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Unravelling the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic with the effect of vaccination, vertical transmission and hospitalization
Get PDFAbstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a newly emerged virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), transmitted through air droplets from an infected person. However, other transmission routes are reported, such as vertical transmission. Here, we propose an epidemic model that considers the combined effect of vertical transmission, vaccination and hospitalization to investigate the dynamics of the virus's dissemination. Rigorous mathematical analysis of the model reveals that two equilibria exist: the disease-free equilibrium, which is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (R0) is less than 1 (unstable otherwise), and an endemic equilibrium, which is globally asymptotically stable when R0>1 under certain conditions, implying the plausibility of the disease to spread and cause large outbreaks in a community. Moreover, we fit the model using the Saudi Arabia cases scenario, which designates the incidence cases from the in-depth surveillance data as well as displays the epidemic trends in Saudi Arabia. Through Caputo fractional-order, simulation results are provided to show dynamics behaviour on the model parameters. Together with the non-integer order variant, the proposed model is considered to explain various dynamics features of the disease. Further numerical simulations are carried out using an efficient numerical technique to offer additional insight into the model's dynamics and investigate the combined effect of vaccination, vertical transmission, and hospitalization. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on the model parameters against the R0 and infection attack rate to pinpoint the most crucial parameters that should be emphasized in controlling the pandemic effectively. Finally, the findings suggest that adequate vaccination coupled with basic non-pharmaceutical interventions are crucial in mitigating disease incidences and deaths
Optical solitons with nonlinear dispersion in parabolic law medium and three-component coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Get PDFThe current study looks at two different nonlinear Schrödinger equations. These equations have several applications in science and engineering, such as nonlinear fiber optics, electromagnetic field waves, and signal processing via optical fibers. In this study, we investigate these equations using an efficient integration strategy known as complex envelop antazs. As a result, we obtain novel solutions such as bright, dark, and combined dark-bright soliton solutions. Important physical aspects have been depicted in three dimensions and contour plots for clear interpretation of the acquired solutions
Predictors and strategies to avoid mortality following ureteroscopy for stone disease: A systematic review from european association of urologists sections of urolithiasis (EULIS) and uro-technology (ESUT)
Get PDFContext: While kidney stone disease is common and ureteroscopy (URS) is perceived as minimally invasive, there is mortality associated with treatment. Objective: The aim of this review was to ascertain the number of mortalities from URS for stone disease over the past three decades, identify relevant patient risk factors and predictors of mortality, and summarise the key recommendations so that similar instances can be avoided, and lessons can be learnt. Evidence acquisition: A systematic literature search was conducted following Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology for English-language article reporting on data from 1990 to December 2020. Data collated from each study included patient and stone characteristics, number of mortalities, and cause of death. Evidence synthesis: Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria and revealed a total of 72 mortalities from ten countries. The age range of reported patients varied from 21 to 89 yr, with over 60% being above 65 yr of age and 97% with some comorbidity. Based on available data, death reports in females were three times more than those in males. The stone size ranged from 10 to 38 mm. Treatment of larger stones corresponded to a longer operative time, with procedural duration varying from 30 to 120 min. Of the reported causes of mortality in 42 patients, the aetiology was sepsis in over half of the patients, with other causes being cardiac-related, respiratory-related, multiorgan failure, and haemorrhagic complications. Conclusions: Although the reported URS mortality rate seems to be low,there has been a rise in deaths over the past decade. Efforts must be made to have preoperative urine culture, and reduce operative time and stage procedures in patients with a large ston
Mathematical modelling of sound transmission loss (STL) in metallic and graphite based coatings
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the sound transmission loss (STL) properties and surface morphologies of metallic-based and graphite-based coatings. Aluminium (22 µm average particle size (APS) and 12 µm APS), copper (12 µm APS), silver (14 µm APS) as conductive metal pigments and graphite (18 µm APS) as a semi-conductive pigment were used to create coatings and STL properties were measured with an in-house designed sound wave modulation device. Laser beams with different carrier wavelengths were used in the experiment, for which the wavelength with the highest R2 and number of significant variables was used to create a mathematical model to help in measuring the sound transmission loss properties. Surface tension energy, conductivity, permeability, reflectivity, concentration and the type of pigment were found to be significant in determining the STL properties
Effect of nurse-performed enhanced patient education on colonoscopy bowel preparation quality
Get PDFAbstract. Objective: to evaluate the effect of nurse-performed enhanced patient education sessions on adequate bowel preparation and cecal intubation rates. Method: a prospective, quasi-experimental, comparative study with a quantitative approach. The intervention group (n=150) received education enhanced by a visual presentation and reminder calls. The control group (n=156) received the clinic’s standard written instructions. Adequate bowel preparation rates and other colonoscopy quality indicators were compared between the groups. Results: Boston Bowel Preparation scale scores and adequate bowel preparation rates were higher in the intervention group than in the control group (respectively, 6.76±2.1 vs. 5.56±2.4, p=0.000, and 80% vs. 69.2%, p=0.031). The cecal intubation rates were higher in the intervention group (80% vs. 67.3%, p=0.012). Due to inadequate bowel preparation, unsuccessful cecal intubation rates were 0% in the intervention group and 17.6% in the control group. Biopsy rates were higher in the intervention group (28% vs. 13.3%, p=0.002). Conclusion: the nurse-performed enhanced patient education sessions increase adequate bowel preparation rates and, in parallel, cecal intubation rates. To reach the colonoscopy quality standards recommended in the guidelines, it is suggested that patient education be supported by different training tools and given by health professionals
Mechanisms underlying citrinin-induced toxicity via oxidative stress and apoptosis-mediated by mitochondrial-dependent pathway in SH-SY5Y cells
Get PDFCitrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary product by the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, and other strains. CIT has the potential for contaminating animal feed and human food such as maize, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, cheese, and sake. Although CIT is primarily known as a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, it also affects other organs, including the liver and bone marrow, and its mechanisms of toxicity have not been clearly elucidated. There is a further lack of studies investigating the potential for CIT-induced neurotoxicity and its mechanisms. In the current study, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line was treated with CIT for 24 h to evaluate various toxicological endpoints, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis induction. Results indicate that CIT has an IC50 value of 250.90 lM and cell proliferation decreased significantly at 50 and 100 lM CIT concentrations. These same concentrations also caused elevated ROS production (34.76%), apoptosis (9.43-fold) and calcium ion mobilization (36.52%) in the cells. Results show a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (86.8%). We also found that CIT significantly upregulated the expression of some genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis, while downregulating others. These results suggest that apoptosis and oxidative stress may be involved in the mechanisms underlying CIT-induced neurotoxicit
The effect of health belief model-based short interviews in women in the postmenopausal period on the prevention of osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial
Get PDFAim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of health belief model-based short interviews on preventive behaviours for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Design and methods: A randomized pretest, posttest and follow-up design was used. The study was conducted between June 2016 and June 2017 with an intervention (n = 41) and a control group (n = 41). The intervention group applied the Short Interviews Model for 12 weeks as a short interview programme that was created based on the health belief model. The study data were collected by the researcher using a descriptive information form, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, the Osteoporosis Self-efficacy Scale and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test. Results: In the posttest and follow-up measurements, the mean scores of the intervention group on the total Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and its self-efficacy and exercise sub-dimensions and the total Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and its subdimensions were significantly higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: The short interviews held in this study provided evidence to guide women and nurses in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is recommended that the prevention of osteoporosis should be integrated into women's health programmes at the primary health-care level
Fluorescence turn-off sensing of TNT by polyethylenimine capped carbon quantum dots
Get PDFIn recent years, the determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive residues in various matrices has attracted great interest from the perspective of national security and public health. Here, a fluorescent polyethylenimine capped carbon quantum dots (PEI-C-dots) probe was synthesized by a microwave-assisted technique using polyethylenimine and citric acid precursors and used to detect TNT. The sensing mechanism of TNT is based on fluorescence quenching as a result of the donor–acceptor interaction between Meisenheimer anion form of TNT and PEI on the PEI-C-dots surface. The fluorescence quantum yield of the synthesized PEI-C-dots was 54% and the detection limit for TNT was 93 μg/L. It was observed that neither the nitramine group (HMX and RDX) explosives with similar structures nor common soil ions and camouflage agents interfered with the determination of TNT. The interference effect of picric acid was eliminated by removing it with a basic anion exchanger before the determination. This nanosensor allows rapid, simple, selective, and sensitive determination of TNT residues in complex matrices and has the potential to be converted into a kit format
Cytotoxic activity and docking studies of 2-arenoxybenzaldehyde n-acyl hydrazone and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives against various cancer cell lines
Get PDFAbstract To understand whether previously synthesized novel hydrazone and oxadiazole derivatives have promising anticancer effects, docking studies and in vitro toxicity assays were performed on A-549, MDA-MB-231, and PC-3 cell lines. The antiproliferative properties of the compounds were investigated using molecular docking experiments. Each compound’s best-docked poses, binding affinity, and receptor-ligand interaction were evaluated. Compounds’ molecular weights, logPs, TPSAs, abilities to pass the blood-brain barrier, GI absorption qualities, and CYPP450 inhibition have been given. When the activities of these molecules were examined in vitro, for the A-549 cell line, hydrazone 1e had the minimum IC50 value of 13.39 μM. For the MDA-MB-231 cell line, oxadiazole 2l demonstrated the lowest IC50 value, with 22.73 μM. For PC-3, hydrazone 1d showed the lowest C50 value of 9.38 μM. The three most promising compounds were determined as compounds 1e, 1d, and 2a based on their minimum IC50 values, and an additional scratch assay was performed for A-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, which have high migration capacity, for the three most potent molecules; it was determined that these molecules did not show a significant antimetastatic effect