Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
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Errors in Interpretation of Gram Stain in The First Notification from Positive BACTEC Blood Cultures in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Dr. Kariadi Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Blood cultures in conjunction with the initial Gram stain of positive cultures have often been considered the “gold standard†for the diagnosis of bacteremia. When blood cultures turn positive, the attending physicians are usually notified immediately about Gram stain findings. However, information on the accuracy of Gram staining is very limited. We examined the error of preliminary blood culture reports provided by a local laboratory in an observational study.Design and Method: This was an observational study with a cross sectional approach. In this study, 369 blood cultures were examined. The positive blood cultures (135 samples) were then examined by Gram stain. Blood cultures handled on Bactec 9050, while the Gram stain was done in standard procedure Gram. Interpretation errors of Gram stain were confirmed by cultures result.Result: During one month (April 2011) we examined 369 blood cultures which 135 are positive (36.5%). Positive blood cultures were misread for 6 (4.4%) of 135 patients, they were two read as gram positive cocci had gram negative organisms by culture which were Acinetobacter baumannii, one read as gram positive bacilli had gram negative bacilli by culture which was Klebsiella pneumoniae. One isolate read as gram negative bacilli had gram positive bacilli which was Bacillus species, while two sample read as gram negative bacilli only had polymicrobial by culture, of these one isolate grew to be Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and the other were Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp.Conclusion: The overall 4.4% error rate of misinterpreted Gram stains from positive blood culture bottles is relatively high, so laboratory professionals and clinical microbiologist must be aware of the potential types of error that occur (Sains Medika, 4(1):23-29)
Deteksi Virus Dengue pada Telur Nyamuk Dewasa Aedes spesies di Daerah Endemis DBD (Studi Kasus di Kota Semarang)
No full textEffect of Vitamin E Tocotrienol and Its Combination with Ascorbic Acid to Types of Leukocytes White Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.)
Get PDFBackground: Immunity is not separated from the role of leukocytes with various types and functions. Tocotrienol is one of the vitamin E group of compounds with antioxidant properties which to play an important role in cell repair. The aims to determine how much of the effect of vitamin E tocotrienols and its combination with ascorbic acid on the types of leukocytes.Design and Method: Preparation of blood lear dosage edge is a technique used to determine the effect of treatment between types of leukocytes. The design of experiment was conducted with three treatment that feed intake vitamin E tocotrienols and ascorbic acid and their combination with the control and 3 repetitions. Quantitative data leukocyte counts obtained by calculating the percentage of each type of leukocytes in each treatment group and the mean of the data obtained compared with normal leukocyte counts. In addition, the data is processed by the leukocyte counts of variance test using a completely randomized design (CRD) and BNT level of 5% to determine the differences between treatments.Result: The administration of vitamin E tocotrienols and its combination with ascorbic acid influenced significantly (P> 0.05) to increase the neutrophil are 31.66% and 33.66%, 24.33% and 22.33% respectively, when compared with controls. On the other hand, there is a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes are 26.66% and 29.16%, 19.50% and 17.00% respectively, when compared with controls. Vitamin E tocotrienols and combined with ascorbic acid did not give significant effect (P <0.05) the percentage of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.Conclusion: The administration of vitamin E tocotrienols and its combination with ascorbic acid to give effect to the increase in neutrophils (Sains Medika, 4(1):46-56)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Combined Use of Oral Antihypertensive Outpatient Hypertension in Regional General Hospital Tugurejo Semarang Period 2007
Get PDFBackground: Analysis of cost-effectiveness is an analysis which comparing therapy effective with its cost. In this research, therapies effective are compared between combination of oral anti-hypertension with cost that paid by patient. This research aims to identify the combination of oral anti-hypertension, which cost is the most costeffective on hypertension patient in RSUD Tugurejo Semarang, period 2007.Design and Methods: This research was a non-experimental using descriptive non-analytic, data collection performed in retrospective from medical record of patient of hypertension in RSUD Tugurejo Semarang, period 2007. Research subject was hypertension patient, which used two combinations that were anti-hypertension and using similar anti-hypertension, at least during 3-month period. Hypertension effective measured by calculating patient amount that blood pressure achieved the target during 2 month, after therapy performed. Cost effectiveness seen based on average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) value.Results: The result of analysis of cost-effectiveness using anti-hypertension on hypertension patient in RSUD Tugurejo Semarang, period 2007 for 44 cases has fulfilled the criterion. Female patients were 25 cases and male patients were 19 cases. The most used combination of oral anti-hypertension was class combination of diuretic-ACEI (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) for 36,36%. Cheapest direct medical cost wascombination of ACEI–Beta blocker for Rp. 23.250,10. The biggest therapy effectiveness there was at combination of ACEI –diuretic for 46,88%.Conclusion: The most cost-effective is ACEI – diuretic with ACER value for 623,06 (Sains Medika, 4(2):124-133)
The Effect of Honey Administration on Gastrohistopathological Image Study In Male White Wistar Rat Induced With Indomethacin
Get PDFBackground: Gastric disorder often generates clinical symptoms such as gastritis or peptic ulcer. Bee honey has high nutrient has been shown to have a protective effect against drugs destroying stomach. The purpose of this study was the difference effect of honey in various concentrations on the gastrohistopathological image in male white Wistar rat induced with indomethacin. Design and Methods: This was an experimental research using control group post test design. 24 male white rats Wistar were randomly divided into 6 groups of 4 mice each. Group I served as the control group (standar and aquades), group II: 3.78 mg of indometachin, group III: 3.78 indomethacin and 3.6 ml honey (25%,) group IV: 3.78 indomethacin 3.6 ml honey (50%,) group V: 3.78 mg indomethacin 3.78 mg and 3.6 ml (75%(), group VI: 3.78 indomethacin 3,78 mg and honey 3.6 ml 100%. Treatment given by sonde once a day for 15 days. the gastrohistopathological image was evaluated for degree of gastritis and degree of peptic ulcer. The data were tested with test Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney test. Results: Kruskal-Wallis test showed at least significant differences in the degree of gastritis and peptic ulcer between between the two groups (p <0.05). Mann-Whitney test howed that not all groups compared to control showed a significant different in the degrees of gastritis and peptic ulcer. Conclusion: The study suggested that honey have effect on the gastrohistopathological image of indomethacin-induced stomach (Sains Medika, 3(1):41-47)
Toxic Optic Neuropathy Due to Metanol in Dr. Sardjito Hospital (Lapen Intoxication) Case Series
Get PDFPurpose: To describe three cases of toxic optic neuropathy due to methanol.Method: Case seriesResults: There were 3 cases in Dr. Sardjito Hospital. First case, a male, 28 years old, drunk three glasses of lapen about 1 week before he went to hospital. At his first time he came, his vision was no light perception (NLP) for both eyes. Then he hospitalized for a week and got 48 mg methyl prednisolone orally. After 1 month, his vision of the both eyes didn’t improve. From the sample of his drink, we found methanol 4,38% and ethanol 4,91%. Second case, a male, 46 years old, drunk one glass of lapen about 4 days before he went to hospital. His vision was NLP for both eyes. Like the first case, he got the same management, and after 1 month his vision still didn’t improve. From the sample of his drink, we found methanol 12,41% and ethanol 3,74%. Third case, a male, 21 years old, drunk more than 3 glasses of combination of Vodka, lapen, Kratingdaeng, and beer. The visual acuity were 3/60 for the right eye and hand movement (HM) for the left eye. Like the cases before, he got the same management, and after 1 month his vision had improved became 3/60 for the right eye and 2,5/60 for the left eye. Unfortunately, we didn’t have the sample of his drink.Conclusion: Lapen is Yogyakarta home made beverage which contains with methanol. Methanol is toxic liquid that cause toxic optic neuropathy. Blindness is the most common symptom and permanent (Sains Medika, 3(2):177-184)
Prevalence of Influenza Viruses (Influenza Like Illness) In Regional Laboratory Avian Influenza Semarang
Get PDFBackground: Influenza is the major health threat worldwide causing illness and death every year. However, data on the epidemiology of influenza in tropical countries, including Indonesia, are still limited. Up dated data for its prevalence is needed to monitor its spreading and to evaluate its outbreak. Therefore a working regional laboratory in surveillance of ILI (Influenza Like Illness) was formed. This research was conducted to provide updated data on prevalence of ILI in regional laboratorium avian influenza Semarang.Design and Method: Data from patients examined in the regional laboratory of avian influenza Semarang from April 2009 until December 2010 was collected. Samples were obtained from Malang sentinel, Yogyakarta sentinel and Semarang sentinel. Samples were examined using PCR to detect influenza A, influenza B, and swine flu.Result: out 1367 patients tested, 279 patients (20.41%) were from Yogyakarta sentinel, 619 patients (45.28%) were from Malang sentinel, and 467 patients (34.16%) were from Semarang sentinel. Flu A virus was detected in 117 patients (8.5%). Influenza B virus was found in 39 patients (2.8%). H1 virus was detected in 5 patients (0.36%). H3 virus was detected in 45 patients (3.29%). Swine flu virus was detected in 3 patients in Malang.Conclusion: The highest prevalence of flu A and flu B examined in avian influenza regional laboratory Semarang was from Semarang sentinel, followed by Yogyakarta sentinel and Malang (Sains Medika, 3(2):157-161)
Low Birth Weight as The Risk factor of Coronary Heart Diseases
Get PDFLow birth weight, a nutritional deficiency is related to the increased in the coronary heart disease insidence. Low birth weight is correlated with the hipotalamus-pituitary-adrenal responsible for the the concentration of cortisol in sirculation, increased in homosistein, insuline resistence and increased C reactive protein playing role on the aterosclerosis process predispose the corronary disease. This paper will discuss the relationship between the low birth weight and the ateroclesoris process leading to coronary heart disesase (Sains Medika, 3(2):185-200)
Cytotoxic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendens) on HeLa Cervix Cancer Cell Line In Vitro Experimental Study
Get PDFBackground: Sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendens) is a traditional plant that has been known to contain anti cancer components. Flavonoids and tannins were contained in sarang semut plant which are believed has cytotoxic effect against cancer cell line. This study aims at cytotoxic effect ethanolic extract of sarang semut at various concentrations on HeLa cervical cancer cell line.Design and Method: The method was quasi experimental with post test only non equivalent control group design. HeLa cell was divided into two groups. The first group as positive control with doxorubicin, second group as treatment with ethanolic extract of sarang semut at various concentrations. Ethanolic extract of sarang semut concentrations used were 3,91 μg/ml; 7,81 μg/ml; 15,63 μg/ml; 31,25 μg/ml; 62,50 μg/ml; 125 μg/ml; 250 μg/ml; 500 μg/ml; 1000 μg/ml. Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by direct counting method with tryphan blue dye then using probit regression analysis to find IC50 value.Result: Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value ethanol extract of sarang semut was 33,28 μg/ml. Ethanol extract of sarang semut had a cytotoxicity effect categorized as the moderately active (20 ìg/ml< IC50< 100ìg/ ml). Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value doxorubicin was 5,56 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity effect of doxorubisin higher than cytotoxicity effect of ethanolic extract of sarang semut.Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendens) had a cytotoxic effect categorized as the moderately active on HeLa cell (Sains Medika, 3(2):112-120)
Effect of Jinten Hitam Seeds Oil (Nigella sativa L.) In adenocarsinoma Mammae C3H Mice In Vivo An Experimental Study on C3H Mice Inoculated With Cancerous Tissue
Get PDFBackground: Jinten hitam (Nigella sativa L.) oil is a liquid made from Jintem hitam seeds which has been known to contain Thymoquinone having anti-cancer efect. Many cancer patients turn to cheaper alternative therapy including the traditional therapy. The objective of this experimental was to evaluate anti-cancer effect of Jinten hitam seeds oil in adenocarsinoma mammae C3H mice.Design and Methods: In this xperimental research with pre post test randomized control group design for 21 days, 24 C3H mice with tumor were divided into 4 group. K-I serves as a control given standard diet and aquades, K-II given standard diet, aquades and first dose of Jinten Hitam oil (0.1 ml/days), K-III given standard diet, aquades and second dose of Jinten Hitam oil ( 0.2 ml/days) and K-IV given standard diet, aquades and third dose of Jinten Hitam oil ( 0.3 ml/days). The volume was recorded at the day 21.Results: mean of the effect of Jinten hitam oil effect in adenocarcinoma mammae for the four group were 158.83 mm³, 259.73 mm³, 191.13 mm³, K-IV 126.27 mm³ respectively. Pair t-test and Wilcoxon test showed significant difference between First dose pre-First dose post and Second dose pre-second dose-post (p0.05).Conclusion: Jinten Hitam oil has effect on the volume of Adenocarcinoma mammae in C3H mice (Sains Medika, 3(2):129-134)