Makara Journal of Health Research
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Mother’s and Children Aged 3-5 Years Old Food Habits in Higher and Lower Socio-Economic Status in Rambutan, District of Penggilingan, East Jakarta
No full textA food habits study is reported from 60 respondents in the urban areas. A qualitative approach was undertaken to explore factors influencing food habits and to compare it within low and high socioeconomic status (SES) by using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and indepth interview. One fifth of the overweight mothers (low and high SES) showed a similar condition as follow: they had low to moderate physical activity (they worked in a relatively small house and they spent 2-3 hours per day for watching television), they consumed snacks continuously for a whole day, and they ate left-over food of their children or husbands. One fifth of the underweight children 2-5 years old from both SES showed similar situation: they suffered from infectious disease (ARI, TBC, and bronchitis); they played a lot; and they lost appetite eating main meals after they consumed snacks. The high SES under-fives were more likely to buy snacks which were high in calorie such as hamburger, fried chicken, fried potatoes. While the low SES under-fives bought snacks which were considered as “empty calorie” i.e. jelly, and candy. Both condition above caused the difference of nutritional status among mothers and their children. Mothers had double burden (underweight and overweight), while their children 2-5 years age suffered from under-nutrition (20%)
Village Head and Village Leadership: Posyandu Cadre Perseption in Mlonggo Subdistrict, Jepara District, Central Java, 2000
No full textThe presence of kaders in the integrated health and family planning services (Posyandu) form one of the community based health efforts and was a strategy to ensure child survival as well as their mental and physical development and protection. Secondary research indicates that community participation couldnot rise by itself and that it must be continuously motivated by other parties.These include the government and non-government organizations, as well as from within the communities. Motivations from government and non-government organizations are often temporary, while motivations from the community are often expected to be sustainable. In its implementation, however, the presence of kader in Posyandu often face many barriers and failures, though some have been successful. One of the main failures is reflected in the drop-out rates of the village kader due to the lack of motivation especially from the village heads (kades). The qualitative research was done in stages focusing on characteristics of leadership, while a quantitative analysis through a cross sectional survey was done to show the significance of such leadership. The results both qualitative and quantitative analysis shows a relation between leadership and kaders attitude and a relation between leadership and the presence of kader of Posyandu programs significantly. It means that drop-out rates of kaders are indeed affected by kades leadership which also affects the overall performance of the Posyandu, include the presence of the kaders. 
The Impact of Environmental Factor and Individual Characteristic on Leptospirosis Outbrreak in Jakarta, 2003-2005
No full textJakarta is one of the largest Cities in Indonesia where almost every year get flooding. Of course, flooding brings very bad impact for all human life aspect, which one is the incidence of various post-flood diseases. Environment changes caused by flood will increase the spreading of leptospirosis (rat urine disease). This is happen because of animal urine infected by leptospira germs are carryout by water pond and contaminate house environment. Leptospirosis problem in DKI Jakarta was always occurred in same area caused by bad environment factors, bad behavior, or individual characteristic influence. The research objective was to find out the impact of environment factor and individual characteristic on leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005. The study designed was case control study. Data are base on secondary data from Training and Education Division of Tarakan District Hospital, Jakarta and also with developed questioner for data collection. Subject cases were 190 people, whereas positive leptospirosis as cases group and negative leptospirosis respondent as control group, with 1:1 comparison. There ware significant relationship between environmental condition: house condition and settlement (OR=3,96), SPAL (OR=1,98), and characteristic individual: social economy condition (OR=1,93), knowledge (OR=17,6), and education (OR= 2,41). Multi variable analysis conclude that there are four dominant factors that affect leptospirosis which are environmental factors such as water supply (OR=4.5), house component and settlement (OR=8.2), individual characteristic: such as education (OR=3.7), knowledge (OR=33.1) related with leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005
The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) on the Macropages Activities and Capacities
No full textKetepeng cina (KC) (Cassia alata L.) has already been reported to stimulate the immune response. The current study investigates the role of KC on mice macrophages activities and capacyties. Twenty four Swiss mice were divided into 6 equal groups. The first control group (Group I), received phytohemaglutinin. The second control group (Group II), was given CMC Na 0,5%. The third control group (Group III), was given aquadest. The cases group: group IV received 42 mg ethanol extract of KC/20 g BW, group V received 84 mg/20 BW, and group VI received 168 mg/20 g BW. These were admonished orally on day 1 until 7. On day 8, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were injected intraperitoneally. The macrophages activities and capacyties were counted on slide smears of mice peritoneal fluid. According to enhancement of dose, either the macrophages activities or capacyties were found. The lowest activity encounter on the negative control (group II and III) followed by Group IV, V, positive control (group I) and group VI
Factors Related to Willingness of Village Midwifes to Work and to Stay in the Village in Tangerang District, Banten Province Year 2003
No full textOne important effort that has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia to accelerate the reduction of MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) and IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) in Indonesia is narrowing the distance between health care services and community including placement of village midwives (BDD). This study is a cross-sectional quantitative study aimed to investigate factors related to the willingness of BDDs to work and stay in the villages of Tangerang District. Data were collected in July 2003 from 120 BDDs (among a total of 196 BDDs in Tangerang District or 61.2%) through self-administered questionnaires. The study found that marital status, length of work, motivation to continue study, location of husband’s work, community support, and community health center’s support were factors significantly related to BDD willingness to work and stay in the village. The most dominant factors were length of work, motivation to study again, location of husband’s work, and health center support. Those factors are to be considered if BDD is going to be sustained in the village. Government, both central and local, and professional institution such as Indonesia Midwives Association and academic institution should collaborate to prevent the attrition of BDD from villages where their existence is mostly needed
Effect of Music on the Decreased Enamel-Surface Mineral Content of Rat Teeth with Protein Deficiency
No full textProtein deficiency could lead to enamel hypoplasia and decreased level of Growth Hormone (GH). Cell proliferation and synthesis of enamel-matrix which affect the mineralization process of the tissue, are stimulated by GH. Music was reported to be able to increase GH. Objective: Analyzing the effect of music exposure since prenatal on the decreased Calcium (Ca) and Phosphor (P) content of the enamel-surface of rat-pups in protein-deficiency condition. Experiment: Thirty-two rats on the first day of gestation period were divided into groups with and without music. Music were given twice daily, lullabies every early morning, and classic, baroc, and romantic music every evening. At 2-days-old the rat-pups were further divided into groups with normal diet contained 19.5% protein, and groups with protein deficiency diet contained 7.5% protein. At 2- and 5-weeks-old, 6 rat pups from each group were randomly terminated, the mandibles were dissected out, cut into hemi-mandibles, cleaned, and dried. The percentage of Ca and P content of the lower-incisor enamel-surface was analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with a 0.05. Results: At 2-weeks-old, the Ca (8.6%) and P (10.6%) contents of enamel-surface of pups with normal-diet and music were higher than the Ca (3.9%) and P(7.9%) contents of enamel-surface of pups with protein-deficiency with no music (P<0.029). Among 5-weeks-old pups with protein-deficiency, the P content (6.1%) of enamel-surface of pups with music were higher than P content (2.8%) of enamel-surface of pups with no music (P<0.034). Conclusion: Music has a potency to minimize the decreased Ca and P enamel content on the protein deficiency condition
Factors Related to Occupational Contact Dermatitis on Workers Exposed to Chemicals used at Industrial Automotive Company
No full textOccupational contact dermatitis is one of skin disease in industrial settings which may reduce worker productivities. The occupational contact dermatitis occurs when workers are come into contact with chemicals at part of the worker’s body. This chemical contact could lead to an occupational contact dermatitis. The objective of this research is to investigate factors related to the occupational contact dermatitis at the worker who come into contact with chemicals used in industrial automotive company in Indonesia, Cibitung Jawa Barat. The study design is a descriptive research. The research subjects were selected using a stratified random sampling, and the total subjects were 54 person. The data were collected based on physical examination by a medical doctor, and the research questionnaire. Result from this study indicated that 74% (40 workers) experience dermatitis contact: acute dermatitis contact 26% (14 workers), sub acute 39% (21 workers), and chronic 9% (5 workers). Furthermore, data analysis using a multivariate statistical analysis indicated that there are three major factors related to the occurence of contact dermatitis: duration of contact, frequency of contact and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) particularly gloves. In conclusion, incidence rate of occupational dermatitis contact at industrial setting is 65%/100 worker, and prevalence rate of occupational dermatitis contact at industrial setting is 74%/100 worker. In order to minimize the occupational contact dermatitis it is recommended to raise the workers awareness, the correct type of gloves used specifically to the type of chemicals, as well as improving the workers knowledge
Oxidative Stress in Liver Tissue of Rat Induced by Chronic Systemic Hypoxia
No full textThe aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (µg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia
Baseline Survey on Nutritional and Health Status of Underfive Children at Poor Communities in DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, and Bogor Year 2004
No full textThe high prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency among underfive children is related to their food intake and health status. The situation appeared worst after multiple crisis hit Indonesia in 1997/1998. To obtain factors affecting the nutritional status of children aged 1-5 years, a baseline study was conducted in DKI Jakarta, Bogor, and Tangerang in collaboration with UN-WFP. The sample size was 1337 underfive children consisting of 666 boys and 666 girls. The study showed that malnutrition among underfive children was still high which indicated the high prevalence of underweight and stunting, especially in Bogor District and Tangerang District. The micronutrient intake of vitamin A, iron, and zinc among underfive children were certainly below the Indonesian RDA. The level of poverty and the education of woman as well as husbands were two conditions that were obvious from all areas, mainly Tangerang District
Endothelial Dysfunction In Preeclampsia
No full textPreeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. Based on these signs, it is suggested that endothelial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The aims of this study were to know whether endothelial dysfunction occur in preeclampsia by measuring the level of sVCAM-1, von Willebrand factor, and fibrin monomer. The relationship between markers of endothelial dysfunction and blood pressure would also be sought. In this cross-sectional study, 30 women at the 24–42 weeks of pregnancy with preeklampsia, were enrolled and control group comprised of fullterm pregnant women. The level of sVCAM-1 was determined by ELISA method using reagents from R&D system, while vWF level was measured by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) using reagent from VIDAS bioMerieux, and fibrin monomer was detected by ethanol gelation test. The mean of sVCAM-1 level in the preeklampsia group and in the control group were 576.4 ng/mL, and 375.7 ng/mL, respectively while the standard deviation were 58.3 ng/mL, and 43 ng/mL, respectively. The mean of vWF level in the preeklampsia group and in the control group were 305.3% and 162.4%, respectively while the standard deviation were 107.4% and 33%, respectively. Moderate correlation were found between sVCAM-1 as well as vWF level with both systolic and diastolic pressure. Fibrin monomer was found in 28 out of 30 subjects of preeclampsia group, but only 1 out of 31 subjects in the control group. The results of this study indicated that endothelial dysfunction occurred in preeclampsia