International Journal of Phytomedicine
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Mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and tyrosinase inhibition activity of hydroglycol extracts from Terminalia chebula Retzius, Terminalia bellerica Roxb and Rafflesia kerrii Meijer
No full textThe hydroglycolic extracts from Terminalia chebula Retzius, Terminalia bellerica Roxb and Rafflesia kerrii Meijer were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC), cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and antityrosinase for safety assessment as novel botanical-based cosmeceutical ingredients. These plant extracts showed TPC between 14.90 ± 0.02 and 112.40 ± 0.08 mg GAE g-1 of extract when using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The cytotoxicity study revealed that the 50% cytotoxicity dose (CD50) towards normal mouse fibroblast L929 and mouse melanoma B16F10 cell lines was 5.43 ± 0.18 - 39.39 ± 0.14 mg mL-1 and 4.35 ± 0.33 - 58.23 ± 0.18 mg mL-1, respectively. In genotoxicity investigation, it was found that all extracts were not mutagenic at the concentrations up to 87.34 mg 0.1 mL-1 when tested with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9 microsomal fraction). The extracts were further tested for antimutagenic activity against 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (AF-2) which were used as the tested mutagens. Interestingly, all hydroglycolic extracts exhibited the inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity after being induced by 2AA and AF-2 in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. All plant extracts were further investigated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Results showed that all extracts possessed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with 50% inhibitory concentration values (IC50) of 1.27 ± 0.49 - 39.96 ± 0.21 mg mL-1. Overall studies including their antimutagenicity and antityrosinase activities suggest that the hydroglycolic extracts of these three plants may be used as potential candidates for skin-care cosmeceutical ingredients
Comparative evaluation of Nickel and Lead scavenging efficiency by in-vivo grown Plants using atomic absorption spectroscopy
No full textPhytoextraction, the use of hyperaccumulator plant species to scavenge toxic heavy metals from contaminated soils are considered as an emerging technique for cost effective and environment friendly detoxification. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the scavenging efficiency of in-vivo grown climber plants, that is Cvcitmis sativus, Armenian cucumber, Lufa acutangula, Momordica charantia descourt and Lagenaria siceraria for the uptake of Nickel and lead using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Bioassays of field grown (In-vivo) plants were subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the analysis of scavenging efficiency of the aforementioned elements, after 98 days of growth in soils, contaminated with each of these, separately. The in-vivo grown climber plants absorbed much lesser amounts of Ni, that is, 0.79, 1.05, 0.45 and 1.61 ppm as compared to Pb plants which showed higher ranges of uptake, that is, 2.09, 10.39, 4.77 and 8.29 ppm, respectively. The metal uptake ratios were proportional to their concentrations in the contaminated soils. Maximum uptake for heavy metals was observed by the roots in all plants. Nodes also showed high heavy metal accumulation in the aerial region. Higher concentration of heavy metals in the soil showed a negative effect on their growth
Antihyperlipidemic potential of Eugenia caryophyllus extract in Wistar rats
No full textObjective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic activity of the aqueous ethanolic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus in triton induced hyperlipidemia. Methods: Antihyperlipidemic activity was evaluated using Triton X 100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an experimental model. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Triton X 100 (400 mg/kg b.w.) The aqueous ethanolic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus extract was administered at two different doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg for 7 days to hyperlipidemic rats. Atorvastatin was used as a reference standard. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C, atherogenic index and glucose were determined to assess the antihyperlipidemic activity. Result: It was found that the aqueous ethanolic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus at the doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose and significant increase in the level of serum HDL-C. Conclusion: The current study provided a strong evidence that the Eugenia caryophyllus extracts at both the doses (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) possess significant antihyperlipidemic activity. The dose of 400mg/kg had a higher beneficial effect and its efficacy was similar to that of Atorvastatin in treating hyperlipidemia. However, further study is needed to understand the precise mechanism
Effects of Fructus Chaenomelis on longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats
No full textEffects of Fructus Chaenomelis on longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rat
Antioxidant and protective effect of Cynara cardunculus against paracetamol induced liver mitochondria oxidative stress.
No full textCynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as cardoon, is a Mediterranean species that grows naturally in harsh habitat conditions. It is used as a food for its nutritional value and ethnomedicinal properties linked to liver cleansing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective action of Cynara cardunculus butanolic extract (CCBE) against paracetamol (APAP) induced acute liver injury in rats. Results showed that APAP intoxication caused increase levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This phenomenon was paralleled by an impaired liver mitochondria redox status (reduced glutathione (GSH)), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in APAP treated rats. The pretreatment with CCBE blocked the increases of serum enzymes, reversed the mitochondrial LPO levels, and restored the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system (GSH, GST, GPX and SOD). The effect of CCBE was comparable to that of standard antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Moreover, the antioxidant property of CCBE was also proved by in vitro assays as established by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and iron chelating ability. Our results indicate that the protective mechanism of CCBE may underlie the radical scavenging activity and the enhancement of mitochondrial antioxidant system
Oil of C. sinensis inhibits pathogenic bacteria
No full textContext: In spite of great advances observed in modern medicine, plants still make an important contribution to health care. Hence, there is need for unrelenting effort in the exploration of the health benefit of medicinal plants. Purpose: This work was designed to determine the role of the volatile oil of Camellia sinensis on the extracellular protease, which is one of the major virulent factors in the pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae and its antibacterial effects on eight other enteric bacterial as compared with the antibiotics Finding: The total antimicrobial effect of the volatile oil (355.0 mm) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the antibiotics tested (203.0 mm). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the oils revealed Escherichia coli as the most sensitive. However, relatively higher concentrations of the oils is required to achieve similar sensitivity against Salmonella and Shigella species. The activity of the partially purified extracellular protease, which is one of the virulence factors of Shigella dysenteriae was inhibited by the oil from different parts of the plant especially the leaf. The activity of this enzyme increased steadily between pH 7.0 – 8.0 and 40 – 50 oC. Summary: The volatile oils possessed antimicrobial activity and showed both competitive and noncompetitive kinetic inhibition of the extracellular protease of Shigella dysenteriae. Implication: The inhibitory action of the oil on protease from Shigella dysenteriae suggests the possible mode of action. Volatile oil from Camellia sinensis, especially the leaf, may be an important source of antibiotic against these organisms particularly Shigella dysenteriae
In vitro evaluation of anti oxidant activity and estimation of total flavonoids in seeds of Psoralea corylifolia plant extracts
No full textThe present study aims at in-vitro evaluation of anti oxidant activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. For evaluating this study 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method and reducing power method was used.For DPPH method Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) was used as a positive control and for Reducing power method ascorbic acid was used as a standard reducing agent. All the analysis was made with the use of UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The content of total flavonoids was measured spectrophotometrically by using the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay where catechin was used as a standard. The extracts showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity which was found to increase with the increasing concentration of the extracts. The total flavonoid content was found to be 73.09 mg CE/100g. Ethyl acetate extract of Psoralea corylifolia showed more prominent activity when compared to n-hexane extract which could be attributed to the presence of flavonoid content.The study could be further extended to isolate and characterize phytoconstituents from these extracts
Antimicrobial effect and kinetic inhibition of partially purified extracellular protease of Shigella dysenteriae by the volatile oils of Camellia sinensis
No full textIn spite of great advances observed in modern medicine, plants still constitute a major source of medicine especially in developing countries. Hence, there is need for unrelenting effort in the exploration of the health benefit of medicinal plants. This work was designed to determine the effect of the volatile oils of Camellia sinensis on the extracellular protease, which is one of the major virulent factors in the pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae and its antibacterial effects on eight other enteric bacterial as compared with the antibiotics. The average total growth inhibition of the volatile oils from the leaf, stem and root of Camellia sinensis (291.0±33.0 mm) was significantly higher (p>0.05) than the antibiotics tested (97.0±25.0 mm). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the oils revealed Escherichia coli as the most sensitive organism. However, relatively higher concentrations of the oils are required to achieve similar sensitivity against Salmonella and Shigella species. The kinetics of partially purified extracellular protease, which is one of the adjuncts virulence factors of Shigella dysenteriae, was competitively (leaf and root) and noncompetitively (stem) inhibited by these oils from different parts of the plant. The activity of this enzyme increased steadily between pH 7.0 – 8.0 and 40 – 50 oC. The volatile oils possessed antimicrobial activity and showed both competitive and noncompetitive kinetic inhibition of the extracellular protease of Shigella dysenteriae. The inhibitory action of the oil on extracellular protease from Shigella dysenteriae suggests the possible mode of action. Volatile oil from Camellia sinensis, especially the leaf, may be an important source of antibiotic against these organisms particularly Shigella dysenteriae
Preventive effect of Polyherbal mixture against Rifampicin and Pylorus ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcers and liver necrosis in Rats
No full textAntitubercular drug is produced hepatotoxicity is major drawback of an effective treatment of treatment of tuberculosis. In this paper we review the incidence, pathology and clinical features of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, discuss the metabolism and mechanisms of toxicity of Rifampicin, and describe risk factors and management of antituberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity, the antiulcer activity was assessed by determining and comparing the ulcer index in the test drug groups with that of the vehicle control and standard Omeprazole. In case of pylorus ligation induced ulcers, the polyherbal mixture showed significant reduction of ulcers in a dose dependent manner. The parameters taken to assess antiulcer activity were % inhibition ulcer index. The results indicated that polyherbal mixture significantly (p<0.001) decreased the % inhibition ulcer index as well as hepatoregenrative action
Antidiabetic and Regenerative effects of alcoholic corm extract of Nervilia aragoana Gaud. in NIDDM rats
No full textNervilia aragoana Gaud. (Orchidaceae) has long been used in the antidiabetic medicinal preparations of traditional healers of Wayanad (Kerala), but antidiabetic and regenerative potential of the plant remain unravelled. The aim of the present study was to investigate the recuperative and regenerative potential of alcoholic stem extract of Nervilia aragoana Gaud. on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic models. Administration of 5mg/kg of plant extract, blood glucose levels of the NIDDM rats showed 65.91 and 76.58 % decrease in the blood glucose levels on 0 and day 30 days respectively. Damages caused to the kidney tissue were negligible or not seen. Serum urea and creatinine levels showed 65.00 % and 71.00% decrease on day 30. LPP levels of kidney and pancreas showed 76.47 % and 74.19% decrease respectively. These results demonstrate significant antidiabetic and regenerative potential of the Nervilia aragoana Gaud. justifying the use of plant in the indigenous system of medicine. Isolation and characterisation of the compound(s) playing pivotal role in the cure would open new vistas in the therapy of type 2 diabetes