Makara Journal of Health Research
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Bone Density Status and Vitamin D and Calcium Concentrations in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
No full textBackground: The aim of this study was to analyse differences in bone density and vitamin D and calcium concentrations between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Methods: This was an analytical, cross-sectional study of women aged 30 years or over, residing in the Puskesmas Bangkalan district. The sample population was chosen at random and included 10 pregnant women in their third trimester and 10 non-pregnant women. This observational study consisted of an interview, a blood test, and a 24-hour recall. The concentration of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by Gas Chromatography and a Photometric Test measured the concentration of serum calcium. Participant's bone density was measured by bone ultra sonometer. The data was analysed using the Mann-Whitney test and assessed ultraviolet-B exposure, bone density values, and consumption of vitamin D, calcium, energy, and protein. The Student t-test was used to analyse serum vitamin D and calcium concentrations. Results: There were no differences between the groups' serum vitamin D concentrations (p = 0.946). However, there were significant differences between the groups' serum calcium concentrations (p = 0.047) and bone density values (p = 0.019). Conclusions: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) and insufficiency (25(OH)D < 80 nmol/L) was observed in both groups. The mean serum calcium concentrations and bone density values were lower in pregnant subjects than non-pregnant subjects
Estimation of Percentage on Malnutrition Occurrences in East Java using Geographically Weighted Regression Model
No full textThe Province of East Java has its own characteristics that differentiate it from any other regions. Dissimilarities in characteristics of a region may encompass issues such as social, economic, cultural, parenting, education, and the environment, so as to cause the difference in case of severe under nutrition between one region to another. Sufferers of malnutrition in one region may be linked and influenced by the surrounding regions. Therefore, we need a statistical modeling that is able to take into account the spatial factor. Statistical methods that can be used to analyze the data and also takes into account the spatial factor are the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). This study is aimed to determine the case of malnutrition models in East Java Province using GWR model with kernel adaptive bi-square weighting and comparing it to the conventional linear regression model. The data used in the study are secondary data obtained from the National Socio-Economic Survey and Basic Health Research (2010) conducted in 38 districts in East Java. Estimation is done by using the Weighted Least Squares method that provides different weighting values to each region. The result showed that there are 38 models of the malnutrition case that is different for each district in East Java. The GWR model with bi-square kernel weighting function is better in modelling the case of malnutrition in East Java compared to the conventional linear regression models that are based on the criteria of goodness that is the R-square, Mean Square Error and the Akaike Information Criterion
Invitro activity of Ciprofloxacin Against Gram-negative Bacteria Isolated from Infected Patients in Indonesia.
No full textCiprofloxacin the third generation of the quinolone family was claimed very potent against Gram-negative and Grampositive pathogens compared to former generations. The first in-vitro multi centre study has been conducted in Indonesia including 12 clinical microbiology laboratories as follows: Banda Aceh, Padang, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Solo, Surabaya, Malang, Denpasar and Manado. Selected specimens from infected persons were chosen to be included in this study such as from blood, body fluids, bronchial washing, sputum, throat, nose, ear, eye, urethra, vagina, pus, wound, urine and feces. The results of ciprofloxacin disk test technique to all 1457 Gramnegative pathogens showed that between 72 –98 % were susceptible, while against 22 Acinetobacter sp, only 61 % and againt 19 Neiserria gonorrhoeae only 40 % were susceptible. Results of the agar dilution MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrtion) test were between 69 –98 % susceptible and the E test technique were between 78 – 100 % susceptible, while against the Acinetobacter were between 61 % and 70 % respectively. N. gonorrhoeae strains was susceptible between 89 % and 92 %
Impact of Physical Stress on Salivary Buffering Capacity
No full textBackground: Saliva has many properties and the buffering capacity is important for the neutralization of oral fluids. It is unclear whether stressful conditions directly affect salivary buffering capacity, and we investigated the impact of physical stress on salivary buffering capacity. Methods: Twelve participants were subjected to the physical stress of jogging and running. The salivary buffering capacity and flow rate of the participants were measured before and after exposure to stressful conditions. Salivary α-amylase activity was measured as a quantitative index of stress. Results: No change in buffering capacity was detected among each time point during the whole course under physically stressful conditions. Next, we examined the change in buffering capacity after jogging compared to baseline. Six participants showed an increase in buffering capacity (Group A), while the other six participants showed a decrease or no change (Group B) after jogging. Group B showed a decrease in flow rate and increases in α-amylase activity and protein level after jogging, whereas Group A showed no changes in these properties. Conclusions: The results suggest that salivary buffering capacity changes following exposure to physically stressful conditions, and that the changes are dependent on the stress susceptibility of individuals
Mitochondrially-Encoded Adenosine Triphosphate Synthase 6 Gene Haplotype Variation among World Population during 2003-2013
No full textBackground: Adaptation and natural selection serve as an important part of evolution. Adaptation in molecular level can lead to genetic drift which causes mutation of genetic material; one of which is polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The aim of this study is to verify the polymorphism of mitochondrially-encoded Adenosine Triphosphate synthase6gene (MT-ATP6) as one of mtDNA building blocks among tropic, sub-tropic, and polar areas. Methods: This descriptive quantitative research used 3,210 mtDNA sequences, taken from GenBank, as secondary data from 27 different populations. The data were grouped into 3 population groups based on the climates of their location. After grouping, the sequences were then aligned and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE, and analysed by Arlequin and MitoTool. Results: Results demonstrated 21 haplotypes distributed among 3 populations with variations between each climate population. In the tropic and sub-tropic populations, the dominant haplotype is h1 while h6 is dominant in the polar population. Conclusions: There is a variation of haplotype polymorphism between tropic, sub-tropic, and polar climate population.  
The Effect of Fermented Sour Milk Consumption on The Health Conditions and The Recovery from Diarrhea of Elementary School Pupils
No full textCalpico is a drink made of fermented sour milk cultured with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus). Calpico drink contains 1010 cells of lactic acid bacteria for one cup serve, although it is not alive. The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible effect of Calpico ingestion on prevention or recovery from diarrhea. The pupils of the 4th grade of two elementary schools were subjected. Pupils were requested to answer the questionnaire about social and health conditions of their own. After measuring body weight, pupils for Calpico group were given 200 ml of one-fifth diluted Calpico every morning at 9 AM. Pupils of control group were given nothing. More over half of pupils who drunk Calpico for one month increased one to two kg of their body weight after test period. The frequency of diarrhea of Calpico group was markedly decreased. It was shown in Jakarta that Calpico ingestion had a dramatically effect on recovery from diarrhea and improvement of health condition noted by the increase of body weight of the pupils
Relationship of Nutritional Status with Oral Health Status in Visual Impairment
No full textTo analyze the relationship of nutritional status with oral health status among visual impairment. The subjects were 146 elderly people (70 males and 76 females) aged 20-72 years (mean 48.8±6.2 years), Phitsanulok, Thailand. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaires were administered. Oral examinations investigated the number of present teeth, DMFT and Functional Tooth Units (FTUs). According to the MNA score, 44.5% of subjects were categorized as normal nutrition, 47.3% as questionable, and 8.2 % as malnutrition. The mean numbers of present teeth and FTUs were 17.8±6.9 and 6.9±3.2, respectively. Subjects with malnutrition had lower numbers of present teeth (10.7±1.4) and FTUs (4.3±1.7) than those with normal nutrition (20.2±0.7 and 12.3±0.5) (p≤0.05). Nutritional status of visual impaired Thai was associated with mean numbers of present teeth and FTUs. Keeping many natural teeth or having appropriate numbers of FTUs by replacing missing teeth with dentures would prevention malnutrition
The Relationship between Smoking as a Modifiable Risk Factor and Chronic Complications on Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
No full textSmoking is known as a variable that can be changed through a specific intervention activity. Recently in Indonesia, research related to chronic complication among elderly with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was not available. This research has objective in exploring the risk of smoking towards chronic complication among elderly with type 2 DM. This research was using Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) in 2007. Riskesdas is a representative Indonesia Health Survey. 1,565 elderly (aged 60++ years) with type 2 DM have selected by random. 70-80% of the elderly have Chronic Complications and 32.11% of the sample is smokers. The elderly who smoke more than 24 cigarettes per day have risk 2.5 (95% CI, 1.54-3.97), smoker 1-12 cigarettes per day, and smoker 13-24 cigarettes per day have risk 1.3 and 1.6 respectively to get chronic complication compared with those who do not smoke, controlled by age, obesity, and physical activity. The proportion of smokers among elderly with type 2 DM is high, most of them are low education, low socioeconomic status, lack of access to the health services, low of physical activity, and low consume vegetables and fruit. Smoking increases the risk of chronic complication of type 2 DM
Socio-demographics, Oral Health Behavior, and Physical Activity: Factors in Caries Experience among 19–59 Years Old Adults in a Malaysian Population
No full textDental caries is one of the common diseases that are attributed by many factors. Many from the adult population are afflicted with dental caries. This study aimed to determine the predictors of developing dental caries among adults. Three hundred and thirty four adults participated in this study. Information gathered includes their socio-demographic backgrounds, oral health behaviour, physical activity level, body mass index, body fat percentages, visceral fat level, and dental missing filled extracted teeth (DMFX) index. All standard protocols were observed and DMFX was examined using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Prevalence of dental caries was 87.4%, inclusive of 61.3% of female respondents with caries experience. Most of the study participants were overweight. Only the consumption of high sugar food (p=0.03) was found to be connected between dental caries and oral health behaviours. Regression analysis (p<0.001) showed that older age (p<0.001), regular visits to dental clinic per year (p=0.012), lower education level (p=0.025), and lower physical activity (p=0.008) were significant factors in developing dental caries among this study population. Older aged adults, frequent appointment with the dentist, lower education in oral health, and lower physical activity were possible factors for dental caries presence
Effects of Chlorophyll in Papaya Leaves on Superoxide Dismutation and Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats
No full textHyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus results in oxidative stress and increases complication development. Experimental studies have shown that chlorophyll has antioxidant activity and papaya leaves contained chlorophyll more than the other green vegetables. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic role in chlorophyll rich in papaya leaves on diabetic rats. Thirty six rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: without treatment (technique control/TC), diabetic (negative control/NC), diabetic with treatment A (100.3 mg/200 g BW of extract) and diabetic with treatment B (200.6 mg/200 g BW of extract). Diabetic induction was conducted by injecting streptozotocin 40 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally. Extract was given by nasogastric tube. Blood glucose level was measured using enzymatic colorimetric GOD-PAP test at before, after 20 and 40 days of treatment. Hepatic superoxide dismutation (SOD) level was measured after 40 days of treatment. Blood glucose levels in 3 diabetic groups were significantly raised after seven days of induction. In Anova and post hoc LSD analysis, both treatments had lower hepatic SOD level than TC (p=0.0001), and blood glucose level also decreased after given the treatment (p=0.0001). Treatment B had a better antioxidant and hypoglycemic role than treatment A