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Il Caucaso, transizione politica ed economica. Una analisi transfrontaliera.
Get PDFSouthern Caucasus (Transcaucasia) is a dichotomous region. The states forming this area are characterized by deep dissimilarities, but at the same time they share part of their past and many of their future expectations. A common historical legacy, together with a particular people's Weltanschauung and a geographic contiguity render Georgja, Armenia and Azerbaijan a group of countries that are united in their several differences.
The aim of this PhD Thesís is the study of the political and economic transition of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. On the basis of the potitical science, social studies, economic development and the transition scientific literature, some structural indicators have been chosen in order to elaborate a macro-analysis on their present level of democratic and economic development. As for the economic section, comparative analyses of the economic and financial performances have been adopted.
The results of this studies and the analysis of the indicators have been submitted to the scrutiny of a group of scholars coming from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation and Europe, composing a so-called DELPHI Group. The main goal was to have an impartial and scientific opinion about the quality of the analysis. The results indicating the different level of the structural development (also summarised in a numerical coefficient) allowed giving the three countries a "democracy score", commonly used by the scientific community.
The analysis alIowed to classify Georgia and Armenia as hybrid regimes, in which the potential for sustainable, liberal democracy is unclear, corruption is widespread and presents a major impediment to political and economic development. As for Azerbaijan it was defined as a semi-consolidated authoritarian regme, in which it failed to meet even the minimum standards of electoral democracy, State presence in the economic sector and widespread corruption represent an obstacle for development.
Political and economic transition of Transcaucasian countries seems to have a checkered trend, because there are still too many systemic internal fractures characterizing in these countries and too many international components can act and/or dominate their individual choices
Applicazione delle tecniche elettrosmotiche alla consolidazione dei fanghi di risulta dei processi mineralurgici
Get PDFMining activity carried out in Sardinia between 1850 and 1990 has left its mark on the environment in the form of considerable and numerous sources of pollution. One of the most important problems is linked to the tailing basins which represent around 40% of the mining waste in the territory. The risk these pose is related to the huge volume of the deposited material, to its chemical and mineralogical characteristics (high concentrations of heavy metals) and to its high water content. Most of the tailing dams were built before 1980 and they are not really dams in the conventional water-retaining sense. They are more akin to a thick facing or veneer at the front of a waste dump so have no impermeable barrier preventing leakage of contaminated water. These, therefore, represent sources of continual contamination for the surrounding soil and groundwater. Remediation interventions aimed to remove the contamination sources or to reduce the concentration of contaminants in the wastes to below the acceptable limit (CLA) are extremely costly and unsustainable due to the high volume of material. A more suitable solution could be, instead, the isolation of the contamination sources. To this regard, waterproofing basins (both the bottom and the sides) is an aspect of primary importance. Among the different waterproofing techniques used in other fields, the most common are those based on clogging the soil pores by injecting them with sealing materials (jet-grouting and chemical or cement injections). The electroosmotic technique offers an alternative approach by which it is possible to produce the quick consolidation of the slurry contained in the basins and the reduction of its hydraulic conductivity. The research into the electroosmosis phenomenon started from the hypothesis that its application could reduce the consolidation time of the slurry material typically deposited in the tiling dams. The technique can be adopted to realize barriers of consolidated and low permeability material along the perimeters and bottom of disused basin while in active basins the quick consolidation of the slurry could make it possible to accumulate a greater mass of tails and to increase the daily amount brought to the basin. The effectiveness of the technique has been confirmed by experimenting on a tail material deriving from the floatation of lead and zing mineral. An experimental apparatus was built consisting of a cylindrical cell with a variable volume, able to reproduce the consolidation process, both under a static load (static consolidation) and a static load plus an electric field (combined consolidation). The research showed that the application of the electric gradient of 1V/cm reduces the consolidation time by about 80%. At the end of consolidation, the deformation of the sample is about 33% in the case of combined consolidation, and 22% in that of only the static load. The electroosmotic process, therefore, on the one hand nearly halves the consolidation time and on the other reduces the volume of the slurry by about 33%. The measurement of the permeability carried out at the end of each test demonstrated that the combined consolidation reduces the slurry’s permeability coefficient by about two orders of magnitude (from 1.02•10ˉ6 m sˉ¹ to 1•10ˉ8 m sˉ¹).
The method is then suitable for the realization of impermeable barriers on the inside of disused tailing dams which need to be permanently secured and for accelerating the consolidation of the tail in active basin where, as a consequence, a greater amount of tail can be accumulated and a greater flow rate can be adopted
La flora dell'iglesiente (Sardegna SW)
Get PDFQuesto lavoro si inserisce in un progetto di ricerca sullo studio dei territori della Sardegna meridionale iniziato nel Sulcis con la tesi dottorale del Prof. Bacchetta(2000). Lo scopo è quello di studiare flora e vegetazione di territori definibili in termini biogeografici a livello di distretto o sub-distretto floristico, in modo da giungere ad una conoscenza botanica della Sardegna meridionale che possa essere la base per l’elaborazione di adeguate strategie di conservazione della sua biodiversità
Proposal of a correlation for boundary layer flow over real roughened surfaces
Get PDFThe effects of surface roughness on boundary layer features are analyzed through scaled facsimiles (flat plates) of real turbine blades. The main aim of the present work is to exploit the effect of surface roughness with particular reference to the steam turbine applications. Four rough plates and a smooth plate were tested at different high Reynolds number conditions and for different incidence angles of the flow respect to the plates. Roughness characteristics of the plates are typical of the turbine blades, in order to fully understand the aerodynamic efficiency improvement induced by a specific surface texture and to estimate the availability and convenience of manufacturing. All experimental results regarding the smooth plate are compared with the numerical ones obtained from the 2D cascade code MISES.Velocity profiles and boundary layer features are presented for all plates. Skin friction coefficient is estimated and laws of the wall are proposed for different roughness profiles. The effect of the grooves (riblets) is also investigated. The experimental data related to surface texture are analyzed and the most representative roughness parameters are underlined; it is found one unique roughness parameter which is representative of the real surface texture. The law of the wall for rough surfaces is correlated with the roughness parameter proposed. Moreover, a correlation between technical (sandgrain) and real surface roughness is proposed. Pressure gradient effect is also analyzed
Tutele civilistiche contro la discriminazione razziale
Get PDFLa tutela civilistica contro la discriminazione razziale, assicurata dal D.Lgs. 215/03, sembra idonea, a garantire il rispetto del diritto fondamentale alla parità
di trattamento. La vittima potrà ottenere una compensazione adeguata, attraverso la riparazione in forma specifica - a prescindere dalla responsabilità dell’agente - e il risarcimento monetario del danno anche non patrimoniale. Da un punto di vista più generale, la prospettiva di subire una condanna che ordina, al contempo, la restitutio in integrum, il pagamento di una somma di denaro e la pubblicazione della decisione su un quotidiano a tiratura nazionale, dovrebbe rappresentare una sanzione adeguata e dissuadere dalla ripetizione della condotta censurata.
La dottrina497 aveva giudicato assai favorevolmente il sistema di tutela offerto dal Testo Unico.
Se tale apparato è posto a confronto con il D.Lgs. 215/03, si nota innanzi tutto che l’ambito di applicazione del principio di non discriminazione è stato addirittura
ampliato, come specificamente risulta dalla lettura dell’art. 43 T.U. e degli artt. 2 e 3 del suddetto decreto. Inoltre, è stato conservato il duplice rimedio restitutorio e risarcitorio e non è stato modificato l’iter processuale. Però, come sopra si è osservato, nel caso del Testo Unico, il giudice – con il provvedimento di riparazione in forma
specifica – poteva direttamente rimuovere gli effetti dell’accertata discriminazione; nel caso del D.Lgs. 215/03, invece, tale provvedimento potrà contenere solo un “ordine”
alle parti, affinchè curino tale rimozione. Non sono decifrabili le ragioni che possono aver suggerito l’introduzione di questa novità, rispetto al T.U., ma deve temersi che la tutela specifica della vittima risulti, alla
fine, meno diretta e meno pronta. Peraltro, la possibilità di far luogo all’esecuzione forzata, secondo le regole generali, nonchè il rischio di incorrere nella sanzione penale dovrebbero consigliare – innanzi tutto al soccombente –l’attuazione del decisum. In ogni caso, l’efficacia della protezione contro la discriminazione razziale dipenderà in larga misura dagli atteggiamenti interpretativi che si affermeranno in giurisprudenza.
Per esempio, per la prova della condotta discriminatoria, il legislatore si è in sostanza rimesso «alla prudenza del giudice», prevedendo (art. 4, comma terzo D.Lgs. 215/03)
il ricorso alle presunzioni semplici, di cui all’art. 2729 c.c. Al di là di casi eclatanti e isolati, di solito è difficile dimostrare la discriminazione razziale; quindi, il maggiore o minor rigore dei giudici, nel ricorrere alle presunzioni, potrà consentire di affermare - o condurrà a escludere - l’esistenza del fatto discriminatorio.
Analoghe considerazioni valgono la liquidazione del danno, nel risarcimento monetario, soprattutto con riguardo ai profili non patrimoniali. Se è vero che non possono mercificarsi i diritti fondamentali, deve nondimeno riconoscersi che il grado di protezione contro le condotte discriminatorie potrà dipendere (anche) dal quantum
liquidato: risarcimenti solo simbolici non possono avere alcuna reale efficacia, né compensativa, né sanzionatoria o preventiva
Piano forestale ambientale regionale: relazione generale
Get PDFIl Piano Forestale Ambientale Regionale (PFAR) è uno strumento quadro di indirizzo, finalizzato alla pianificazione, programmazione e gestione del territorio forestale e agroforestale regionale, per il perseguimento degli obiettivi di tutela dell’ambiente e di sviluppo sostenibile dell’economia rurale della Sardegna.Il Piano colma un’assenza decennale di indirizzi organici per la pianificazione forestale regionale e si rende tanto più necessario in relazione alla valenza che esso riveste quale importante riferimento della programmazione economica del settore. A oltre 25 anni dall’adozione del Programma Pluriennale di Forestazione – PPF (RAS, 1980) lo scenario internazionale, il quadro legislativo, l’approccio generale alla pianificazione forestale appaiono profondamente modificati; una locuzione più delle altre è entrata di necessità nelle nuove strategie politiche: “sviluppo sostenibile”, modello attraverso il quale assicurare il giusto equilibrio fra la tutela dell’ambiente e dell’uomo e lo sviluppo economico del territorio.Profondamente mutato è l’ordine dei problemi ma soprattutto il livello di cognizione e l’impostazione con cui questi possono essere risolti, in dipendenza del più generale effetto di
internazionalizzazione e globalizzazione delle politiche ambientali. Le problematiche locali sono oggi identificate come tasselli delle problematiche mondiali e come tali possono essere risolte solo grazie a strategie di politica ambientale globale. Si pensi al processo di maturazione
scaturito a partire dalla Conferenza di Rio (1992) ad oggi attorno alla dimensione dei problemi ambientali, concretizzatosi poi nelle convenzioni internazionali sulla lotta ai cambiamenti climatici, sulla tutela della biodiversità e sulla lotta alla desertificazione. Restringendo l’attenzione al tema forestale, è maturata la consapevolezza del ruolo svolto dalle foreste nell’ambito dei modelli di sviluppo compatibile tradottasi progressivamente nella definizione dei criteri della gestione forestale sostenibile
Design of optimal measurement strategies for geometric tolerances control on coordinate measuring machines
No full textThis study is concerned with a vast industrial problem: the inspection of physical components and subsystems for checking their conformance to dimensional and geometric tolerance specifications. Although a number of non contact optical devices are being currently developed for such a task, Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are still universally adopted thanks to their superiority in terms of accuracy in the measurement of point coordinates. However, their unsurpassed metrological quality for this basic operation is counterbalanced by a fundamental problem that is plaguing practitioners in the sector of industrial metrology. The problem is usually referred to as methods divergence and can be stated as follows. On one hand, the machines probe the part surface point-wise and economic constraints force the point sample to be small. On the other end, geometric errors, as defined by tolerance standards, depend heavily on extreme values of the form deviations over the related surface so that a full-field inspection is virtually required. For example, straightness error is the minimum distance between two parallel lines enclosing the actual feature. Thus extreme points are more important than the others in determining the straightness error. This problem, translated in statistical terms, means using a small sample of form deviations to make inference on a quantity dependent on extreme values of the population, thereby unlikely to be in the sample. Thus sample-based evaluation of geometric errors is naturally prone to be substantially biased and uncertain, especially when the surfaces exhibit systematic form deviations. In spite of this, common practice in industry is to probe very few points according to very simple sampling strategy (uniform, random, stratified). The software packages sold with the machines contain algorithms of computational geometry which are selected by purely economic criteria (easy to implement, fast to compute) regardless of their implications on measurement quality. Moreover, user awareness of the importance of evaluating measurement uncertainty in the inspection of geometric tolerances is exceedingly limited. This is no wonder if we consider that the ISO committees have been working for several years on different four methods for uncertainty evaluation in CMM measurement tasks (ISO 15530 family) and still now only one standard has been officially delivered (ISO 15530-3, march 2004). Uncertainty calculation using calibrated objects)
Structural funds and regional convergence in Italy
Get PDFThe lack of convergence across Italian Regions has been widely cited as an incontrovertible proof of failure of Cohesion policy. This paper aims to provide a twofold contribution to the debate on the effectiveness of Cohesion policies in Italy. Firstly, we provide an up-to-date view of convergence across Italian regions by focussing on the period covered by regional development policies carried out by European Community. The analysis reveals that poorer regions in Italy have indeed caught up with the richer regions over the period 1994-2004 and much of this convergence process has occurred towards region-specific steady states. Secondly, we consider Structural Funds as a conditioning variable in the convergence equation by using recently available data on expenditure implemented during the Second and the Third Planning Period. Our panel estimates point to a positive and significant impact of the Structural Funds on regional convergence in Italy over the period 1994-2004. When the Structural Funds are considered individually we find that the expenditure allocated by ERDF has medium term positive and significant returns while support to agriculture has short-term positive effects on growth which wane quickly. Finally, our results cast some doubt both on the (i) distributive efficiency of resources allocated by ESF and (ii) on the effectiveness of the intervention policies in support to education, Human capital and employment
Le piante utilizzate nella medicina popolare dell'Ogliastra (Sardegna Centro-Orientale) per la cura delle patologie del sistema muscolo-scheletrico
Get PDFSpontaneous plants used in Sardinian folk medicine for the treatment of
musculoskeletal system diseases. In this work the authors propose de results of an
ethnobotanical survey developed in some villages of central-eastern Sardinia. The 482
interviews allowed to enumerate 52 plants, attributed to 49 genera and 36 families,
utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal system diseases