Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
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The Effect of Propolis Extract on MDA Levels (Malondialdehyde) and Sperm Quality on Epididimis (Experimental Study on Wistar Strain Male Rats Exposed to Kretek Cigarettes)
Get PDFIntroduction: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals and effecting male infertility. Propolis is commonly used as supplement to increase antioxidant levels. Objectives: To prove the effect of propolis extract to MDA level and spermatozoa quality on epididymis due to cigarette smokes. Methods: Experimental research post test only control group design using 30 male rats Wistar Strain, 8 weeks old, weighed 200 – 250 gram, randomly divided into 5 groups. K-1 (normal), do not received propolis and cigarettes smoke; K-2 (negative control) exposed to cigarettes smokes 4 buds/ day, did not received propolis; K-3, K-4, and K-5, apart from cigarrete smokes 4 buds/day each were given propolis with 2.9 mg, 5.4 mg, dan 8.3 mg/200g body weight/day for 21 days. On the 22nd day, rats were sacrificed, sperms were extracted from cauda epididymis, and then examined for MDA and sperm quality. Statistical analysis used was one way ANOVA, continued with post hoc LSD with significance level of p<0,05. Results: ANOVA test on MDA level and sperm quality between groups showed significant difference of, p = 0.005. Post hoc test indicated that MDA on K-5 (1,12) is significantly lower compare to K-2 (5,89), p = 0,001. As well as consentration, motility and morphology (spermatozoa quality) which indicated that K-5 (49.32, 64.15, 36.34) is significantly higher compared to K-2 (22.62, 27.27, 21.39), each with p value of p = 0.001.Conclusion: extract propolis 8,3 mg/day for 21 days is proven to increase spermatozoa quality and lower the MDA level on male rats wistar strains’ epididimis exposed to cigarettes smoke
Flavonoids and Aging
Get PDFAging is inevitable process, however human comes into aging is in difference way and difference rates. Some of them undergo aging earlier due to degenerative diseases, unable to reach the maximum lifespan and are thus denominated secondary aging (Huebschmann AG, 2011). Some of others undergo aging latter, looked younger than their truely chronological age, have no suffer degenerative disease, able to achieve maximum lifespan and so called primary aging (De la Fuente, 2009; Huebschmann AG, 2011). Maximum lifespan or often called longevity of the species is defined as maximum time that a species belonging to determine how long the species can live, for example maximum lifespan in human beings is 122 years, whereas the lifespan in rats and mouse strains is only 3 and 4 years respectively (De lafuente, 2009). It must be distinguished this longevity from mean or averages longevity. Average longevity can be defined as the average of time that member of population that have been born on the same date live (De la Fuente, 2009). The maximum lifespan is fixed in each species, meanwhile the lifespan of individual subject in the population, even when their genotype are the same and grow in a common environment condition, such as protected from external hazard show marked variability (Kirkwood, 2005)
Formulation and Physical Test of Ethanolic Extract Sambiloto Leaves (Andrographis paniculata) Ointment
Get PDFIntroduction: Andrographis paniculata had known contained active substance such as andrographolida, atsiri oil, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and saponin which functions as antibacterial, antitoxic, analgesic, and anti-pyretic. Based on its antibacterial properties, an ointment form of Andrographis paniculata leaf is then formulated, for practical usage. Ointment formula is semi solid for topical use in the skin or mucosal membranes. Objectives: to know the result of ointment physical test of etanolic extract Andrographis paniculata leaf. Methods: physical tests contain organoleptic test, pH, homogenity, adhesion test and dispersive test. Results: Ointment shaped semi solid, blacky green and special smell of Andrographis paniculata, pH 6, homogenity test obtained homogenous results, adhesion test was 82 second and dispersive test was 5.6 cm. Conclusion: the result of physical tests of etanolic Andrographis paniculata leaf extract ointment appropriate with quality standard
Probiotics Effect on Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Imunoglobulin E (IgE) Levels on Asthmatic Patients
Get PDFIntroduction: Probiotics may play a role in immune system maturation and may reduce the risk of allergies and asthma in childhood. However, the therapeutic benefits of probiotics in asthma depend on various factors such as strain of probiotics and dosing regimen. Objectives: The aims of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic (LactoB®) on Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Interleukin (IL-4) serum level in childhood Asthma. Methods: Forty children aged 1-5 years with asthma were recruited into a randomized controlled trial. The children were assigned into a probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longun, Streptococcus; Lacto B®) or an equivalent volume of placebo, twice daily orally for 8 weeks. The IgE and IL-4 serum level were determined by ELISA. The differences between groups were analyzed by t-test dependent with confidence interval of 95%. Results: In intervention group, mean of IgE serum levels after the probiotics treatment was significantly lower compared to that of before the treatment (148.18 pg/mg; 283.20 pg/mg; respectively). Mean of IL-4 serum levels after the treatment was significantly lower compared with that of before the treatment (111.03 pg/mg; 142.08 pg/mg respectively). In control group, there were no significant differences between IgE serum levels mean before the administration of placebo and after the intervention (292.39 pg/ml; 286.94 pg/ml respectively). There were no significant differences between IL-4 serum levels mean before and after the treatment (136.76 pg/ml; 139.56 pg/ml).Conclusion: there was an effect of probiotics supplementation on IgE and IL-4 serum levels in childhood asthma
A Death of a Man Due to Strong Acid Trauma at a Rice Field, a Homicide or Suicide ?
Get PDFIn general highly corrosive acids or bases injury can occur due to deliberate or unintentional, such as workplace-related accidence, vocational negligence, unintentional child corrosive poisonings. Acids are considered to be corrosive when it has a high concentration, are irritants at moderate concentrations, and stimulant at low concentrations. This is a report of a strong acid poisioning case of a 60 year-old- man found dead in the middle of a rice field in Demak in September 2015. The victim was one of the farmers protesting the illegal dredging project. At the crime scene, a hoe and a bottle made of “plastic†(used fertilizer container, classified as moderate acid) lying beside the deceased, giving an impression that he commited suicide by consuming the liquid. External examination revealed: burn marks are red brown or black, dry and hard on the eyelids, nostrils, lips, tongue, neck and chest. The results of the examination showed: 1. Mucosal irritation, with a bright red and brownish red, accompanied by ulceration. It was also found irritation in tongue, larynx and edemous glottis and esophagus. 2. Pseudomembranous inflammation of the trachea and bronchi which resulted in superficial epithelial damage and necrosis affect submucosal layer. 3. Brain edema due to anoxia. The forensic examination confirms that the cause of death was homicide
India Ink Staining, a Rapid and Affordable Test for Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis
Get PDFCryptococcal meningitis incidence has increased along with an increase in incidence of HIV-AIDS. This infection causes increased morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV-AIDS. A rapid diagnosis plays an important role to ensure a prompt therapy of the disease. The cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen test for diagnosis of meningitis is rapid but relatively expensive while culture is time consuming. A 47-year man was admitted to hospital with a headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting and a HIV history for the last 6 months. On physical examination, he was compos mentis, meningeal’s stimuli signs (+), where as on examination of craniales nerves, motor and sensibility was in a normal range. Routine blood was normal, 60 CD4 cells/mm3. Laboratory finding included a clowdy/turbid Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), low glucose level (CSF glucose 43 mg / dl vs. blood glucose 293 mg / dl), elevated protein concentration (137.1 mg / dl), and polymorphonuclear pleocytosis. India ink stain showed encapsulated yeasts. Cryptococcus sp is the only encapsulated yeast, while C. neoformans is the most common cause of Cryptococcosis in patients with HIV-AIDS. The patient was diagnosed with Cryptococcal meningitis by indian ink staining, and immediately given anti-fungal theraphy
Hypertension: Dominant Risk Factor on Stroke Occurence Analytical Observational Study in Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang during January 1, 2012 - August 31, 2013
Get PDFIntroduction: Stroke ranks as the first cause of disabilities and the third cause of death in the world. Many factors associated with stroke. Objective: this study aimed at evaluating the factors associated with stroke. Study Design: This study was an analytical observational study using cross sectional design. Samples were obtained from medical records of 263 patients who were admitted in neurology’s ward of Sultan agung Islamic hospital during 1 January 2012-31 August 2013. Samples categorized in 2 groups: 97 hemorrhagic’s stroke patients and 166 non hemorrhagic’s stroke patients with simple random sampling technique. This study were conducted by analyzing 5 variables such as gender, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and total cholesterol levels. Results: Logistic regression test using SPSS showed that hypertension was the most dominant factor associated with stroke (p=0.001; PR=1.707; CI=1.249–2.433). Conclusion: Hypertension was the most dominant risk factor for stroke
Difference on Cefoxitin and Oxacillin Disk Test on In Vitro MRSA Detection (Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Experimental Study on Microbiology Laboratorium of Medicine Faculty of UNISSULLA
Get PDFBackground: MRSA phenotypic detection has been a problem since it was found in 1962. Some studies explain that the diffusion method of cefoxitinand oxacilin disk test can be used to detect MRSA. Objective: knowing if there is difference between cefoxitin disk test and oxacilin disk test to detectMRSA.Method: laboratory experimental research with diagnostic test design. Research was done at the laboratory of medicine faculty of UNISSULA using 24 watch glasses, 12 with MRSA bacteria (Meticillin Resisten Staphylococcus aureus), and the other 12 with MSSA bacteria (Meticillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus). specimentsThe results were classified into sensitive and resistant category based on CLSI standard (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute).Hypothesis test using fisher test, with significance level <0,05Results: speciments MRSA detection using cefoxitin disk resulted 12 resistant speciments and no sensitive speciments. The oxacilin disk resulted 9 resistant speciments and 3 sensitive speciments. MSSA detection using cefoxitin disk resulted no resistant speciments and 12 sensitive speciments, oxacilin disk resulted no resistant speciments and 12 sensitive speciments. Diagnostic test was done by CEBM statistic calculator. The sensitivity and specificity value of MRSA sampels using cefoxitin disk were 96,2% & 96,2%, PPV (positive predictive value) 96,2%, NPV (negative predictive value) with was 96,2%. While the oxacilin disk, the sensitivity was 73,1%, specificity 96,2%, PPV 95,0%, NPV 73,8%. The result of fisher test for cefoxitin disk and oxacilin disk was p=0.000 meant there was difference between cefoxitin disk test and oxacilin disk test to detect MRSA.Conclusion: diffusion method in cefoxitin disk is better than oxacillin disk in MRSA detection
Correlation Analysis Study between Hearing Loss Occurence and Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang
Get PDFIntroduction: Hearing impairment due to cochlear damage is one complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between duration of DM2 with hearing impairment.Method: The analytic observasional study with the cross sectional design using the medical record of DM2 outpatient in internal clinic of Islamic Sultan Agung Hospital Semarang and also pure tone audiometric examination’s record in Otorynolaryngology clinic of Islamic Sultan Agung Hospital Semarang.31 medical records of DM2 patients were meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data consist of 18 medical records of patients with less than6 years duration of DM2, and 13 medical records of patients with more than 6 years duration of DM2. The pure tone audiometry was used to classified the hearing impairment. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0. The correlation between the duration of DM2 and hearing impairment was analyzed using Chi Square test. The significance relation between the duration of DM type 2 and hearing impairment was analyzed using cooficient contigency, with significance of < 0.05. Result: hearing impairment’s distribution frequency on tested ears in Sultan agung Islamic Hospital Semarang were 27 ears having SNHL type (43,5%), 19 ears having CHL (30,6%) and 16 ears were normal (25,8%), p = 0,02 (p < 0,05). Conclusion: There is a weak correlation between the DM 2 duration and the incidence of hearing impairment in Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang
Successful Aging
Get PDFThe emerging concept of successful aging is based on evidence that in healthy individual when they get aged, there are considerable variations in physiological functions alteration. Some people exhibiting greater, but others very few or no age related alteration. The first is called poor aging and the later is called successful pattern of aging (Lambert SW, 2008). Thus, in the simple words the successful aging concept is define as an opportunity of old people to stay active and productive condition despite they get aged chronologically. Aging itself might be defined as the progressive accumulation of changes with time associated with or responsible for the ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death which accompanies advancing age (Harman D, 1981). The time needed to accumulate changes is attributable to aging process. The marked emerging questions are how does aging happen and where does aging start?To answer these questions and because of the complexity of aging process, there are more than 300 aging theories have been proposed to explain how and where aging occured and started respectively. There are too many to enumerate theories and classification of aging process. In summary, all of these aging theories can be grouped into three clusters: 1. Genetics program theory, this theory suggests that aging is resulted from program directed by the genes; 2. Epigenetic theory, in these theory aging is resulted from environmental random events not determined by the genes; 3. Evolutionary theory, which propose that aging is a medium for disposal mortal soma in order to avoid competition between organism and their progeny for food and space, did not try to explain how aging occur, but possibly answer why aging occur (De la Fuente. 2009). Among the three groups of aging theories, the epigenetic theory is useful to explain and try to solve the enigma of aging which is prominently caused by internal and external environmental influences.There are gradual decline of physiological functions in human after becoming adult in life. The declining of physiological functions might be define as decrease in protein synthesis capacity, bone mineral density, immunological function, strength and muscle mass, and otherwise increase in fat accumulation (Rudman D, et al. 1982; Charmpilas N, et al. 2015). Epidemiologic study indicated that the predominant cause of morbidity, mortality, and reduced longevity in cohort were acute and chronic inflammatory as well as oxidative stress, resulted from environmental inflammations, infections, obesity, and social distress. Acute inflammatory is commonly caused by biological agent, especially both or either bacterial and or viral, whereas chronic inflammatory is related to environmental inflammagen, obesity, and social distress (Sone H et al. 2010) Chronic oxidative stress injures cells particularly in regulatory sytem such as endocrine, nervous, immune, and the neuro-endocrine immune communication by wich cell loss its homeostasis regulatory and cannot preserve health (De la Fuente. 2009). Subsequently, it will impaire homeostasis that leads to an increase in the morbidity and mortality of aging. Likely, answer to the question of where aging start is from the mitochondrial cells of regulatory system. Various evidences indicate that the rate of mitochondrial oxygen radical generation, the degree of membrane fatty acid unsaturation, and oxidative damage to mitochodrial DNA are lower in the long-live species compared to short live species (Braja G, 2004). Several studies also indicate that majority of human adults die due to complication of atherosclerosis, cancer, dimentia, whereas in healthy age  invariably accompanied by muscle weakness, and make them frail, disabled, and dependent before eventually died. Such disability prominently caused by skeletal muscle weakness due to diminution of muscle mass and its nerve, osteoarthrirtis, and others chronic degenerative diseases related to oxidative stress (Payton OD, et al. 2012) Furthermore, physical weakness in aging people, generally marked by imbalanced, immobility, low durability, and physical frailty. Consequences of such physical frailty are easy to fall, bone fracture, dependence, hence decreasing daily activity (Buchner DM, et al. 1992; Lambert SW, 2008)To ameliorate the impairment of homeostasis, a caloric restriction but not malnutrition diet and adequate exercise (aerobic, resistance, and streching) can be adopted to neutralize as part of the oxidative and inflammatory stress and to strengthen and increase muscle mass (Payton OD, et al. 2012; Park S, et al. 2012). In special individual condition, like as overweight or obesity, smoker and frequently use of mobile phone, proper antioxidant supplementation can be considered. In addition, caloric restriction, food intake is intentionally reduced by 30–50% has been shown to delay the aging process in mice by decreasing the levels of histone deacetylase2 (HDAC2), which other wise increases during the normal aging process (Mercken EM, et al. 2012)