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Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan untuk Sawah Tadah Hujan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat
Get PDFAbstrak. Penambahan luas areal pengembangan sawah merupakan salah satu upaya untuk menjaga ketahanan pangan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat yang dapat dilakukan dengan cara analisis daya dukung lahan untuk mengetahui potensi lahan, sehingga menghasilkan peta potensi lahan sawah tadah hujan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang tingkat kesesuaian lahan, distribusi dan luasan lahan pengembangan sawah di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode scoring dan overlay menggunakan softwareArc Gis 10 pada bulan Maret April 2015 di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat dan Laboratorium Teknik Sumber Daya Lahan dan Air, Program Studi Teknik Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Andalas. Dari hasil analisis, diperoleh lahan yang memiliki potensi pengembangan luasan sebesar 148.865,76 ha. Lahan yang memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan sawah tadah hujan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, yaitu dengan 114.536,64 ha atau 76,94% merupakan kelas sangat sesuai (S1) dan 34.329,12 ha atau 23,06% merupakan kelas cukup sesuai (S2). Namun dari hasil analisis neraca air pada lahan potensi pengembangan didapatkan nilai neraca air yang mengalami defisit akibat dari ketersediaan air dari curah efektif padi tidak mencukupi kebutuhan air tanaman selama pertumbuhan. Untuk memenuhi kekurangan kebutuhan air tersebut maka diperlukannya penjaminan air melalui irigasi.Analisys Land Support Power to Field Storage Receptacle In West PasamanAbstract. The addition land of development field is one of the way to maintenence food endurance in West Pasaman District can conducted by analyse land support power to identify potential land, it contains maps of potential field storage receptacle in West Sumatera district, that can give information about land suitability, distribute, and development land in West Pasaman district. This research was conducted by using scoring method and overlay using software ArcGIS 10 on March-April 2015 in West Pasaman District and Land and Water Resources Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Andalas University. From the analysis, land potencial can be developed is 148.865,76 ha. 114.536,64 ha or 76,94%, development land in West Pasaman District is classifid to extremly suit class (S1) and 34.329,12 ha or 23.06% is classified to suit class (S2). Although, water balance analysis in potencial development land decrease, beacuse of the availability of water from effective rain can not cover the plant need as a growth period. This research is needed To fill the decrease of water by using irrigation
Non-destructive measurement for estimating leaf area of Bellis perennis
Get PDFNon-destructive measurement of approaches of modeling can be very convenient and useful for plant growth estimation. This study, digital image processing was evaluated as a non-destructive technique to estimate leaf area of Bellis perennis. The plant samples were growing in the greenhouse and the images were taken every day using Kinect camera. The proposed method used combination of L*a*b* color space, Otsus thresholding, morphological operations and connected component analysis to estimate leaf area of Bellis perennis. L* channel was used to distinguish the leaves and background. Calibration area uses a pot of known area in each image as a scale to calibrate the leaves area. The results show that the algorithm is able to separate leaf pixels from soil or pot backgrounds, and also allow it to be implemented in greenhouse automatically. This algorithm can be used for other plants in assumption that there is not too much leaf overlapped during measurement
Karakteristik Mutu Minyak Pala Berdasarkan Peralatan Distilasi Drum Bekas dan Distilasi Stainless (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan)
Get PDFQuality Characteristics of Nutmeg Oil Between Used Barrels Distillation and Stainless Distillation (A Case Study in Aceh Selatan Regency)ABSTRACT. The Province of Aceh is the center of nutmeg oil production in Indonesia, which is about 70%-75% of the nutmeg oil production in Indonesia, is produced in the districts of South Aceh and Southwest Aceh. The rest is coming from the provinces of West Sumatra and West Java. Meanwhile, the nutmeg harvested in Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, and West Papua is not processed for its essential oil, but merely exported as spices. It is estimated that in 2017 the production of nutmeg oil will reach about 350-400 tones. The government has put a standard for nutmeg oil based on SNI 06-2388-2006. Therefore, taking this standard as consideration, a study on the characteristics of nutmeg oil quality in South Aceh was carried with 14 distillers as the sample. The tested nutmeg oil was taken from the distillers, both stainless distillation drum and used drum. The characteristics of nutmeg oil coming out of the used drum is from colorless to pale yellowish one, has nutmeg scent, specific gravity: 0,884 - 0,960, rafractive index: 1,481-1,500, optical rotation: (+)6,20o - (+)19,30o and rest of evaporation is between 5,70% - 28,15%. On the other hand, the characteristic of nutmeg oil taking from stainless distiller is colorless, has nutmeg scent, specific gravity: 0,861 - 0,892 refractive index: 1,472 - 1,484, optical rotation: (+)10,83o- (+)18,00o, and rest of evaporation is 0,50% - 4,80%. Most of nutmeg oil processed by used drum did not meet the SNI standard, whereas few of nutmeg oil distilled in stainless and semi stainless drum has met the SNI standard of nutmeg oil.Correlation of specific gravity and refraction index of nutmeg oil for stainless distillation is refraction index (Y) = 0,3151X + 1,2014, where R2 = 0,8403; whereas for used barrels distillation is refraction index (Y) = 0,28X + 1,2334, where R2 = 0,9637.Correlation of Optical Rotation for stainless distillation is Optical Rotation (Y) = -223,02X + 209,81, where R2 = 0,9645;conversely, forused barrels distillation Optical Rotation (Y) = -155,01X + 156,2, where R2 = 0,9348.Correlation of refraction index with Optical Rotation for nutmeg oil distilled with stainless distillation is Optical Rotation (Y) = -610,36X + 915,96, where R2 = 0,8536; contrarily for distillation with used barrels Optical Rotation (Y) = -545,71X + 827,26, where R2 = 0,9427
Optimasi Kandungan Metana (CH4) Biogas Kotoran Sapi Menggunakan Berbagai Jenis Adsorben
Get PDFAbstrak. Biogas merupakan salah satu energi alternatif yang sekarang banyak dikembangkan. Selain murah, biogas juga ramah lingkungan. Metan (CH4) merupakan unsur gas yang menentukan kualitas biogas. Bila biogas memiliki kadar metan yang tinggi maka biogas tersebut akan memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Oleh kerana itu kemurnian biogas tersebut penting. Sehingga perlu melakukan penelitian pemurnian biogas yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar gas metan (CH4) dengan rancangan alat pemurni dan untuk meningkatkan nilai guna biogas. Metode yang dilakukan adalah adsorpsi menggunakan kombinasi arang aktif dan zeolit alam dengan perbandingan, 30 : 70 m/m, 50 : 50 m/m dan 70 : 30 m/m dengan waktu pemurnian selama 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Hasil penelitian diperoleh alat purifier biogas yang terbuat dari pipa paralon yang dilapisi fiber dengan dimensi panjang 60 cm dan diameter 10 cm. Semakin lama waktu pemurnian maka konsentrasi gas metan yang dihasilkan akan semakin tinggi yaitu pada lama pemurnian 90 menit. Kombinasi arang aktif dan zeolit dengan perbandingan 50 : 50 m/m merupakan kombinasi terbaik dalam melakukan pemurnian biogas
The Design of Power Plant Biomass in Isolated Are From National Electricty Company in Indonesia With Aplication of Tar Wet Scrubber and Filter Gas
No full textAbstrak. Mesin gasifikasi bertujuan untuk menghasilkan gas mampu bakar (CO, H2, CH4). Gas mampu bakar yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan fossil fuel untuk menjalankan gas engine. Namun gas mampu bakar yang dihasilkan tersebut mengandung tar (kotoran) yang masih tinggi, sehingga terjadi pengotoran filter engine dan mengakibatkan mesin tidak dapat dioperasikan dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendisain Mesin Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa (PLTBm) pada daerah terisolasi dari jaringan listrik PT.PLN (Persero) di Indonesia melalui aplikasi tar wet scrubber dan gas filter. Mesin gasifier yang dirancang berupa tipe downdraft dengan kapasitas terpasang 25 kW. Tambahan komponen rangkaian PLTBm yang dirancang adalah tar wet scrubber, gas filter dan gas engine. Secara keseluruhan mesin PLTBm yang dirancang terdiri dari : (1)Tangki pengisian biomassa, (2)Tangki biomassa, (3)Reaktor tipe downdraft, (4)Cyclon, (5)Tar wet schrubber, (6)Water tank, (7)Gas filter, (8)Blower, (9)Gas engine kapasitas 25 kW, (10)Air inlet nozzle, (11)Connection pipe, (12)Termometer indicator, (13)Exhaust gas, (14)Pressure indicator. Pengurangan nilai tar selain menggunakan karbon aktif, juga menggunakan sistem perangkap kotoran gas (wet scrubber). Gasifier yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memiliki diameter reaktor 900 mm dan tinggi 1000 mm. Cyclon memiliki diameter 580 mm dengan tinggi 1766 mm. Gas filter memiliki panjang 700 mm, tinggi 700 mm dan lebar 700 mm. Tar wet scrubber terdiri dari 5 tabung (diameter tabung 300 mm) yang terangkai satu dengan yang lainnya dengan tujuan untuk menangkap tar yang masih terkandung dalam gas mampu bakar yang dihasilkan dari reaktor gasifikasi dengan dimensi total yaitu lebar 1750 mm dan tinggi 1300 mm
Analisis Kualitas Sauerkraut (Asinan Jerman) dari Kol (Brassica oleracea) selama Fermentasi dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Garam
Get PDFQuality Analysis of Sauerkraut (Pickle of German) from Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) during Fermentation with Salt Concentration VariatioAbstract. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is a vegetable that many contain vitamin, carbohydrate, protein and mineral. Cabbage has a limited storage age because the high water content so easily damaged and not durable. Cabbage can be preservedby fermentation process into sauerkraut (pickle of German) to produce with especially characteristic flavor and taste. The research aims to analysis of quality sauerkraut with salt concentration variation during fermentation. Parameters analysed was physical characteristic, chemical analysisand organoleptic test. The value obtained is processed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significant levelP0,05. The factor tested is salt concentration variation composed for2,25% (Control), 2,5%, 7,5% and 12,5%. This research result is indicated of sauerkraut, there are the best experiment is the salt concentration of 2,5% and 2,25%. The mean of value salt concentration of 2,25% is weight loss 20,75%, pH 3,56; TSS 7,75%, vitamin C 7,41 mg/100gr, water content 90,93%, activity water (Aw) 0,245 and lactid acid 0,0096%. While the mean of value salt concentration of 2,5% is weight loss 20,05%, pH3,69; TSS 7,55%, vitamin C 13,15 mg/100gr, water content 92,104%, Aw 0,245 and lactid acid 0,0095%. Saltconcentration variation in sauerkraut found to be significant on TSS, weight loss, water content, lactid acid, flavor, color, taste, texture and overall acceptance of sauerkraut. But it has non-significant on pH, vitamin C andAw sauerkraut. Based in organoleptic test result all experiment sauerkraut interested by Panelists is the product concentraced sauerkraut of 2,25% and 2,5%
Modifikasi dan Uji Kinerja Alat Pengering Energi Surya-Hybrid Tipe Rak untuk Pengeringan Ikan Teri
Get PDFAbstrak. Pada saat musim panen ikan, para nelayan banyak mendapatkan ikan teri sebagai hasil tangkapan dengan jumlah yang sangat besar. Karena jumlah yang sangat banyak, terkadang ikan teri tidak habis terjual. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan ikan teri membusuk jika tidak ada tempat pengawetan (cool storage). Salah satu cara yang dilakukan nelayan adalah dengan mengeringkan ikan teri tersebut secara alami (penjemuran dibawah sinar matahari). Alat pengering surya tipe rak adalah alat pengering berbentuk kotak yang memanfaatkan matahari sebagai energi termalnya. Adapun kendala dari alat pengering ini adalah hanya memanfaatkan panas dari energi matahari sehingga ketika cuaca dalam keadaan mendung atau saat malam tiba alat ini tidak bisa difungsikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memodifikasi alat pengering surya tipe rak, menjadi alat pengering hybrid untuk pengeringan ikan teri. Hasil penelitian diperoleh total efisiensi penggunaan energi selama pengeringan yaitu, untuk pengeringan uji kosong hybrid adalah 0,010%, untuk pengeringan uji hybrid sebesar 0,695% dan untuk pengeringan uji surya sebesar 20,319%. Sementara untuk lamanya waktu pengeringan, uji hybrid ulangan 1 selama 7 jam, uji hybrid ulangan 2 selama 8 jam, uji surya ulangan 1 selama 10 jam dan uji surya ulangan 2 selama 11 jam. Untuk total energi tersedia, pengeringan hybrid sebesar 305,838 MJ dan pengeringan surya sebesar 9,896 MJ.Modifications and Performance Test Instrument Solar-Hybrid Dryer Type Rack for Drying AnchovyAbstract. At the time of harvest fish, fishermen get a lot of anchovy as catches with very large amount. Due to the very large number of these, sometimes anchovy is not sold out. This resulted in an anchovy rot if not done preservation (cool storage). One way in which the fisherman is by drying anchovy naturally (the drying in the sun). A tool rack type solar dryer is a box-shaped dryer that utilize the sun as thermal energy. The constraints of this tool is only utilizing the heat from solar energy, so when the weather is cloudy or at nightfall these tools can not function. The research aims to modify the tool rack type solar dryer to be a hybrid dryer for drying anchovy. The results were obtained that total efficiency of energy use during drying is for drying empty test hybrid is 0,010%, for drying hybrid test at 0,695%, and for drying solar test of 20,319%. As for the length of drying time, hybrid test replicates 1 for 7 hours, hybrid test replicates 2 for 8 hours, solar test replicates 1 for 10 hours, and solar test replicates 2 for 11 hours. For the total energy available, hybrid drying of 305,838 MJ and solar drying of 9,896 MJ
Near Infrared Technology As a Robust and Environmental Friendly Approach To Biofuel Analysis: Rapid Biodiesel Classification and Quality Prediction
Get PDFAbstract. The use of ethanol and biodiesel, which are alternative fuels or biofuels, has increased in the last few years. Modern ofcial standards list 25 parameters that must be determined to certify biodiesel quality. In order to determine biofuel quality, several methods were already widely used in which most of them were based on solvent extraction followed by other laboratory procedures. Yet, these methods are expensive, laborious and complicated processing for samples. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can be considered as a fast, pollution-free and non-destructive method in determining biofuel quality parameters. The objective of this study is to apply near infrared technology in classifying biodiesel based on KOH (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) and to predict related biodiesel quality properties (water content, linolenic fatty acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid) based on its infrared reflectance. Biodiesel infrared spectrum was acquired in wavelength range from 1000 to 2500 nm for different mentioned three KOH content. Principal component analysis (PCA) with non-iterative partial least square (NIPALS) was applied to analyze biodiesel spectral data. The result showed that two principal components (PC1=97% ad PC2 = 2%) based on infrared reflectance data were successfully able to recognize and classify biodiesel based on their used KOH. Moreover, the wavelength range of 1000 1140 were to be believed related to linolenic fatty acid whilst 1450 nm and 1930 nm were associated with water content. Stearic acid can be predicted in wavelength range of 1330 1380 nm and wavelength range of 1725 1790 nm were related to oleic acid of biodiesel. This may conclude that infrared technology was feasible to use as a rapid, effective and non-invasive method in biofuel classification and evaluation
The Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustics Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) for Rapid Soil Quality Evaluation
Get PDFAbstrak. Tanah merupakan media tumbuh tanaman dan berperan dalam menjaga keseimbangan alam. Evaluasi kualitas dan kesuburan tanah menjadi hal penting dan merupakan pekerjaan rutin pada crop management system. Untuk memonitor dan menentukan kualitas tanah, beberapa metode telah diterapkan. Akan tetapi, metode tersebut berbasis pengukuran laboratorium yang melibatkan bahan kimia, memerlukan waktu yang lama dan kurang efektif pada aplikasinya. Infrared spectroscopy muncul sebagai salah satu teknologi yang cepat, simultan dan ramah lingkungan untuk digunakan dalam evaluasi kualitas dan kesuburan tanah dengan memprediksi nutrisi tanah yang utama berupa C, N, P dan K. Spektrum transmisi infrared (IR) diakuisisi pada panjang gelombang 1000-2500 nm dengan menerapkan metode photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Pendekatan metode Least square-support vector machine regression (LS-SVM) digunakan untuk memprediksi parameter nutrisi tanah. Hasil studi menemukan bahwa parameter C dan N pada tanah dapat diprediksi dengan sempurna karena C-N mengalami stretching akibat serapan gelombang IR. Sedangkan unsur nutrisi lain seperti P, K, Mg, Ca, S dapat diprediksi dengan maksimum residual predictive deviation (RPD) index maksimum 1.9. Lebih lanjut, lempung tanah, air tanah, dan mikroba tanah kemungkinan dapat diklasifikasi dengan baik dengan metode IR-PAS dan bantuan metode klasifikasi least-square discriminant analysis (LS-DA) dan cluster analysis (CA). Berdasarkan hasil studi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknologi FTIR-PAS dapat digunakan untuk real-time monitoring kualitas dan kesuburan tanah.The Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustics Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) for Rapid Soil Quality Evaluation Abstract. The major function of soil is to provide fundamental natural resources for survival of plants, animals, and the human race. Soil functions depend on the balances of its structure and composition, well as the chemical, biological, and physical properties. It is become one important key aspect and routine activity in crop management system. To monitor and determine soil quality properties, several methods were already widely used in which most of them are based on solvent extraction followed by other laboratory procedures. However, these methods often require laborious and complicated processing for samples. They are time consuming and destructive. In last few decades, the application of infrared spectroscopy as non-destructive technique in determining soil quality properties (C, N, P and K) rapidly and simultaneously. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) were acquired in wavelength range from 1000 to 2500 nm with applying photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Least square-support vector machine regression (LS-SVM) approach was then applied to predict soil quality properties. The results showed that C and N can be predicted accurately using FTIR-PAS whilst other parameters (P, K, Mg, Ca, S) can be predicted with maximum RPD index is 1.9. Moreover, soil clay, moisture and soil microbes were feasible to be detected by using FTIR-PAS combining with discriminant analysis (LS-DA) or cluster analysis (CA). It may conclude that FTIR-PAS technology can be used as a real time method in monitoring soil quality and fertility properties
Pengembangan Alat Grading Limbah Serbuk Gergaji untuk Pemanfaatannya sabagai Bahan Campuran Komposit
Get PDFAbstrak. Sampai saat ini kegiatan pemanenan dan pengolahan kayu di Indonesia masih menghasilkan limbah dalam jumlah yang besar. Pada umumnya serbuk gergaji dari industri perkayuan memiliki bentuk, ukuran dan jumlah yang beragam, sedangkan untuk pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan baku campuran komposit dibutuhkan ukuran bahan serbuk gergaji yang berbeda dengan ukuran tertentu. Adapun ukuran umum yang digunakan untuk pembuatan bahan campuran komposit terdiri partikel berukuran 80 mesh, 40 mesh, 20 mesh, dan 10 mesh. Pemisahan ukuran serbuk gergaji berdasarkan keempat ukuran mesh tersebut diperlukan agar mempermudah dalam memperoleh bahan baku komposit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk merancang alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku campuran komposit. Proses penelitian ini meliputi pembuatan alat grading serbuk gergaji serta melakukan uji fungsional. Penelitian ini menghasilkan alat grading yang dapat memimsahkan serbuk gergaji berdasarkan empat ukuran berbeda dalam satu kali proses pengayakan. Hasil dari pengujian alat grading ini adalah: (1) alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji, yang memiliki kapasitas kerja sebesar 28,49 Kg/jam, (2) didapatkan nilai rata-rata modulus kehalusan dari masing-masing mesh 10, 20, 40 dan 80 berturut-turut yaitu : 889 gram, 651 gram, 431 gram, dan 168 gram. Sedangkan untuk indeks keseragaman hasil ayakan kasar (80 mesh), sedang (20 mesh dan 40 mesh), dan halus 80 mesh berturut turut dari ulangan 1, ulangan 2, dan ulangan 3 adalah 5 : 4 : 1, 5 : 4 : 1, dan 5 : 4 : 1. (3) Daya spesifik yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kapasitas kerja 28,49 Kg/jam adalah 0,0001568 kW.jam/Kg. (4) didapatkan nilai rendemen sebesar 77,37 %. (5) alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji dengan biaya pokok alat grading sebesar Rp. 243,36/Kg.Development of Sawmill-Waste Grading for Composite Material UtilizationAbstract. Timber harvesting and wood processing in Indonesia produces wastes in large quantities. The waste materials come in variety of shapes, sizes and quantities. For adding the value of these wastes, such as for composite raw material, the particle-size should be uniform, and segregated into different categories. The general particle-size for manufacturing composite materials are 80, 40, 20 and 10 mesh. Therefore, separating the sawmills wastes based on these sizes is necessary in order to utilize it as raw materials for composite production. The study aims to develop a prototype of sawmill-waste grading machine for composite material utilization, and added the value of the waste for application as a raw material for the composite design. The methods includeddesign and manufacturing of a sawmill-waste grading machine as well as performing different tests. The prototype successfully grade and segregrate the sawmills-wastes into four different particles-sizes in a single operation process. The results showed that the machine working capacity is 28.49 Kg.hr-1, while the materials segregrate into four particle-sizes obtained mean of modulus of fineness for each group-size (10, 20, 40 and 80 mesh) are889, 651, 431, and 168 grams respectively. While for the uniformity index of large (10 mesh), medium (20 and 40 mesh), and fine (80 mesh) particles are 5, 4, and 1 respectively, obtained from three replication tests. The specific power required to achieve the working capacity of 28.49 Kg / hr is 0.0001568 kW.hr.kg-1. Overall, the machine performance achieved the efeciency of 77,37%, and the cost for grading the sawmill-waste material is Rp. 243,36 kg-1