International Journal of Phytomedicine
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Effect of extraction temperature on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Assam tea
No full textTea is traditionally prepared by boiling dry leaves in water. This study was taken to evaluate the effect of extraction temperature on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Dry tea leaves were extracted in water at 4°C, 37°C and by boiling at 100°C, and antimicrobial as well as antioxidant activities of the extracts were compared. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar cup diffusion assay against two important pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae. Antioxidant property was monitored by total reducing power (TRP) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2\u27-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Our results show that maximum antibiotic activities of the extracts are obtained by boiling tea leaves. We also show that boiling of tea leaves does not lead to loss of antioxidant properties
Investigation of Hammada scoparia antidiabetic activity and toxicity in rat
No full textObjective To investigate Hammada scoparia claimed antidiabetic effect, and to search for potential nontoxic active principles. Methods Aqueous and methanol extracts were prepared from H. scoparia areal parts, and their phytochemical constitution was defined. Then they were subjected to three procedures to check their antidiabetic effect. The first (acute effect on fasting glycemia) and the second (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) were carried out in normal rats, while the third procedure (7 days treatment) was carried out in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Methanol extract was also subjected to further studies; sub-chronic oral toxicity test (21days), effect on postprandial glycemia in normal rats and effect on intra-tissue glycogen concentrations. Finally methanol extract was fractionated on chromatography column; each fraction was thoroughly analysis using phytochemical tests and subjected to OGTT in normal rats. Results Using the three procedures, only the methanol extract (containing flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins) showed an antidiabetic effect similar to glibenclamide effect, and this was only when hyperglycemia was induced by oral glucose charge. On the other hand methanol extract had no toxicity in rats; it had no effect on postprandial glycemia or on intra-tissue glycogen concentrations. Four fractions were obtained using chromatography column, FA (containing flavonoids), FB (alkaloids, saponins), FC (alkaloids), and FD (saponins). Unlike the antihyperglycemic effect observed with methanol extract in normal rats, none of these fractions were effective. Conclusion Hammada scoparia could be a promising source of new antidiabetic agents, further studies are necessary to find its active principles and to understand its mechanism of action
Isolation of novel phytoconstituents from the stem part of Cleome gynandra Linn and their antimicrobial activity
No full textDried and powdered stem of Cleome gynandra Linn were extracted with methanol and chloroform solvents. From the extract, four individual components were identified using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, FT-IR, GC-Mass and NMR technique. The extracted components were isolated as pure form using Silicagel-G column chromatography. Identity of these four novel compounds such as β-amyrin, β -Amyrin-3-O- β-Glucopyranoside, Stigmasetrol and Sitosterol was confirmed by spectral interpretation. These compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity and showed inhibition against all the tested bacterial and fungal cultures
Induction of caspase dependent apoptosis by α-Mangostin in breast cancer cells
No full textApoptotic potential of α-Mangostin (98-99.99% HPLC purified)was evaluated in vitro using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line as a model system. The nucleosomal DNA gel electrophoresis was performed to delineate the mechanism of α-Mangostin treated MDA-MB-231 cells death. The dose-dependent oligonucleosomal fragmentation of DNA was observed in α-Mangostin treated cells. Flow cytometrywas performed to confirm the apoptotic potential of α-Mangostin (10µM) on MDA-MB-231 cells. The control cells showed only 1.85% of hypodiploid DNA and the percentage increased to 13.70% on exposure of cells to α-Mangostin. Caspase-3, a critical regulator of cell death, was detected in α-Mangostin treated MDA-MB-231 cells by Immunocytochemical analysis. These results demonstrated the expression of caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to 10µM of α-Mangostin. The results suggest that α-Mangostin induced cell death was by the activation of cell death pathway particularly mediated by caspase-3
Phytochemical screening of Algerian Borago officinalis L. and evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against respiratory pathogens
No full textInfectious diseases represent a serious problem of public health in countries where resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is spreading alarmingly. A such situation leads researchers to make efforts so they can isolate or synthesize new antimicrobial molecules or molecules that inhibit the resistance mechanisms. Medicinal plants can represent a rich source of such molecules. In this context, Borago officinalis L., a medicinal species which is used traditionally in Algeria to heal infectious diseases of respiratory system is studied. Both of chemical composition and biological activities was explored. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil reveals Spathulenol as the most abundant component (38.24%). HPLC applied on flavonoid’s extract shows the presence of the rutin, quercetin and spathulenol. Tests of antioxidant capacity using the DPPH and the ferric reducing methods reveal an inhibiting effect which is more important with the flavonoid’s extract. Otherwise, resistant strains to conventional antibiotics seem to be sensitive to the flavonoids with MICs varying from10.14µg/ml to 81.12µg/ml. This study indicates that Borago officinalis L. has an important antimicrobial effect, which justifies its potential use in infectious diseases. This species remains poorly investigated, further refined studies on its pure secondary metabolites are needed, in the perspective of identifying new antimicrobial molecules from this plant
Phytochemical Screening and In-Silico Investigation of 2-Benzoxazolinone from Acanthus Ilicifolius Linn. as Dual Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-Lipooxygenase Enzymes
No full text2-Benzoxazolinone (BOA) is a phytoconstituent of a mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius Linn used to treat inflammatory diseases. Anti-inflammatory agents with dual inhibiting properties of COX-2/5-LOX enzymes activities are said to possess anti-inflammatory effect and are devoid from side effects but not yet available on the market. Therefore, the dual inhibiting property of BOA and its derivatives [6-Bromo-BOA (6-BrBOA), 6-Chloro-BOA (6-ClBOA), Hydroxy-BOA (HBOA) and 6-methoxy BOA (6-MBOA)] is worth investigating. Initially, BOA content in supercritical CO2 fluid extract (SCFE) of A.ilicifolius leaves was estimated using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Later, genetic algorithm based GOLD docking simulation was employed to dock BOA and its derivatives into the binding pocket of COX-2 and allosteric binding site of 5-LOX. Probable hit ligand was ranked using an evaluation criterion based on the GOLD docking score and the ligand binding mode. The UHPLC chromatogram revealed the presence of BOA in SCFE. High gold docking scores ranging from 40.89 to 43.13 were observed in all the tested ligands with COX-2 and three ligands namely; 6-BrBOA (42.67), 6-ClBOA (41.79) and BOA (38.90) showed high docking scores with 5-LOX allosteric binding site. In conclusion, UHPLC method could be used for the determination of BOA content in A.ilicifolius. BOA and its analogues could be a promising lead for developing dual inhibitors of COX-2/5-LOX enzymes as verified by computational studies
COMPARATIVE IN VIVO STUDY OF TWO DIFFERENT ROUTES: ORAL AND TRANSCRANIAL FOR THE EFFECT OF POLYPHYTO NOOTROPIC FORMULATION FOR ITS MEMORY ENHANCING PROPERTIES
No full textThe present study objective is to comparing the effectiveness of the medhya (polyphyto) formulations for its learning and memory activity in two different routes oral and transcranial;could be delivered and targeted to the brain by transcranial delivery route. The unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels and sinuses in the human skull and the brain, the prevalence of a high density of skin appendages in the scalp, extra cranial vessels of the scalp communicating with the brain via emissary veins and most importantly, the way that the scalp is used in the Ayurvedic medical system in treating diseases associated with the brain show that a drug could be transcranially delivered and targeted to the brain through the scalp. The medhya formulation FMLM; compose of Bacopa monnieri (51.8%), Oscimum sanctum (26.7 %), and Withania somnifera (21.5%) on memory acquisition and retention was studied using Elevated plus maze, Morris water maze (MWM) and Pole Climbing apparatus (PCA) in rat using two different routes, one is per oral (FMLMO) and other one is transcranial (FMLMT). As per the result, on administration of polyherbal formulations FMLMO and FMLMT showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in transfer latency in EPM, MWM and escape latency in PCA test as compared with the control per oral as well as transcranial delivery; whereas trancranially applied FMLMT is equally effective in comparison to standard drug but it is shown an extremely significant (p<0.001) effect compared to control grou
Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Nishamlaki on streptozotocin induced type II diabetic rats
No full textDiabetes is a major health problem particularly in India. In spite of many drugs available, uncontrolled diabetes remains a challenge. Moreover, some of the antidiabetic drugs are on the verge of withdrawal due to adverse effects. So, there is an acute need for a new effective and safe drug. Present study was planned to evaluate anti-diabetic efficacy of Nishamalaki in diabetic wistar rats. Nishamalaki was prepared from powder of Curcuma longa and fresh juice of Emblica officinalis according to ayurvedic literature and administered with honey. Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by injection of 60 mg/kg of Streptozotocin and 110 mg/kg Nicotinamide IP. 30 rats showing blood glucose above 250 mg/dl were divided into 5 groups Group I(Control )-Saline, Group II(Control )- Vehicle honey, Group III – Nishamalaki Prophylactic, Group IV- Nishamalaki treatment & Group V- Pioglitazone, given orally for 30 days. Blood glucose levels checked at days 0, 15, 30 & Cholesterol on day 30. Nishamalaki treatment achieved significant (p<0.01) lowering of blood glucose in diabetic rats comparable to that of the Pioglitazone treated group. Nishamalaki also reduced serum cholesterol levels. Antidiabetic efficacy of Nishamalaki in diabetic rats is comparable to Pioglitazone. It has also improved the lipid profile in diabetic rats
Isolation and Characterization of Xanthomonas oryzae isolates from different regions of Midnapore district of West Bengal and their Ecofriendly management by some medicinal plant extracts
No full textThe potential of indigenous medicinal plants as alternative chemical pesticides for controlling bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice was tested in the present study. Infected plant samples were collected from five different fields of Purba and Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. The obtained isolates were subjected to biochemical tests which showed similar results. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, the causal agent of the bacterial leaf blight of rice was characterized through different biochemical tests and assays. Isolates gave dome shaped, yellow colonies on nutrient agar (NA) plates. Gram staining showed that the pathogen is Gram negative and rod shaped, also potassium hydroxide (KOH) test was performed in order to support the results of Gram staining. Endospore staining showed that the isolated pathogen is a non-spore forming bacterium. Starch hydrolysis test, egg yolk reaction, gelatin hydrolysis test and oxidase test gave negative results against the pathogen. Four different and easily available medicinal plant species such as Adhatoda vasica, Lantana camera, Allium sativum and Citrus limon were screened for antibacterial activity against the isolated pathogen. Based on the biochemical responses and also the activity against different plant extracts, it may be concluded that the causal agent is the same for the bacterial leaf blight of rice in the chosen fields of Purba and Paschim Medinipur and there is no significant difference between the pathogenicity and activity of the isolates from the different fields put to test
A validated HPLC method for estimation of Gymnemic acids as Deacyl gymnemic acid in various extracts and formulations of Gymnema sylvestre
No full textThe aim of present study is to develop and validate a simple, precise and rapid HPLC method for the quantification of gymnemic acid as Deacyl gymnemic acid in Gymnema sylvestre extracts and formulations. The analysis was performed by reverse-phase chromatography on a phenomenex C18 column with isocratic elution of acetonitrile: buffer (23:77 v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0mL/min. The method was validated in terms of precision, specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of quantitation and detection, accuracy, recovery, and stability as per the ICH guidelines. The linear range of method was found to be 50- 800μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The developed method was found to be a relatively simple, precise and reproducible for the quantification of gymnemic acids in gymnema sylvestre extracts and formulations