Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
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Association between extramarital sexual activity, number of sexual partners, and HIV incidence among productive-age adults at H. Adam Malik general hospital, Medan
Full text linkHIV/AIDS remains a critical global health challenge, characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. In 2022, Medan reported 1,543 HIV/AIDS cases, with the majority occurring in individuals aged 15–64 years. This study investigates the associations between extramarital sexual activity, the number of sexual partners, and the incidence of HIV among productive-age adults treated at H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. An analytical observational case-control study was employed with 108 participants (54 cases and 54 controls). The analysis identified significant associations between extramarital sexual activities, the number of sexual partners, and HIV infection risk. These findings highlight the urgent need for strengthened global initiatives such as the "Getting to Zero" campaign, youth empowerment through NGOs, and enhanced public health education. Collaborative efforts involving the healthcare sector and government agencies are critical to improving HIV prevention strategies and reducing transmission rates
Effect of Nigella sativa extract on nasal mucosal inflammation in rats exposed to cigarette smoke
Full text linkCigarette smoke contains toxic compounds that can initiate an inflammatory reaction and infiltrate inflammatory cells. The nasal mucosa is the initial part of the respiratory system that comes into contact with irritating chemicals such as cigarettes. Prior studies indicated that Nigella sativa extract (NS) has thymoquinone, a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory properties. Our study aims to determine the effect of different doses of NS on inflammation of the nasal mucosa in Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The study employed an experimental post-test-only control group design. Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the five groups: negative control (K-), positive control (K+), and three treatment groups of P1, P2, and P3 receiving NS at the dose of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/kg bw/day, respectively. All treatment groups and the positive control group were exposed to smoke from 4 cigarettes/day for 28 days. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration was evaluated using a histological scoring : 0 if normal; 1 if infiltration was less than 1/3; 2 if infiltration was between 1/2 and 2/3, 3 if infiltration of more than 2/3 indicating normal, less than 1/3, 1/3 to 2/3, and more than 2/3, respectively. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in group: K(-): 1.00 ±0.00, K(+): 1.00±0.00, P1: 1.00±0.00, P2: 1.00±0.37, and P3: 1.00±0.33. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant difference. The Mann-Whitney test revealed significant differences between the K+ and P2 groups (p=0.032), K+ and P3 groups (p=0.013), and P1 and P3 groups (p=0.049). In conclusion, NS can decrease the presence of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa in Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke
Prognostic significance of tumor angiogenesis markers in advanced cervical cancer undergoing chemotherapy
Full text linkCervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Despite advancements in screening programs and vaccination efforts, a significant proportion of patients present with advanced-stage disease, characterized by severe manifestations and a poor prognosis. Clinical evidence highlights substantial variability in the sensitivity of chemotherapy regimens among cervical cancer patients, often resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and increased risk of complications. This underscores the need for reliable molecular markers to predict prognosis and optimize therapy. Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of solid tumors, including cervical cancer. Key tumor angiogenesis markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR), are critical in driving tumor progression in advanced cervical cancer. Studies have demonstrated significant correlations between VEGF levels and important prognostic parameters, including tumor size, metastasis, and chemotherapy response. Consequently, tumor angiogenesis markers like VEGF and VEGFR hold potential as valuable predictive tools to guide the management of advanced cervical cancer, particularly in patients undergoing chemotherapy
Locally sourced supplementary feeding programs as a strategic intervention to address weight faltering in children: insights from a primary health center study
Full text linkPemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT), a supplementary food program using local ingredients, is a targeted intervention to address toddler malnutrition and weight faltering in Indonesia. Despite its widespread implementation, the long-term efficacy of the 14-day PMT program in sustaining growth recovery remains to be determined. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 14-day PMT intervention on weight gain and growth stability in children aged 6–59 months experiencing weight faltering. A prospective cohort study was conducted from May to August 2024 at Primary Health Center (Puskesmas) Ajibarang 1 in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. The intervention consisted of 11 snacks and 3 main meals to meet 30–50% of daily caloric needs. Anthropometric measurements, including body weight (BW) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), were collected pre- and post-intervention. 120 children participated, with baseline averages of 11.2 ± 1.5 kg for BW and 13.4 ± 1.7 cm for MUAC. Significant improvements were observed post-intervention, with averages of 12.9 ± 1.2 kg (BW) and 15.0 ± 1.4 cm (MUAC). A moderate positive correlation was identified between BW gain and MUAC (Spearman analysis). In conclusion, the PMT program effectively improves BW and MUAC in children at risk of growth faltering, highlighting its potential as a scalable intervention. These findings emphasize the importance of tailored nutritional programs during early childhood, a critical period for ensuring long-term health and developmental benefits. Advocacy and policy reforms are essential to support consistent implementation and global accessibility of nutritional interventions
Effect of turbinate reduction surgery on allergic rhinitis symptoms in hospitalized patients
Full text linkAllergic rhinitis is characterized by nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Turbinate reduction surgery is a therapeutic option for allergic rhinitis refractory to pharmacological treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of turbinate reduction surgery in alleviating allergic rhinitis symptoms. An experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was employed, utilizing primary data collected from 19 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (SFAR = 7) who underwent turbinate reduction surgery at the ENT Clinic, Sultan Agung Islamic Teaching Hospital, Semarang, from April to July 2023. Participants aged 18–55 years were included after providing informed consent. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed using the Score for Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR), and symptom severity was assessed using the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS). Results showed a significant reduction in the mean TNSS score from 7.79 ± 2.070 pre-surgery to 1.00 ± 0.745 post-surgery (p = 0.000). Scores for allergic rhinitis symptoms also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that turbinate reduction surgery effectively alleviates allergic rhinitis symptoms in hospitalized patients. Future research should consider larger sample sizes, extended study periods, inclusion of comparison groups, and evaluation of potential surgical complications
Inhibitory effects of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum l.) leaves ethanolic extract on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes
Full text linkAntimicrobial resistance poses a global health threat, with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes contributing to the highest mortality rates among Gram-positive pathogens over the last three decades. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has increasingly concentrated on natural products. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), a widely used ethnomedicinal plant in Indonesia, is recognized for its numerous health benefits, including its antimicrobial properties. Despite extensive phytochemical studies on various parts of rambutan, the specific inhibitory effects of its leaf extract against MRSA and S. pyogenes have yet to be explored. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic rambutan leaf extract against MRSA and S. pyogenes. The extract was prepared using maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of flavonoids (blackish-blue reaction with FeCl3) and tannins (reddish hue with HCl). Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring inhibition zones on agar plates and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through UV-vis spectrophotometry. The 100% ethanolic extract demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, with a mean inhibition zone of 14.6 mm against MRSA, outperforming the 5% (p = 0.0004) and 10% (p = 0.0402) concentrations. For S. pyogenes, the 100% extract produced the largest inhibition zone (24 mm), showing superior activity compared to the 5% (p = 0.0005) and 10% (p = 0.0485) concentrations. MIC analysis indicated optimal antimicrobial activity at both 50% and 100% concentrations for the two pathogens. These findings underscore the potential of rambutan leaf extract as a natural antimicrobial agent against resistant Gram-positive bacteria, warranting further investigation into its bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action
Knowledge, religiosity, and decision to use Sharia hospital services among residents in Central Java, Indonesia
Full text linkThe increasing tendency of society to apply Sharia principles in all aspects of life today is supported by the presence of Sharia hospitals that integrate Sharia values in administration, healthcare services, and patient care standards as regulated in the fatwa of the National Sharia Council (Dewan Syariah Nasional) No. 107/DSN-MUI/X/2016. Knowledge refers to everything known by an individual that can affect behavior. Meanwhile, religiosity is an individual's level of religious commitment that reflects the extent of belief in the values and expectations of the religion they adhere to or practice; in this study, it is the Muslim community. This research aims to examine the effect of the community's knowledge about Sharia hospitals and the religiosity of the Central Java community on their decision to seek medical treatment at Sharia hospitals. The research method used in this study was analytical observational with a cross-sectional study approach. Data was collected through direct questionnaires from the Central Java community using the snowball sampling technique. The research results indicate that knowledge and religiosity, both partially and simultaneously, affect the decision of the Central Java community to choose Sharia hospitals for medical treatment, with a p-value of 0,000. Partially, it is found that knowledge has an effect of 10,2%, while religiosity has an effect of 23% on the community's decision to seek medical treatment at Sharia hospitals. The conclusion of this study suggests that knowledge and religiosity significantly impact the Central Java community's decision to opt for Sharia hospitals for medical treatment
Culture and sensitivity analysis in rhinitis atrophic: case series
Full text linkAtrophic rhinitis is a rare condition affecting the nasal mucosa, characterized by progressive nasal congestion, foul odor, and thick nasal secretions. It is classified into two types: primary (idiopathic), where the cause remains unknown, and secondary, which develops due to another underlying condition. Primary atrophic rhinitis, often called ozaena (from the Greek word for "stench"), has also been described as acute necrotizing rhinitis, catarrhal atrophic rhinitis, or coryza foetida. This condition predominantly affects women, with a reported ratio of 6:1.5. It is more prevalent in tropical regions and among populations with low socioeconomic status and poor hygiene, although its exact etiology remains unclear. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on a triad of symptoms: fetor, greenish nasal crusts, and an abnormally wide nasal cavity, often observed in advanced cases. This case series presents two rare instances of atrophic rhinitis, highlighting distinct characteristics and risk factors while contributing valuable insights into understanding this uncommon disorder
Peritoneal lavage with sterile water reduces IL-1 levels and postoperative adhesions following laparotomy in rats
Full text linkPeritoneal lavage with normal saline is common in abdominal surgeries, yet recent studies indicate that it increases intraperitoneal adhesion risks. This study compares the effects of peritoneal lavage with normal saline versus sterile water on interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels and intraperitoneal adhesion following laparotomy in rats. In this post-test control group study, 20 adult Wistar rats were subjected to laparotomy before being randomly divided into two groups to receive either intraperitoneal lavage with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) or sterile water. After 7 days, IL-1 level and degree of adhesion were evaluated. The saline group had higher adhesion levels (4 rats with grade 4, 5 with grade 3, 1 with grade 2) than the sterile water group, which had lower levels (2 rats with grade 3, 5 with grade 2, 3 with grade 1). There was a significant difference in IL-1 levels between the sterile water group (37,111.6 ± 6,535.61 pg/ml) and the normal saline group (57,456.3 ± 10,583.41 pg/ml). There was a significant correlation between IL-1 levels and adhesion grade (p=0.008). Intraperitoneal lavage with sterile water results in significantly lower adhesion grade and IL-1 levels than normal saline, suggesting its potential for reducing postoperative adhesions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of reduced adhesion and inflammation associated with sterile water lavage
Management of restrictive and obstructive lung disease in intensive care unit: a review
Full text linkLung disease is broadly divided into obstructive lung disease (OLD) and restrictive lung disease (RLD). The latter is a disorder of the parenchyma, pleura, thorax, or neuromuscular walls of the lungs, characterized by decreased total lung capacity due to reduced lung distensibility. Meanwhile, OLD causes increased resistance to flow due to the blockage of part or all of the respiratory tract from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. These two diseases' initial symptoms and signs are common, such as shortness of breath, coughing, cyanosis, respiratory muscle retractions, snoring, and fever. Early detection is needed to recognize differences in symptoms and signs, establish a diagnosis, and carry out appropriate treatment. It is essential to differentiate between RLD and OLD because they have different therapeutic management. This review aims to discuss the management of restrictive and obstructive lung disease in intensive care unit It is drawn upon various sources, including case reports, literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to provide an overview of the difference between RLD and OLD to help clinicians differentiate between RLD and OLD and provide appropriate therapeutic management. Although RLD and OLD have similar signs and symptoms, they have different pathologic processes. The leading cause of RLD is a pathological condition that causes a decrease in lung compliance. Meanwhile, the primary pathological process of OLD is an increase in airway resistance, which causes typical obstructive symptoms. Addressing this area of interest can help clinicians to provide appropriate management of both pharmacotherapy and mechanical ventilation and monitoring of respiratory mechanism