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Innovative numerical method for solving heat conduction using subdivision collocation
No full textThis study introduces a Subdivision Collocation Algorithm (SCA) to numerically solve the Heat Conduction Equation (HCEq), taking into account both initial and boundary conditions. The algorithm reformulates the differential equation into a system of algebraic equations by using subdivision scheme basis functions to approximate spatial derivatives, while finite difference techniques are applied to discretize the time derivatives. The numerical solution of this system is then obtained through computational methods. The effectiveness of the algorithm is confirmed through both theoretical analysis and numerical testing. Additionally, the obtained solutions are presented both numerically and graphically, and compared with existing methods, showing that the proposed algorithm provides higher accuracy than conventional approaches
Hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan öğrencilere matematik problemi çözme becerisinin öğretiminde READER Stratejisinin etkililiği
No full textBu araştırmanın amacı READER Stratejisi'nin, hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan öğrencilerin; a) bir aşamalı çarpma/bölme işlemi içeren eşit grup problemi çözme becerilerinde, b) bir aşamalı çarpma/bölme işlemi içeren eşit grup problemi çözme becerilerini farklı kişi ve farklı ortama genelleyebilmelerinde, c) bir aşamalı çarpma/bölme işlemi içeren eşit grup problemi çözme becerilerini 2 ve 4 hafta sonra sürdürmelerinde etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmaya hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği tanılı üç öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada tek denekli araştırma modellerinden katılımcılar arası yoklama denemeli çoklu yoklama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma süreci; başlama düzeyinin belirlenmesi, READER Stratejisi'nin öğretimi, öğretim sonu değerlendirme oturumlarının düzenlenmesi, genelleme ve izleme aşamalarından oluşmuştur. READER Stratejisinin öğretimi; ön bilgileri harekete geçirme, stratejiyi tartışma, model olma, rehberli uygulama ve bağımsız uygulama olmak üzere beş aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Öğretim oturumları ölçüt temelli gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm değerlendirme oturumlarında 10 tane problemden oluşan değerlendirme kağıtları kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin verilerinin puanlanmasında doğru çözdükleri problem sayısı belirlenmiş ve elde edilen veriler grafiksel analiz yoluyla analiz edilerek görsel olarak sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonucunda READER Stratejisi'nin; hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan öğrencilerin bir aşamalı çarpma/bölme işlemi içeren eşit grup problemi çözmelerinde etkili olduğu, öğrencilerin problem çözme becerilerini farklı ortama ve farklı kişiye genelledikleri ve öğretim sona erdikten 2 ve 4 hafta sonra problem çözme performanslarını sürdürdükleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sosyal geçerlik bulguları incelendiğinde araştırmanın katılımcıları ve öğretmenler READER Stratejisi'ne yönelik olumlu görüş bildirmişlerdir.The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the READER Strategy, for students with mild intellectual disabilities in: a) solving equal group problems involving single-step multiplication/division, b) generalizing their ability to solve equal group problems with single-step multiplication/division to different people and different environments, c) maintaining their problem-solving skills for equal group problems involving single-step multiplication/division after 2 and 4 weeks. The study included three students diagnosed with mild intellectual disabilities. A multiple probe design across participants, a type of single-subject research design, was used in the study. The research process consisted of determining the baseline, teaching the READER Strategy, conducting post-instruction evaluation sessions, and implementing generalization and maintenance phases. The instruction of the READER Strategy included five stages: activating prior knowledge, discussing the strategy, modeling the strategy, supporting the strategy and independent practice. Instruction sessions were conducted based on criterion-referenced assessments. Assessment papers containing 10 problems were used in all evaluation sessions. The number of correctly solved problems was recorded for each student, and the collected data were analyzed through graphical analysis and visually presented. The results of the study indicated that the READER Strategy was effective in teaching students with mild intellectual disabilities to solve equal group problems involving single-step multiplication/division. Additionally, students were able to generalize their problem-solving skills to different settings and individuals, and they maintained their performance 2 and 4 weeks after instruction ended. The social validity findings of the study showed that both the participants and their teachers provided positive feedback regarding the READER Strategy
Farklı aligner plaklarının kullanımı sonrası diş ve plak renginde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmes
No full textBu tez, şeffaf plakların tam zamanlı kullanımından 15 gün sonra dişlerin ve şeffaf plakların renk değiştirmesini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışma grubundaki 20 hasta, 15 gün boyunca 3 farklı şeffaf plak olmak üzere 45 gün boyunca şeffaf plaklar kullanmıştır. Ek olarak, diş renk değiştirmesindeki farkı ölçmek için 20 hasta kontrol grubu olarak dahil edilmiştir. G-Aenial ve 3M ESPE akışkan kompozitler kullanılarak tutucu ataşmanlar, her hastaya tüm lateral ve kanin dişlerinin distal bölgelerine çapraz olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Üç adet plak iki adet akışkan kompozit ataşman ve iki adet şeffaf plak temizleyicinin renk değiştirme performansı test edilmiştir. Her plak 15 gün boyunca kullanılmış ve ardından hasta bir sonraki plaka geçirilmiştir. Alignerlarda ve hastaların dişlerinde renk değişimi, köpek dişinden orta üçte birlik bölüme ve köpek dişinin orta düzlemine kadar VITA Easyshade V spektrofotometresi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Hastalar şeffaf alignerlarını kullandıktan hemen sonra bir aligner temizleyici kullanıldı ve ardından aligner renk değerlerinin ölçümleri tamamlandı. Elde edilen 120 aligner iki gruba ayrıldı. 60 aligner Fresh Guard ile tedavi edildi ve diğer 60'ı Corega tabletleri ile bir bardak suda saklandı. G-Aenial Flo'nun renk stabilitesi, 3M ESPE sıvı kompozitinden daha yüksekti (p=0,040 ve p=0,024). Çalışmamızda, ölçtüğümüz tüm dişlerde plak kullanımı sonucu renklenme meydana geldiği belirlendi. Fresh Guard şeffaf plak temizleyicisi, Zendura ve Duran hizalayıcılarında Corega hizalayıcı temizleyicisinden daha fazla renk bozulmasına neden oldu (p<0,05). Taglus plağının Zendura ve Duran plaklarından daha fazla renk bozulmasına sahip olduğu bulundu (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, Duran şeffaf hizalayıcı, renk bozulması açısından diğer şeffaf hizalayıcılara kıyasla tercih edilebilir bir şeffaf plaktır. Ayrıca, G-Aenial Flo, daha iyi renk stabilitesi sonuçları nedeniyle bir ek veya akışkan kompozit olarak önerilebilir.This thesis aimed to compare the discolouration of teeth and clear aligners after 15 days of full-time use of clear aligners. The 20 patients in the study group had used clear aligners for 45 days, including 3 different clear aligners for 15 days. In addition, 20 patients were included as a control group to measure the difference in tooth discolouration. Retaining attachments using G-Aenial and 3M ESPE flowable composites were placed crosswise to each patient in the distal regions of all lateral and canine teeth. The performance of three aligner plates, two fluid composite attachments, and two clear aligner cleaners regarding discoloration were tested. Each aligner was used for 15 days, and then the patient was moved to the next aligner. Colour change on the aligners and the patients teeth were assessed from the canine to the middle third and mid-plane of the canine tooth using a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer. An aligner cleaner was used immediately after the patients used their clear aligners, and then the measurements of the aligner color values were completed. The 120 aligners obtained were divided into two groups. Sixty aligners were treated with Fresh Guard, and the other 60 were treated with Corega tablets and stored in a glass of water. The colour stability of G-Aenial Flo was higher than that of the 3M ESPE fluid composite (p=0.040 and p=0.024). In our study, it was determined that staining occurred in all the teeth we measured as a result of plaque use. Fresh Guard aligner cleaner caused more discoloration on Zendura and Duran aligners than Corega aligner cleaner (p<0.05). Taglus plaque was found to have more discoloration than Zendura and Duran aligner (p<0,05). In conclusion, Duran clear aligner is a preferable clear aligner compared to other clear aligners in terms of discoloration. In addition, G-Aenial Flo can be recommended as an attachment or fluid composite because of its better color stability results
Possible Associations between PD1/PDL1 Gene Variants, Gene Expression, and Protein Expression and Clinical Outcome of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms and protein expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules concerning non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) susceptibility and their potential relationship with clinical parameters. PD-1 (rs2227981) and PD-L1 (rs2890658) gene variants were genotyped using PCR and RFLP in 80 NSCLC patients and 79 healthy controls. Serum soluble PD-1 levels were measured by ELISA, and PD-L1 protein expression was analyzed via Western blot. Clinical parameter differences between NSCLC cases and controls were evaluated. The PD-L1 A/C AA genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.043). In PD-1 C/T variants, the CC genotype was more prevalent in cases with lymphovascular invasion than those without (P = 0.028), while the CT genotype was more frequent in patients without lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.047). Additionally, the CC genotype was associated with perineural invasion (P = 0.026). Serum PD-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with the CC genotype for PD-1 C/T compared with controls (P = 0.008). Combined genotype analysis revealed that the CTAC genotype was more common in the control group than in NSCLC patients (P = 0.016). Moreover, PD-L1 protein expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than controls (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that PD-1 and PD-L1 polymorphisms and their expression levels may play crucial roles in NSCLC susceptibility and progression. Understanding these molecular mechanisms could contribute to developing novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC patients
Tinnituslu bireylerde pilatesin mat egzersizlerinin tinnitus şiddeti ve psikosomatik durum üzerindeki etkisi
No full textBu çalışma, tinnitusu olan bireylerde pilates mat egzersizlerinin tinnitusun şiddeti ve psikosomatik durum üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, 18–60 yaş aralığında, ortalama yaşı 33,23 ± 10,81 yıl olan toplam 40 yetişkin tinnitus hastası gönüllü olarak yer almıştır. Katılımcıların %85'i kadın (n=34), %15'i ise erkek (n=6) bireylerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 8 haftalık düzenli pilates mat egzersizi programı öncesinde ve sonrasında tinnitusun işitsel özellikleri (beyaz gürültü eşiği, rezidüel inhibisyon, tinnitus perdesi ve gürlük eşleşmesi, minimal maskeleme seviyesi), tinnitusun subjektif şiddeti, dikkat, rahatsızlık, uyku ve çınlama sürekliliği gibi psikosomatik durumlar çeşitli ölçeklerle değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmelerde; beyaz gürültü eşiği, tinnitus perdesi/gürlük eşleştirmesi, minimal maskeleme seviyesi, tinnitus şiddet indeksi, tinnitus engellilik anket puanları ve görsel analog skala değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar tespit edilmiştir (p ≤ 0.01). Rezidüel inhibisyonda anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p ≥ 0.05). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma düzenli pilates mat egzersizlerinin tinnituslu bireylerde tinnitusun işitsel özelliklerini iyileştirebileceğini ve tinnitusla ilişkili psikolojik semptomları azaltabileceğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, pilates mat egzersizlerinin tinnitus yönetimi ve rehabilitasyonunda potansiyel bir destekleyici terapi yöntemi olarak kullanılabileceğini işaret etmektedir.This study aimed to investigate the effects of Pilates mat exercises on tinnitus severity and psychosomatic status in individuals with tinnitus. A total of 40 adult participants with tinnitus, aged between 18 and 60 years (mean age: 33.23 ± 10.81 years), voluntarily took part in the study. Among the participants, 85% were female (n = 34) and 15% were male (n = 6). Tinnitus is a complex symptom that negatively affects individuals' quality of life, often impairing attention, sleep, and mood. While pharmacological and audiological approaches are commonly used, there is limited research on the effects of physical exercise on tinnitus. In particular, there is a lack of scientific knowledge regarding how mind-body exercises such as Pilates influence tinnitus. Therefore, in this study, auditory characteristics of tinnitus (white noise threshold, residual inhibition, pitch and loudness matching, minimum masking level), its subjective severity and related disability, as well as psychosomatic variables such as attention, discomfort, sleep, and tinnitus persistence were assessed using various scales before and after an 8-week regular Pilates mat exercise program. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in white noise threshold, pitch/loudness matching, minimum masking level, tinnitus severity index, handicap questionnaire scores, and visual analog scale values (p ≤ 0.01). No significant difference was found in residual inhibition (p ≥ 0.05). These findings suggest that regular Pilates mat exercises may serve as a supportive therapy by reducing the negative effects of tinnitus and improving psychological well-being in individuals with tinnitus
Investigation of the effects of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) with different drug combinations on lung cancer cells
No full textKanser, kontrolsüz hücre büyümesi ile karakterize, dünya genelinde yüksek morbidite ve mortaliteye yol açan ciddi bir hastalıktır. Akciğer kanseri, özellikle insidans ve ölüm oranları bakımından en önemli kanser türlerinden biridir. Buğday çimi (Triticum aestivum), yüksek oranda biyoaktif bileşen ve antioksidan içeriği ile dikkat çeken, fonksiyonel besin kategorisinde yer alan bir bitkisel kaynaktır. Bu yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında buğday çimi ekstraktı (BE) ve ticari olarak temin edilen toz ekstraktı (TBE), A549 akciğer kanseri hücrelerinde çeşitli kemoterapi ilaçlarıyla (Bevasizumab, Ifosfamid, Erlotinib) tek başına ve kombinasyon halinde test edilerek uygulanarak sitotoksik, sinerjik ve antagonistik etkileri in vitro olarak değerlendirilmiştir. TBE, 250 μg/ml dozda A549 hücre canlılığını %41,04'e düşürerek BE'ye kıyasla daha güçlü etki göstermiştir. En çarpıcı sonuç, TBE ve Erlotinib kombinasyonunda 80 μg/ml dozda yalnızca %4,23 canlılıkla elde edilmiştir (p<0,05). Aynı dozda J774 makrofaj hücrelerinde canlılık %71,34 düzeyinde korunmuş, bu da kanser hücrelerine karşı seçici toksisiteyi ortaya koymuştur. Holoxan ve Alexan ile yapılan kombinasyonlarda ise sitotoksik etki daha sınırlı kalmıştır. TBE'nin BE'ye kıyasla daha güçlü sitotoksik etkisi, içeriğindeki daha konsantre fenolik bileşiklerin etkisiyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bulgular, TBE'nin kanser hücrelerine karşı seçici sitotoksisite sağlayabileceğini ve Erlotinib ile sinerjik etki oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Sağlıklı hücrelerde düşük toksisite profiliyle dikkat çeken buğday çimi, konvansiyonel tedavilere destekleyici potansiyel taşıyan fitoterapötik bir ajan olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, fitoterapötik ajanların onkoloji alanında değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.Cancer is a serious disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lung cancer is among the most significant cancer types, particularly in terms of incidence and mortality rates. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum), a plant source classified as a functional food, is notable for its high content of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. Within the scope of this master's thesis, wheatgrass extract (WE) and a commercially available powdered extract (PWE) were tested—both individually and in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents (Bevacizumab, Ifosfamide, Erlotinib)—on A549 lung cancer cells. Their cytotoxic, synergistic, and antagonistic effects were evaluated in vitro. PWE, at a concentration of 250 μg/ml, reduced A549 cell viability to 41.04%, demonstrating a stronger effect compared to WE. The most striking result was observed with the PWE–Erlotinib combination, where at 80 μg/ml cell viability decreased to only 4.23% (p < 0.05). At the same concentration, viability in J774 macrophage cells remained at 71.34%, indicating selective toxicity against cancer cells. In combinations with Holoxan and Alexan, the cytotoxic effect was more limited. The stronger cytotoxic effect of PWE compared to WE was attributed to its higher concentration of phenolic compounds. The findings suggest that PWE may provide selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells and exert synergistic effects with Erlotinib. With its low toxicity profile in healthy cells, wheatgrass stands out as a phytotherapeutic agent with potential as an adjuvant to conventional treatments. In this respect, the study contributes to the evaluation of phytotherapeutic agents in the field of oncology
Özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin 21.yy becerilerine yönelik yeterlik algılarıyla dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
No full textBu araştırma, özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile 21. yüzyıl becerilerine yönelik özyeterlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, İstanbul'da çeşitli özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezlerinde görev yapan 299 özel eğitim öğretmeni oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, "Dijital Okuryazarlık Ölçeği" ve "21. Yüzyıl Becerileri Özyeterlik Algısı Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 25.0 programı ile analiz edilmiş; betimsel istatistikler, t-testi, ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ve çoklu regresyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu, 21. yüzyıl becerileri açısından ise özellikle bilgi-medya-teknoloji alanında daha güçlü özyeterlik algılarına sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. İki değişken arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra dijital okuryazarlığın bazı alt boyutlarının 21. yüzyıl becerilerini anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı, ancak demografik değişkenlerin (cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu vb.) bu değişkenler üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları, özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin dijital becerilerini destekleyen uygulamalı ve sürekli mesleki gelişim programlarının planlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.This study aimed to examine the relationship between digital literacy levels and 21st-century skills self-efficacy perceptions of special education teachers. A quantitative research design with a correlational survey model was employed. The sample consisted of 299 special education teachers working in various private education and rehabilitation centers in Istanbul. The data were collected using the "Digital Literacy Scale" and the "21st Century Skills Self-Efficacy Perception Scale." Data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 through descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicated that teachers had high digital literacy levels and particularly strong self-efficacy in information-media-technology skills among 21st-century competencies. A significant and positive correlation was found between digital literacy and 21st-century skills. It was also determined that some sub-dimensions of digital literacy significantly predicted 21st-century skills, whereas demographic variables such as gender, age, and education level did not have a significant impact. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing and practice-based professional development programs that enhance digital competencies among special education teachers
Fall risk and its associated factors among hypertensive older adults in Dhulikhel municipality, Nepal
No full textIntroduction Falls are a leading cause of disability and mortality among older adults, particularly in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) like Nepal. Despite the growing number of hypertensive older adults, evidence on their fall risk remains limited. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with fall risk among hypertensive older adults residing in Nepal. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected hypertensive older adults (n = 186) in the Dhulikhel municipality, Nepal. Fall risk was assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, with a cut-off of >= 14 s indicating high risk. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors. Result Risk of fall was prevalent among 27% of older adults. After adjustment for potential confounders, with each year increase in age the risk of fall was 1.1 times higher (p < 0.01, 95% CI 1.05,1.2), for those with poor social support compared to those with good social support risk of fall was 4.1 times higher (p = 0.007, 95% CI 1.4, 11.7), for those who were not Living with family members compared to those who were Living with family members it was 0.1 times lower (p = 0.03, 95% CI 0.05, 0.6). Conclusion Targeted fall prevention strategies should account for both physical risk factors like age and contextual elements such as living arrangements. Further research is needed to understand the protective mechanisms among older adults living alone in the LMICs
Methylphenidate-effects on orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontically induced and nonorthodontic root resorption? A micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical analysis
No full textAbstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effect of methylphenidate, prescribed for individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root resorption. Methods In all, 30 rats were divided into (1) control (C), (2) constant (MCD), and (3) increasing dose of methylphenidate (MID) groups and 2 subgroups for each of them (nonorthodontic (30 days)/orthodontic (44 days)). After receiving saline or methylphenidate for 30 days, rats in the nonorthodontic groups were euthanized (n = 5/group). Subsequently, 50 g of orthodontic force was applied to the remaining rats' first molars for 14 days (orthodontic groups). Quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. For statistical analyses Kruskal-Wallis and Dunnet tests were applied with a significance set at p < 0.05. Results Micro-CT analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in tooth displacement with higher doses of methylphenidate compared to control and lower-dose groups, though no significant difference was detected between MID-44 and MCD-44 groups. Orthodontic force led to a significant increase in root resorption, peaking in the coronal region and diminishing toward the apex. The highest amount of resorption was observed in the MID groups, with a significant difference between nonorthodontic MID-30 and C-30 groups. No significant changes in bone parameters were noted in the tension zone, but numerical reductions in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and bone mineral density (BMD) were observed. In nonorthodontic cohorts, VEGF and RANK levels were significantly elevated in the MID-30 group, along with increased TRAP expression, indicating bone resorption. Orthodontic cohorts exhibited a significant increase in RANK- and TRAP-positive cells with methylphenidate administration. Reductions in OPG and elevations in RANK, RANKL, VEGF, and TRAP were noted, primarily between orthodontic and nonorthodontic groups. Conclusion The present rat model suggests a weak potential for methylphenidate to increase root resorption. However, increased doses of methylphenidate accelerated OTM
Modeling and analyzing the dynamics of brucellosis disease with vaccination in the fractional derivative under real cases
No full textThe present explores the brucellosis model in non-integer derivative by utilizing the real statistics from the mainland China. The formulation of the model first presented in integer order derivative and subsequently extended to fractional order using the Caputo derivative. The existence and uniqueness of the nonlinear fractional system is confirmed, which is the important requirement for a fractional nonlinear model. The local asymptotical stability of the fractional model when R-0 < 1 is analyzed. When R-0 <= 1, the model is found globally asymptotically stable. The existence of an endemic equilibria is given and found that the model has a unique endemic equilibrium. Using the reported cases of brucellosis in mainland China from 2004 to 2018 are considered. Graphical results for data fitting in cumulative and daily wise are presented with their respective residuals. The basic reproduction number is obtained from data fitting is R-0 = 1.0327. A numerical scheme for the Caputo case is provided in detailed and later the scheme was used to obtain the numerical results graphically. Various results regarding the disease curtail are presented graphically, that will be helpful for the disease elimination in the long run. The public health authority and the health agencies can utilize this work confidently for brucellosis control in mainland China