Makara Journal of Health Research
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Characteristics of Clients Nursed in Professional Nursing Model, Psychiatric Unit, Dr. H. Marzuki Mahdi Hospital Bogor
No full textSince September 2000, Community and Mental Health Department Faculty of Nursing University of Indonesia, have developed Professional Nursing Practice Model (PNPM) on Psychiatric Nursing at Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Health Hospital. PNPM at Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital is the first PNPM especially for mental health. The study was a quantitative cross sectional study conducted during the period February 4th to July 30th 2001 and covering 79 client. The aim of the study was to identify characteristics of clients at PNPM. It was found that most of the clients were males, aged 20-55 years, living in the area of Jabotabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi), especially in Bogor, the city of the hospital. Most of them had no job, with a senior high school education whereas the number with unmarried status was nearly the same with the number with married status and belonged to the Sundanese ethnic group. Characteristics of the family were mostly as followed: big family, with more than 2 children, closed communication and family meeting during meals. On health status it was found that clients were admitted to the hospital because of angry/violence, angry/violence and talking/laughing by themselves, whereas the number of clients in the group never nursed in a hospital before were nearly the same as the number in the group ever nursed before, with average length of staying in hospital 9 days. It was revealed that the problem of hallucination was mostly found among the nursing problems. Health education was mostly on efforts to eliminate paranoid problems and Activity Group Therapy was focused on efforts to socialize the clients. The medical diagnosis of most of the clients was paranoid schizophrenia. It was concluded that in this study characteristics of the clients in PNPM was very varied. For optimal nursing criteria of clients at PNPM who should be admitted should be established
Factors Associated With Occurrence of Cysticercosis Among Wamena People’s, at Jayawijaya District, Papua Province, In 2002
No full textCysticercosis is a disease caused by the larva of Taenia solium, the pig tapeworm, whereas taeniasis solium is caused by the adult worm, which lives in the small human intestines. The prevalence of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Indonesia varies from 1.0% to 42.7% and until now is found predominantly in three provinces i.e. Bali, North Sumatera and Papua. The highest prevalence was found in Papua during the year 1997 (42,7%). This case-control study was designed for finding factors in connection with the existing cysticercosis in Sub-district Wamena, District Jawawijaya. The number of cases consisted of all patients suffering from cysticercosis aged more than 8 years, found by questionaires during a survey for Taeniasis, Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis, conducted by the team from January till February 2002 and the control group consisted of individuals without cysticercosis during the survey. The diagnosis of cysticercosis was determined with ELISA by antibody detection of the parasites in the serum of both groups. Among the total number of variables several factors were found significantly associated with the existence of cysticercosis after calculation as a whole i.e. washing hands (OR 4.9 95%CI:2.55-9.61), profession (OR 2.11 95%CI:1.14-3.91), frequency of bathing (OR 2.59 95%CI:1.31-5.13), source of clean water (OR 2.41 95%CI:1.31- 4.44) and sanitation (OR 6.25 95%CI:3.14-12.44). Community health education is recommended on topics such as the habit of washing hands, bathing with clean water and using standard toilets. It is suggested that the local government provides clean water facilities and general sanitation facilities
The Impact of Housing Environmental Condition on the Diphtheria Out Break in District of Tasikmalaya (2005-2006) and Garut (2007) West Java
No full textSince 2005 up to 2006 diphtheria out break had occur in Tasimalaya District among 1 – 15 year old children. Total cases are 55 children with cases died with the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 31.91%. Further on, January 2007 the same out break occur in Garut District, with 17 cases and 2 cases died (CFR 11.76%). Research objective is to identify the correlation of housing environmental condition with the diphtheria out break. Design study was case control study. The amount of 72 cases had taken from the 15 villages on the out break areas and the same amount (72) non cases taken from the village out of the out break areas. Data were collected through interviewed with structure questioner with the mother as the respondent. Data collected were housing environment, the source of infection, immunization status, and mother knowledge concerning the diphtheria. Research conclude that factors involved in diphtheria out break are housing member room density, housing humidity, quality of the floor, the source of the infection, immunization status of the children, and mother knowledge about the disease. The importance factors for the diphtheria out break are immunization status, with the OR of 46.403 greater of non immunization children compare with those had immunization. Therefore immunization program should be further intensified in order to give fully diphtheria protection for the hole children population in those areas
The Potentiality of ß- Carotene as Free Radical Scavenger: A Study of the Raise of Superoxide Production in Mitochondrial Lymphocyte
No full textThis is a study on carotenoid extracted from ‘Minyak Buah Merah’ (Pandanus conoideus) in therapy simulation using high dose of β-carotene on two lymphocytes—that of a healthy subject and a leukemia patient. Superoxide production in mithocondrial lymphocyte as a result of β-carotene exposure was examined using a flow cytometer. The test finds that superoxide (a specific mitochondrial free radical) increases easier and faster in leukemic lymphocytes than in normal lymphocytes. The results of the study support previous meta-analysis studies that high dosages of β-carotene and vitamin E supplements as antioxidant should be discouraged because it increases all-cause mortality. 
The Utilization of KIA Book by the Cadre of Posyandu: A Study of Cadre in Posyandu in the Working Area of Puskesmas Kedungadem, Bojonegoro District
No full textOne of the government policies for maternal and child health (KIA) service based on community is Posyandu (Primary Health Care). In the activity of KIA in Posyandu cadres have three roles, such as executive, manager and consumer or user. Cadres have to read and gradually to study KIA book as national guidance after they have finished their activities in Posyandu as the evaluation to what they have done. In the KIA activities in Posyandu the exploration of KIA book in the working area at Puskesmas (Public Health Centre), Kedungadem, Bojonegoro is still low. The research aim is to analyze the influence of Posyandu cadre characteristics and roles concerning with the KIA Book in the working area of Puskesmas. This research has been done by cross sectional approach, with the population of 64 Posyandu cadres as sample in the working area of Puskesmas. The univariate analyzis has been done for the frequency distribution, the bivariate analyzis tested by Chi Square to know the relation. Variables which statistically significant tested by the multiple logistic regression-multivariate. Research results: respondent ages < 35.2 years old (56%), working duration at home < 8 hours per day (58%), family income less than regional minimum income (66%), elementary education (81%) year of service ³ 8 year (52%), training ³ 2 times (81%), poor knowledge (56.25%), good role as executor of the KIA book (76.56%), good role as the KIA book manager (56,25%), the exploration of the KIA book (56.25%). Related variables in the exploration of the KIA Book are the working duration at home (p=0.017), role as executor (p=0.016), role as manager (p=0.003). The most influenced variable of the use of KIA book is the role as executor (p=0.032), exp (B)= 6.630). Suggestion to Puskesmas is to increase the Posyandu cadre knowledge through counselling and at the time of meeting in Puskesmas, they have to be present and to joint routinely, active participation and conducting the role according to the duty in Posyandu
Fluoride Released from GIC and RMGIC in Saliva and Dentino-Enamel SUbstance
No full textGlass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) are two restorative materials in dentistry that have the capacity of releasing fluoride to saliva, dentino-enamel substance, and the ability to form fluoroapatite crystal. This study aims to compare the amount of fluoride release in saliva and dentino-enamel substance. A total of 48 caries free premolar teeth were prepared to form a cavity with the dimension of 4 x 4 x 2 mm on the buccal surfaces. These teeth were then divided into 3 groups (control, GIC, RMGIC groups). These teeth were then soaked in artificial saliva without fluoride content and were incubated at room temperature (37 0C). Each group was divided again into 4 sub groups, with different periods of soaking (1, 3, 10, and 20 days). The fluoride content of saliva was analyzed using ion chromatography. The fluoroapatite on dentino-enamel substance was analyzed using x-ray diffraction or XRD. While there was a significant difference in fluoride release in saliva and no significant difference in fluoroapatite formation on dentino-enamel substance within 3 groups. Fluoride content in saliva showed a significant difference within the 3 groups. No significant difference was found in the fluoroapatite content on dentino-enamel substance
Patient Characteristics and Performance of the TCM Unit of ‘Harapan Bunda’ Hospital In Jakarta, Indonesia
No full textA TCM unit has been established and operating in Harapan Bunda hospital in Jakarta since December 2004. The Unit is practicing combined western and Chinese medicine in treating cancer patients, following the model practiced in oncology departments in China. It is established through a cooperation between Harapan Bunda hospital and Yusheng hospital from Guangzhou, China. This report compiles the performance of the Unit until July 2005; it is a descriptive study based on the medical records of all patients visiting the TCM Unit of Harapan Bunda hospital during the period of December 2004 to July 2005. The characteristics of patients and response to treatment are presented in text and tables. One typical case is also presented as an illustration of the combination practice. There were 383 patients visiting the TCM Unit during the periode of December 2004 to July 2005. Most of them (68,41%) were females. The female to male ratio was 2,16. The largest age group was between 41-50 years, ie. 28,72%, followed by age group 51-60 years (23,23%), 61-70 years and 31-40 years (13,57%) respectively. Then the age group 71-80 years and 21-30 years each occupying 8,09%. Of the 383 patients, 338 patients (88,25%) were with tumors (benign and malignant), the rest were with no tumors (suffering of rheumatism, diabetes, stroke, etc.). Of the 338 patients with tumors, 92 (27,21%) were with benign tumors (fibroadenoma, ganglion, lipoma, struma, myoma, etc.). The other 246 (162 females and 84 males) were with tumors that were either clinically or pathologically assessed as malignant. The females to males ratio of patients with malignant tumors was 1,93. The most prevalent tumors were mammary carcinoma ie. 31,70%, followed by pulmonary carcinoma, hepatoma, ovarian carcinoma, NPC, colonic carcinoma, uterine cervical carcinoma, brain cancers, pancreatic carcinoma, lymphoma, occupying respectively 8,59%, 8,13%, 8,13%, 7,72%, 7,32%, 3,25%, 3,25%, 2,84%, and 2,84%. Most patients were either in stadium III or IV, occupying 24,80% (61 of 246 patients) and 37,80% (93 of 246 patients), respectively. Of 81 patients (52 females and 14 males) or 32,93% there were no available data to assess their exact stadia. The therapeutic response was mostly evaluated on clinical grounds (anamnesis and physical examination). Of 70 patients (26 males and 44 females) receving treatment for more than 1 month at the TCM Unit, 11,42% had prominent improvement, 40% moderate improvement, 41,4% more or less stabilized condition, and 7,14% deteriorating condition. The TCM Unit of Harapan Bunda hospital had received quite a good attention from the public. The female visitors were nearly twice the male. The most prevalent age group was 41-50 years ie. 28,72%, followed by 51-60 years ie. 23,23%. The most prevalent cancer were mammary carcinoma (31,70%), followed by pulmonary, liver, ovary, nasopharyngeal, colonic, uterine cervical carcinomas. The therapeutic response was as follows, 51,43% patients either improving prominently or moderately, 41,43% with more or less stable condition; while only 7,14% deterioting during treatment. With the entry to TCM Unit, patients formerly rejecting western medical treatments became receptive to the combination of western and Chinese medical treatments
Chemoprevention Activity of Temu Mangga Extracts
No full textThe chemoprevention activity of temu mangga extracts was investigated by determination of antioxidant activity with a peroxidation number method and gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) activity in Chang medium culture and cell lysate (total GST activity). The results indicated that ethanol extract has a strong antioxidant activity. It is caused by the phenolic group in the ethanol extract. Treatment Chang cell culture with 7th and 4th ethanol fractions increased the GST activity when compared to the control. The total GST activity (cytosolic and microsomal) increased when Chang cell culture was treated with H2O2/Fe+2. The decrease of the total GST activity was observed when 7th and 4th ethanol fractions were supplemented with H2O2/Fe+2 compared to the cell culture receiving H2O2/Fe+2 only
Direct MN Test on Peripheral Blood to Detect Chromosomal Breakage: Application in Smokers
No full textThe purpose was to assess chromosomal damage in blood mononuclear cells of smokers. Smoker’s peripheral blood samples were screened for micronuclei. Samples from smokers who had an illness were excluded. From each sample, 500 swelled mononuclear leucocytes were screened using a light microscope, with 400x magnification. Frequency distribution of subjects having 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 micronuclei (MN) according to age and condition were tabulated. From the 102 samples, 5 were excluded, and only 97 were analyzed. There was an increase in MN count in 12.8%, 12.9%, 33.3%, and 25% of normal smokers living in unpolluted area, hypertensive smokers living in unpolluted area, normal smokers living in polluted area, and hypertensive smokers living in polluted area, respectively. Therefore, there was a tendency of increasing MN count in smokers in the productive age group, hypertensive people, and people living in polluted area. 
Health Expenditure Patterns by Marginal and Vulnerable Groups
No full textHealth expenditure patterns by marginal and vulnerable groups. Utilization of health care is influenced by many factors. Most important are geography, socioeconomic, gender inequality, culture, and quality of care. This study aimed at providing policy formulations evidence based in formation for RRO poor, The study is a cross sectional study using National Socioeconomic Survey data set of 1998 representing about 205.000 households. This analysis is conducted to respond the equity issue in Indonesia, with particular emphasize to equity of access (health services use). The study revealed that in urban areas 88.8% of the people pay the outpatient services from their out-of-pocket, while in rural the fi gure is 94.3%. The data shows that in urban areas, among the lowest group, expenditure for health placed about 13% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas the health expenditure accounted to around an average of 12% non-food expenditure. For the highest group of socioeconomic status, expenses on health reached only 10% of non-food expenditure. In rural areas, the highest group has spent for health about 14% of their non-food expenses. Most of the poor (almost 90%) have spent for health below a quarter of non-food expenses. In general, households have spent about 6-15% and 20-71% of their non-food expenses for outpatient and in-patient respectively. Those who spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditure for outpatient is accounted to 3.63% of the households in urban and 4.31% in rural areas. A relatively small percentage of the households in urban and rural areas used a catastrophic spending for outpatient care. Nevertheless, almost 77% of them in urban and rural areas have spent more than 50% of their non-food expenditures per month for inpatient care. This catastrophic spending has affected 72.88% of the households in the urban area and 80.98% in rural areas. Apparently the fi nancial risk is very high for the people in responding the probability of loss due to sickness. Since most Indonesian people are not insured, this phenomenon will become a burden for them