Makara Journal of Health Research
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Increasing the Ability of Children with Autism in Performing Oral Hygiene through Photographs: A Single Subject Study in Indonesia
No full textAutism is a developmental disorder in children that now affects 1 : 88 children in the world. As many as 50% of school-age children with autism face difficulty in independently performing oral hygiene. This research seeks to increase the ability of children with autism in performing oral hygiene through the use of photographs. The methodology of the research is quantitative quasi-experimental through the single subject design. The three research subjects are school-age children with autism, and their parents also participated in this research. Intervention is conducted through a series of photographs on the steps in performing oral hygiene after the ability trend in the baseline phase is observed. Assessment in the ability of performing oral hygiene is done in the baseline, intervention, maintenance, and generalization phases. The result is that the ability to perform oral hygiene for Children A, B, and C increases from 14, 21, and 22 to 30, 31, and 30. The ability to perform oral hygiene for the three children increases after intervention and settles in the generalization phase
Prevalence and distribution of Taeniasis and Cysticercosis
No full textTaenia saginata and Taenia solium are found through the whole world, especially in developing countries. These tapeworms live in the small intestines of humans. Cattle and pigs are the intermediate animal hosts. Serious signs and symptoms are found if T. solium is infecting the central nervous system. Cases with epileptic seizures and abnormal behavior are often found in endemic areas. In Mexico among 68.754 human serum samples 0,06-2,97% were found positive for cysticercosis. Apparently there was an association between high sero prevalence rates and low socio-economic conditions. In several countries in Latin America, prevalences were between 0,1-8,7%, whereas prevalences between 0,05-10,4% were detected in Asia and Africa. In Indonesia taeniasis/cysticercosis are mostly found in three provinces i.e. North Sumatra, Bali and Irian Jaya. Cases were also discovered in North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara and West Kalimantan. The prevalences of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Indonesia were between 1,0-42,7%. The highest prevalence rate was in Irian Jaya (Papua). Not many reports are available for cysticercosis in cattle and in pigs in the world, including Indonesia. The collection of epidemiological data such as on prevalence rates and distribution are needed for a successful control program. In addition community health education should be implemented in control programs
Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol
No full textBackground: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 µg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 µg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol. 
Investigating the Relationship between Mental Health and Insomnia in Pregnant Women Referred to Health Centers in Estahban
No full textPregnancy is the most sensitive period in women's life which makes many physical and mental changes. Sleep problems are one of the issues that are reported by pregnant women; it appears to be associated with psychological consequences in pregnant women. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mental health and insomnia in pregnant women referred to health centers in estahban. This descriptive-analytic study has been done on 182 pregnant women referred to health centers of Estahban in 2015 by available sampling method. Research tools used in this study were general health questionnaire 28 (GHQ 28) and insomnia severity index (ISI).Data were analyzed using Chi-Square and Pearson Correlation tests in SPSS 22 software. Research findings showed that 46.2% of women were suspected of mental disorders, and 58.8% of them suffered from insomnia. According to Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between total score of mental health and a total score of insomnia(r=0.58, p<0.05). Also, a significant relationship was observed in all variables of mental health and insomnia (p<0.05). Results indicate a high level of mental disorders as well as insomnia among pregnant women; also, the mutual effect of these diseases on each other. As a result, sleep hygiene education as well as appropriate consideration and counseling to pregnant women to treat disorders for achieving a safe pregnancy are recommended
Radiographic Study of Developmental Alteration in Tooth Number among Children in IIUM Dental Clinic
No full textBackground: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmental alteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children who attended to Student's polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727 Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence of alteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzed comparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727 OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years. Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found in maxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There were significant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p<0.05) while there were no significant differences with gender and delayed eruption as (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia was considerably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but no association with gender and delayed eruption
Development of Sybr Green I-Based Melting Curve Method for HER2I655V Polymorphism Detection in Breast Cancer
No full textBackground: Currently available molecular method to detect HER2I655V polymorphism such as PCR-RFLP is hampered by the costly experimental method, and post-PCR treatment requirement that makes this technique is not meeting for high-throughput analysis purpose. In this study, we developed an accurate, simple, low cost and rapid test to detect polymorphism at HER2 gene using SBR Green I based-melting curve method. Methods: Two forward allele-specific primers and one common reverse primer were used then these primers were tested to discriminate known genotypes of genomic templates (GG type or AA type) and genomic samples retrieved from breast cancer patients. Results: Melting curve analysis derived from SYBR Green I-based allele-specific PCR with defined primers concentration and annealing temperature at 54.3 °C showed good discrimination level of Tm peaks in which GG genotype melted at 89 °C slightly higher than AA genotype which melted at 86 °C, while AG genotype harbored both of homozygous Tm characteristics. Conclusions: This preliminary result will be as basic for further large-scale typing of HER2I655V polymorphism. 
The Effect of Injection with Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Seed Extract on Sperm Concentration and Spermatogenic Cells of Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Strain LMR.
No full textSo far men as a subject in family planning program had no priority, however recently men become a focus. Established mothodes for male contraception are through condom and vasectomy. Using condoms create psychological complaints, whereas vasectomy although very effective has often permanent effect. An other method of contraception is hormonal; besides that it is important to develop contraception using plants with antifertility effect such as papaya seed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to know the effect of extract papaya seeds on concentration and viability of sperms in vas deferens of male rat Strain LMR. This research was done using papaya seed extract, Bangka variety with 7 treatments, doses/kg/body weight, including 0 mg; 0.1 mg; 0.5 mg; 0.9 mg; 1.0 mg; 5.0 mg; 9.0 mg for times each treatment. Administration of papaya seed extract was performed by intramusculary injection for 20 days (1,5 seminiferous epithelium cycles). Investigation were done on 1) sperms concentration of vas deferens, 2) weight of testis, 3) seminiferous tubules diametric, 4) condition of spermatogenic cells. Injection with papaya seed extract for 20 days increased sperm concentration of vas deferens significantly (P<0,01), decreased population of spermatogonium A and primary spermatocytes preleptoten significantly (p<0,05), did not give any significant effect on weight of testis, seminiferous tubules diametric, primary spermatocytes pachyten and spermatid (P>0,05
Evaluation of nutritional status using rohrer ponderal index.
No full textNewborns in Indramayu were examined for their birth weight and length and their subsequent length: at the age of 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 month. This 2 years cohort study included 720 newborn who were able to be measured at birth, 534 newborns up to 3 months of age, 408 newborns up to 6 months of age and 271 newborn up to 12 months of age. Out of 720 newborn, there were 516 normal babies, 63 preterm and 141 IUGR. Rohrer Ponderal Index was calculated for each IUGR newborn and cut of point was determined. This study suggested that Rohrer ponderal index was worth to categorize IUGR infant into IUGR LPI and IUGR API
The Correlation between Providing Complementary Food and Breast-Feeding with the Growth and Development of Children under the Age of Five Years Old (6-24 months)
No full textA toddler is a group on the stage of human development that is vulnerable to the risk affecting their health specifically about their growth and development. Providing the appropriate nutrition to toddlers during this risky age of 6 to 24 months is crucial in promoting a proper growth and development. The proper nourishment for toddlers at the age of 6 to 24 months includes breast-feeding and complimentary solid foods. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the specific characteristics of a family or a household and the provision of complementary feeding about the growth and development of children (6-24 months) in the village of Curug Cimanggis, Depok. This study used a descriptive correlational, cross-sectional approach using a sample that consisted of 102 children aged 6-24 months, which were collected using a proportional cluster sampling. Based on the Chi Square test, the researchers found no correlation between the provision of complementary feeding with a child’s growth and development. This is because breast-feeding as the source of nourishment is still the major factor that directly influences the growth and development of any toddler between the age of 6-24 months. However, by applying better financial management in conjunction with the ability to modify the practices of how families feed their toddlers, a family may raise and nurture their toddlers so they may grow according to the proper stages of development. The results of this study are expected to serve as an input in improving toddlers’ health care concerning their growth and development by promoting the importance of providing the appropriate complimentary food by the proper guidelines while continuing to breast feed toddlers between the age of 6 to 24 months
Starfruit Leaves as Glucose Absorption Inhibitor in Mice’s Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells
No full textBackground: Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) leaves contain flavone derivatives that exhibit anti-hyperglycemic effects. This study aims to determine the effect of starfruit leaves in reducing glucose absorption in intestinal epithelial cells of mice. Methods: This study was done by performing perfusion on the small intestines of mice. The mice that were used in this study were divided into four groups. The control group was given glucose solution without infused starfruit leaves whereas, the remaining 3 groups were given 3 mmol (540 mg/dL) glucose solution with infused starfruit leaves of varying concentrations; 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg. Samples were collected at 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minute. The sample was tested for glucose levels using spectrophotometry. Results: Test of significance showed a significant difference between the control group and the test group with p < 0.05. Conclusions: Starfruit leaves have a reduction effect towards glucose absorption in the small intestines in Wistar strains where the group using 600 mg/kg of infused starfruit leaves have the most significant effect as compared to other groups