influences that the tributaries had on the reservoir and the need for more detailed studies in a longer time frame.Pages: 3857-386
Levantamento da atividade urbana nas adjacências do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - municípios de São Sebastião, Caraguatatuba e Ubatuba, SP
No full textSão Sebastião, Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba (SP) municipalities form a continuous strip of urban development lying between the slopes of Serra do Mar and the shoreline. This region is under strong social and environmental pressures because a huge part of their territory is within the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. The 2010 census data and remote sensing images were used to analyze the land use and cover change and the presence of infrastructure at the municipal level and census sectors level. The general condition of the dwellings and other population characteristics like size, density, and structure were also analyzed. The results did not show a critical situation. Probably this is due to the size of the population, which is still small, and not because of the sustainable planning policies. Therefore it does not mean that the region is out of risk.Pages: 1084-109
Análise espacial de atributos do solo e correlações com fluxos de gases em diferentes sistemas de produção agrícola
No full textDifferent tillages in agricultural systems influence the chemical and physical properties of the soil and consequently the biogeochemical cycles, changing the flow of greenhouse gases. The objective of this study was to correlate spatially the physical and chemical properties of the soil with GHG emissions in three production systems with different levels of conservation tillage. Areas with pasture in degradation, sugar cane system and soybean production in zero tillage were studied. All areas presented the same type of soil - Oxisol. The physical properties evaluated were: particle size and bulk density. The chemicals parameters measured were base saturation (V%), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter (OM). The gas fluxes measured were CO2 and N2O. Considering only situations that occurred spatial dependency of soil properties and correlation of gas fluxes was observed that: in the pasture occurred higher CO2 fluxes in areas with higher content of organic matter, in cane sugar system the N2O fluxes were higher at sites with lower content of clay and no correlation was found in soybean area. Agricultural systems with lower management interference have a great number of attributes with spatial dependence and significant correlation with gas emissions rates.Pages: 672-67
Avaliação de métodos para detecção e qualificação de exsudações oceânicas de hidrocarbonetos com base em sensoriamento remoto no espectro refletido
No full textNatural hydrocarbons seeps are important to indicate the presence of a petroleum system in the subsurface. In the Gulf of Mexico the seepage phenomena are common and have been responsible for the discoveries of important oil fields in recent decades, most of them assisted by remote sensing techniques. This project aims to evaluate methods for the detection and classification of oil slicks that were produced by marine seeps, through the utilization of multispectral images of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer sensor (ASTER). Several tests have been conducted as part of this research to achieve this purpose. Using the data related to the acquisition geometry of ASTER images was possible to predict the appearance of the oil. The test of three supervised classification algorithms demonstrated the possibility to detect oil slicks on the ocean surface. Moreover, a predictive model was made based on spectral features from laboratory and ASTER images to estimate the API gravity values from oil seeps in the ASTER images. The results obtained using remote sensing was similar to those recorded nearby the oil fields in this region of the Gulf of Mexico.Pages: 1509-151
Discriminação de solos baseada em espectroscopia de reflectância VisNIR
No full textBased on the hypothesis that VisNIR spectra have enough sensibility to differentiate soil samples concerning variations of their physical-chemical and mineralogical attributes, the main aim of this research was to discriminate and cluster soil samples regarding these attribute variations using VisNIR reflectance data and non-supervised classification as clustering analysis. A soil dataset with 1288 samples from the States of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e São Paulo was used and granulometric, chemical and mineralogical analyses for soil survey and classification were applied over them. Reflectance data were acquired by the FiledSpec Pro sensor and, after that, transformed by continuum removal. Absorption features were identified. Thereafter, relations between soil attributes and spectral behavior were established by multivariate correlation analysis. Spectral data were submitted to principal component analysis and the resulting scores were clustered by the k-means algorithm. For each resulting cluster, measures of central tendency were obtained for the soil attributes. Besides the variations of reflectance intensity, the soil spectral behavior showed absorption features of the major tropical minerals (2:1 minerals, kaolinite, hematite, goethite and gibbsite), as well as, the contribution of some soil attributes on spectral variations. Regarding the different levels of interaction, only some chemical attributes did not show any relation with soil spectra. Soil samples could be discriminated in 4 clusters based on differences of some attributes and weathering levels due to variations of soil spectra (absorption features and reflectance intensity). VisNIR reflectance spectroscopy shows up as a high potential and applicability technique for qualitative assessment of soils.Pages: 9224-923
Análise da pressão de fiscalização ambiental frente ao desmatamento utilizando comparativos do registro feito pelo PRODES
No full textDeforestation and environmental degradation is a reality in Brazil, specially in the Amazon region, where the pressure for opening agricultural areas has increasing over the last years. Mato Grosso State has constantly the higher deforestation taxes over the last decade, even with the government policy to inspect and control deforestation taxes. The goal of the study was to compare actions of environmental inspection from IBAMA in Mato Grosso State, analyzing the data from PRODES and fine applied by Ibama considering the environmental law from Brazil. PRODES program has showed to be an excellent thermometer from the environmental inspections from Brazilian government, related to deforestation, which allow the government to prevent future actions and overall inspect deforestation areas almost in real time. The efforts of inspection agencies from Brazilian government have showed good results but has not yet capable to hold the lost of Amazon forestry , because deforestation continuous growing, overall in small areas, influenced by economic factors from agribusiness.Pages: 2449-245