Makara Journal of Health Research
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Dislipidemia in Elderly in Padang City
No full textCardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the elderly. Many studies on the relationship between dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease has been done, however studies on prevalences of dyslipidemia among the elderly in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to obtain information on dyslipidemia in the Indonesian elderly, which will allow the policy makers to provide appropriate intervention programs against cardiovascular diseases. The primary purpose of this study was to the observe prevalence of dyslipidemia among the aged in Padang, an area with high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. A cross sectional study was undertaken in Padang with a total sample of 205 elderly using multistage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from free living elderly population. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionaires, anthropometric measurements, biochemical blood analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5. Prevalence of dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and LDL-cholesterolemia) found in the study was quite high, more than 50% of the study population. The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (≥ 5) was also quite high in the study population (47.6%). Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against dyslipidemia. Suggestion for proper physical activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular checking of plasma lipid should be conducted for early detection of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community. 
Measuring E. coli on Ketoprak and Gado-gado Sold at Campus University of Indonesia, Depok
No full textEscherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria was measured from ketoprak and gado-gado which sold in food retailer in the area of University of Indonesia. The research was conducted to know the level of contamination of E. coli bacteria in two type of food that easily find in the food retailer in the area of the University of Indonesia. The Total Plate Count (TPC) method was applied to measure the level of the E. coli bacteria from each type of the food, which are gado-gado and ketoprak, from local registered cafeteria in each faculty, stationary and not stationary, using carriage or moveable unregistered food retailer around the University. The measurement was performed for the plate, spun and the sanitation water used by the retailers. Questioners were also used to collect information about the knowledge and practice, in related to the personal and environmental hygiene, along with observation to the observe the way the retailer to prepare, make and serve the food to the customers, and also to clean and store the utensils. The seventyfour retailers around the University were surveyed and observed. The result showed that the educational level of the respondents quite high, they were mostly graduated from Senior high school, sanitation facility were poor, the food server mostly had little knowledge and practice on healthy and good sanitation, since preparation to serving the food to the costumers and also clean the utensils. E. coli bacteria found above the healthy level from almost to the food retailer around the University, it found from the food, the utensils such as plates and spun, and also in the water used for cleaning the utensils. The research suggests a periodic microbiology monitoring for foods and drinks sale in the campus, to assure the quality of food that served for the civitas accademica for maintaining health. Is also need to develop a good sanitation facility used by the food retailers in the campus
Factors Related to Malaria Prevalence in Kampar Kiri Tengah Sub District, Kampar District, Riau Province in 2005 – 2006
No full textKampar Kiri Tengah Sub-District has the highest number of malaria patients (AMI: 79,19) out of 18 sub-district in Kampar district. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and transmitted out by anopheles sp mosquitoes. Until now, malaria is a major health problem in Indonesia and is one of the top ten high fatality diseases in Indonesia, and detrimental to socio-economic field. This study utilizes a case control research design and the objective was to find out the factors related to the occurrence of malaria disease in Kampar Kiri Tengah Sub-District, Kampar District. The case group consists of patients who visited health centre and showed clinical symptoms of malaria and whose blood examination result was positive. The control group consisted of patients who do not have clinical symptoms of malaria and the blood examination is negative. The number of case group and control group is 69 patients, respectively. Factors studied are mosquito breeding sites, living next to large cattle barns, the use of bed net, anti-mosquito chemical, wire netting, and repellent. The result of the study suggested that there are five variables related to occurrence of malaria, namely mosquito breeding sites with p value = 0,006 (OR 2,8 ; 95% CI 1,381-5,512), living next to large cattle with p value = 0,001 (OR 3,2 ; 95% CI 1,650-6,693), the use of bed net with p value = 0,017 (OR 2,4 ; 95% CI 1,226 - 4,845), the use of anti-mosquito chemicals with p value = 0,026 (OR 2,3; 95% CI 1,158 - 4,564) and the use of wire netting with p value = 0,027 (OR 2,3 ; 95% CI 1,153 - 4,513). Multivariate analysis showed that most dominant factors is living next to large cattle, followed by mosquito breeding sites and the use of anti-mosquito chemical. 
The Role of Irradiation in Hypophyseal Adenoma
No full textPituitary adenomas are histopathologically benign, however the clinical presentations are often quite severe. These clinical signs are due to the tumor mass effect, hormonal disturbances or both. Besides that, these tumors often recurred after treatment. The treatment of pituitary tumors have developed greatly with the improvement of techniques of several modalities such as surgery, radiation and medication. Multimodality treatment is often used for optimal results in treating these tumors. Radiotherapy is a cytotoxic agent using ion radiation for the treatment of pituitary tumors in combination with other methods. Post-surgical radiotherapy has shown to decrease the recurrence rate significantly (22-71% vs 8-23%). At present there has been rapid improvements in radiation techniques for pituitary tumors. These developments are not only based upon the increase of know-how in computer technology and radiation instruments, but are also based upon the development of cellular and molecular biology in connection with normal and tumor tissues. The objective in developing radiation methods and techniques is to create a high radiation dose, homogeneous in the target area with low radiation dose in normal tissue. The development in science and technology, in particular concerning computer science, have created the development of radiation techniques and methods. This paper elaborates on several aspects of radiation in the treatment of pituitary
Maternal Health Accessibility in Tangerang District Banten, 2006
No full textIndonesia has developed many programs to reduce maternal death, which is beliefs related to access to maternal care, but still only limited pregnant women have access to health facility. This research tried to show which variables that contribute the decision to utilize the maternal health care. Using secondary data from survey “Kinerja Pelayanan Kesehatan berdasarkan Indikator Kabupaten Tangerang Sehat 2010”, conducted in 2006, by the Health District Office, Kabupaten Tangerang-Banten.. Maternal health utilization was consisted of complete antenatal care (ANC) examination, and delivery attended by professional birth attendance. In term of the ante natal care (ANC), 97.6% of the respondents had at least one time ANC to the health personnel, and 85.7% to the midwife. Complete ANC and at least 4 times meet medical personnel (K4) was 52.5%. Delivery by professional health attendance was around 80.3%, and 70.7% of the delivery were obtained in the health facility. Maternal health utilization is explained by variables ATP (ability to pay) from economic accessibility, and from the social accessibility by knowledge of ANC, knowledge of risk from the pregnancy, risk of giving birth and the involvement in decision making process to choose service delivery, but there was no physical accessibility could explained the utilization difference. Multilevel analysis proved that there was a random intercept from level I to level II, with MOR=2.13. It means there was a difference in median of OR in the level I to level II. The difference can be explained by the supply factor, which is measured by midwife ratio to 10.000 population, with IOR (0.24 – 4.16). Since the variation of IOR exceeded 1, it means the variation among the sub-district is relatively bigger than the contextual variable (midwife ratio). Still this research could explain that midwives were playing the very important role in maternal health accessibility in district level
The Evaluation of Prototype Discharge Planning Model Based on Information Technology
No full textDischarge Planning (DP) is very important to be conducted as is provides patient and his/her family with homecare preparation. This study aimed at identifying the implementation of DP model and evaluated the DP model. Sampel of the research was 51 nurses at Fatmawati Hospital. The Result showed that nurse’s knowledge of DP was significantly improved after the DP model was introduced (mean before = 11.6, mean after = 16.81, p.value = 0.000). CD-based DP learning was also found significantly increase the number of DP given by nurse (mean befor = 50.3, mean after = 59.33, p value = 0.000). In addition, study to nursing documentation indicated that the DP CD’s have been used by 62 patients. From the interview with nurses leaders and nurse staff it was identified that the DP CD’s were perceived as useful tool to assist DP. Accordingly, patients and their family asseserted the DP CD’s were very helpful
Neuro-Protection and Neuro-Therapy Effects of Acalypha indica Linn. Water Extract Ex Vivo on Musculus gastrocnemius Frog
No full textThe studies of neuro-protection and neuro-therapy effects of Acalypha indica Linn. water extract ex vivo on Musculus gastrocnemius frog have already done at three Departments in Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. The experimental studies were done on 2 groups of frog for neuro-protection and neuro-therapy effects. Each group of frog was divided into 7 subgroups of application, 4 samples each. There were 5 subgroups of doses: 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 mg and 2 subgroups as control. Pancuronium bromide 0.2%, 4 mg, was used for a positive control as muscle relaxant. Neuro-protection study was done as follow: ringer – extract – pancuronium bromide, and neuro-therapy study was ringer – pancuronium bromide – extract, respectively. The parameters measured in these studies were the electrical activities such as amount and duration (second) of re-polarization; depolarization, resting potential, and the height of spike after electrical stimulation at 5 mV. Neuro-protection effect of extract was determined by the ability of muscle to show the electrical response after incubating with pancuronium bromide for 10 minutes, and after incubating with extract for 10 minutes for neuro-therapy effect. In the dose of 15 mg and 20 mg/mL of A. indica Linn. extract showed better activities than the dose of 25 mg of extract, both as neuro-protection and neuro-therapy effects, but statistically its have not a significant difference. This study should be followed by an in vivo experiment on frog and it would be done in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on other animal models
The Potential Spreading of HIV from IDUs to the General Population
No full textThe objective of this study was to know the magnitude of potential spreading of HIV from the Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) to the general population. This study analyzed secondary data from the Behavioral Surveillance Survey in Jakarta year 2000 conducted by the Center for Health Research,University of Indonesia. The method of computation was based on the concept of probability. The HIV could spread to the general population if the IDUs have had sexual act without using condoms. The result of the study showed that potential spreading of HIV from the IDUs to the general population was very high. A total of 27,300 IDUs in DKI Jakarta (year 2000) will produce 1.062—3.368 HIV new cases per year, or equivalent with 389 – 1.245 HIV new cases per year per 10.000 IDUs. To minimize the potential spreading, it is suggested to conduct some strategies e.g. using sterile syringes, detoxification, education information and communication about harmful effects of drugs and AIDS, reducing and localizing the distribution of drugs, campaign of condom use, increasing of community participation to prevent illegal drug use and well coming without any discrimination ex-IDUs who has been recovered
Microbiological analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Cow’s Products during the Production Process
No full textThe problem on food health is the high amount of bacterial contamination of food served by several kinds of food sellers, e.g. vendors, restaurants, caterers and food industries. Meat and milk products are kinds of food prone to contamination. To secure food against contamination by bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, especially related to raw food, should begin with the securing of products through the whole production process till it reaches the consumers. Although these pathogenic bacteria are part of the normal flora in the intestines of cattle, however we should be aware of the possibility of an outbreak in the community due to E. coli O157:H7 contamination of beef products. To anticipate the danger of an outbreak a study should be conducted to know about this microorganism from the beginning i.e. the production phase until the seller phase. The aim of this research is to know the existence of E. coli O157:H7 on beef and milk products obtained from abattoirs, cow ranches, traditional markets and other sellers in addition with knowing the influencing factors on the spreading of the microorganism. The survey design used for this research is the cross sectional design. The material used for the tests are 250 ml water/milk and 250 gram beef/carcass. The bacterial tests included qualitative tests as follows: presumptive test, confirmed test, completed test, whereas quantitatively tests as follows: Total Plate Cound (TPC), Most Probable Number (MPN), which is a near amount prediction of bacteria per 100 ml of water. Results showed that all meat (100%) coming from abattoirs and traditional markets were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, in addition with most of the fresh and pasteurized milk samples (73.3%) coming from cattle ranches and home industries. Contamination was also found in most of the water samples (60%) and in food handlers (41.7%)
Expression and Genotype of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) in Lung Cancer Cells of Smoker Patients
No full textLung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women all over the world. Although themost common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke, the role of genetic factor for the cell defense mechanism against lung cancer, such as MnSOD, should also be considered. MnSOD is the major antioxidant in matrix mitochondria, which plays a pivotal role in eliminating anion superoxide free radical generated from the tobacco smoke. The genotype of human MnSOD which is related to various cancers has been reported, but the correlation between the genotype and the enzyme activity remains unknown. The aim of this study is to analyze the expression (mRNA and enzyme specific activity) and genotype of MnSOD in lung cancer cells of smoker patients. Samples were normal and lung cancer cells of patients operated in Persahabatan Hospital from May to December 2008 (3 patients), as well as lung cancer cells extracted from FFPE collection of Persahabatan Hospital. Leukocyte cells of 15 healthy subjects aged more than 40 years with a history as a smoker for more than 10 years were used as controls. MnSOD gene expression was analyzed based on relative mRNA level and specific activity of MnSOD in lung cancer and leukocyte cells. The genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP. The result showed that the lung cancer cells observed in this study have a Val/Val genotype frequency of 100%, thus Ala/Val genotype could not be found compared to the leukocyte cells of smoker controls (13.3%). The MnSOD specific activity in lung cancer of smoker patients is higher than in leukocyte cells of smoker controls. Result of MnSOD gene expression at the level of mRNA and protein activity was contradictory. Compared to the expression of MnSOD in the normal lung cells of patients, in the lung cancer cells the level of MnSOD mRNA was lower (0.382 times), whereas its specific activity was higher (1.988 times). Therefore, in this study we could conclude the role of MnSOD as tumor suppressor in lung cancer. The enhancement of MnSOD specific activity in lung cancer cells might be one of the cell responses against the exaggerated attack of ROS particularly in smokers. Further studies are required to analyze the correlation between MnSOD genotype and response or prognosis of cancer therapy