International Journal of Phytomedicine
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Spraying of swine buildings with lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil does not produce blood absorption in swine
No full textCymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) essential oils have been used in swine buildings to reduce the offensive odor emanating from swine buildings. The present study was designed to investigate plasma residues of citral which is a major constituent of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus. An HPLC method was established, validated and used for the determination of citral in swine plasma harvested from blood samples taken at the 14th, 21st and 28th day after spraying swine buildings with the 3% Lemon grass essential oil. Thereafter, analysis of the sample was conducted using HP ODS Hypersil column (200 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.5% acetic acid; and a flow rate of 1mL/ min. The method was validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and detection limits. Plasma spiked with standard citral (95%) revealed two chromatograms with retention times of about 10.7 and 12.2 minutes. The calibration curves for the citral isomers were found to be linear in the tested concentration ranges and mean recoveries wre 101% and 99.17%. This method was used to determine the residues of citral in swine plasma pretreated with methanol. Surprisingly, there was no any detectable level of citral in swine plasma within the 28 days of exposure. spraying of swine buildings with essential oils of lemon grass oil does not cause plasma residues of citral
Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Teucrium muscatense
No full textThe effect of enzyme inhibition, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidants activities of the extracts of Teucrium muscatense obtained with different organic solvents was investigated. Chloroform fraction exhibited promising inhibition (64%) with IC50 value (390 ± 2.0 μg/mL) against urease, while other fractions displayed moderate activity. In case of α-glucosidase and acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays, all fractions were found inactive at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction of Teucrium muscatense exhibited highest anticancer activity against breast cancer cell (MDAMB231) line at high (100 µg/mL) concentration and also inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum up to 64.3% in case of antifungal activity. EtOAc fraction showed highiest DPPH (70.6%) and ABTS (76.7%) radical scavenging activity at highest concentration (1000 μg/mL). Bioassay guided isolation of EtOAc fraction afforded two flavonoids (1 and 2). Both compounds showed highiest ABTS activity and could be a significant markers in the EtOAc fraction. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay was also performed in which aqueous fraction showed highest percentage of 73.2% at higher concentration (1000 μg/mL) followed by n-BuOH (64.1%) and EtOAc (51.4%) fractions. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of T. mascatense showed higher percentage of linalool (34.18%), limonene (13.45%), linalyl acetate (10.04%), and β-eudesmol (9.21%). Proximate composition of Teucrium muscatense showed that it contained high amount of ash (19.6%), protein (10.3%), and fiber (17.5%)
Qualitative Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Pelargonium graveolenL’Herit
Get PDFMedicinal plants are an important source of phytochemicals that offer traditional medicinal treatment of various ailments and one of the plants is Pelargonium Graveolens which was grown in Hyderabad province. The preliminary screening of their aerial leaves showed best results the presence of different phytochemical like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, sterol and lignin found in Methanolic and Ethyl acetate extract. However chloroform extract revealed the absence of alkaloids and sterols, where as in Water extract flavonoids, phenol, sterol and lignin. The best resulted extracts from preliminary screening test were subjected to Antimicrobial studies like some on gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains which exhibited a significant effect. The both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were showed the similar zone of inhibition on gram positive bacteria (S.aurea and B.Subtilus) whereas ethyl acetate extract positive inhibition on k.pneumonia when compare to methanolic extract and which are more active suppression on gram negative bacterial (E.coli) in comparison with the standard antibiotic
Velvet bean roots stimulates humoral and cell mediated immunity and offers protection against Cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression.
Get PDFThe objective of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of roots of Mucuna pruriens on cellular and humoral immunity. Extraction and phytochemical screening of the roots were performed using standard methods, HPTLC fingerprinting profiles of the methanol extract were developed on CAMAG system, to resolve components, Quantification of β-Sitosterol was done by validated HPTLC method. Immunomodulatory activity of the extract was assessed by Cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression assay, Macrophage phagocytosis by Carbon clearance method, Humoral antibody response and Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction using SRBC as an antigen. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Mucuna roots at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg in mice dose dependently potentiated the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. It significantly enhanced the circulating antibody titre in response to SRBC and macrophage phagocytosis. Cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression was counteracted in a dose dependent manner with increase in the levels of WBC compared to cyclophosphamide group. The results of the present study suggests that the developed HPTLC fingerprint profiles of the major constituents in methanolic extract along with their Rf values would serve as a reference standard, methods developed for the quantification of L-dopa and β-Sitosterol can be used to ensure the identity and quality of the plant and the results of the biological studies indicates that the roots of Mucuna pruriens influenced both humoral and cell mediated immunity and offered protection against immunosuppression induced by cytotoxic agent Cyclophosphamide holds promise as an immunomodulator
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts obtained from the roots bark of Arbutus andrachne L. a Lebanese tree.
Get PDFContext and purpose of the study: The leaves, fruits, barks and roots of Arbutus andrachne L (A. andrachne), have been adopted to have high therapeutic value resulting from the presence of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic and tannins. In the present work, three extracts obtained from A. andrachne roots bark were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities .The total phenolic content, flavonoid, condensed tannins and anthocyanins were determined in order to correlate them with the antioxidant activity of extracts. Main findings: The highest amounts of phenolic and tannins were found in the ethyl-acetate, while the anthocyanins ones were highly observed in the methanol-water extract. The lowest IC50 values for DPPH (0.6 µg/mL), and metal chelating assay (13.45µg/mL) were recorded in the ethyl-acetate extract and the methanolic one respetively. Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) were more susceptible to the antimicrobial potential of the methanol extract, while E.coli and P. aeruginosa as Gram negative bacteria turned out to be more resistant to the same extract. The ethyl-acetate extract was more effective on E. faecalis than on S. aureus; while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant to this extract. Brief summary and potential implications: An appropriate dose of antioxidants derived from A. andrachne bark of the roots extracts in the human diet can help to avoid the risk of contracting diseases where ROS are involved in the pathogenesis. In fact, phenolic compounds in these extracts are among the natural antioxidants being studied by the scientific community due to their biological properties, e.g., antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
A DETAILED OVERVIEW OF MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY
No full textDiabetes mellitus represents a spectrum of metabolic disorder, which has become one of the major public health concerns worldwide. Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a third leading killer after cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases and India has a distinction of having largest number of diabetics in world second to China. Herbal medicine for treating chronic diseases, especially diabetes has gained an exponential growth in the last few years and both developing and developed countries are adopting herbal drugs for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. The WHO has defined herbal medicines as finished labelled medicinal products that contain aerial or underground parts of the plants or other plant material or combination thereof as active ingredients, whether in crude state or as plant preparations. This review attempts to present the profiles of plants with hypoglycemic properties, reported in the literature with proper categorization according to the botanical name, family, parts used, chemical constituents, and its other uses. Relevant medical databases and websites were searched. To qualify for inclusion, the herbs should have confirmed hypoglycemic potential. Other criteria for inclusion are: published in English and peer-reviewed journals. We also used related keywords like diabetes mellitus, plant, herb, glycemic control, natural or herbal medicine, Ayurvedic plants, and hypoglycemic plants, as keywords or combination of them. A total of 151 herbs belonging to 72 families were outlined in this review
The Protective Effects of Curcuminand Caffeic acid alone or in combination onNicotine-induced Lung Injury in Rats
No full textThe present study was performed to explore the protective effects ofcaffeic acid (20 mg/kg.bw) and curcumin (50mg/k.g.b.w.) on nicotine-induced lung injury alone and in combination.Their effect was compared to N-acetylcysteine (500mg/k.g.b.w.) as known modulator of oxidative stress. Nicotine treatment (0.6mg/kg/day, i.p, for 21 consecutivedays) resulted in a significantincrease (p<0.05) in plasmaalanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and well as plasma and lung thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necroses factor-α (TNF-α) concomitant with significant decline in non-enzymatic antioxidant like reduced glutathione(GSH) and in enzymatic antioxidants like catalase (CAT) andsuperoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Furthermore, nicotine treatment caused severe injury indicated bythe histopathological examination of lung tissue compared to normal control group. Oral treatment with caffeic acid alone orcurcuminalone or in combination as well as N-acetylcysteine alone prevented the elevation in plasma ALT, AST, LDH,TC, TG, LDL-C, NO, TNF-α and TBARSlevels concomitant with an increments in the HDL-C, reduced glutathione GSH and antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) and amelioration inhistopathological changes and injury induced by nicotine. Lung protection was prominent in curcuminand N-acetylcysteine alone more than caffeic acid alone or caffeic acid and curcuminin combination. Moreover, curcumin has the potential to be used in a combination therapy with caffeic acid, with decreasing the therapeutic dose of caffeic acid and therefore its side-effects
Anti-androgenic, anti-oestrogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Laportea ovalifolia on adults rats.
No full textCancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases in which deregulating proliferation of abnormal cells invades and disrupts surrounding tissues. It constitutes seriouspublic health problems in both developed and developing countries. To evaluate the anti-androgenic, anti-estrogenic and antioxidant activities of Laportea ovalifolia (L. ovalifolia) in order to contribute to the search and the valorization of medicinal plants which could reduce mortality related to prostate cancer. The evaluation of the anti-androgenic activity were carried out on castrated male rats receiving simultaneous daily administration of testosterone and different doses of aqueous extract of L. Ovalifolia during a period of 10 days. That of the anti-estrogenic activity was carried out on mature ovariectomized female rats receiving for a week simultaneous daily administration of estradiol and different doses of plant extract. The evaluation of the in vivo antioxidant activity of L. Ovalifolia aqueous extract was carried on adult male rats receiving simultaneous daily administration of naphthalene and different doses of extract, for 15 days. For its in vitro antioxidant activity, the amounts of phenolic compounds in plant extracts were determined as well as the total flavonoid contents of the crude extracts. Also, the DPPH scavenging activity of the plant extract was determined as well as its reducing power. As compare to the 0 mg/kg testosterone primed castrated rat, those treated with the various dose of the plant extract presented either a significant decrease in weights of all their reproductive tissues (P˂0.01 - P˂0.001) or a significant increase (P˂0.001) in their serum level of testosterone. For all the plant extract treated ovariectomized rats, similar trends were observed for the relative uteri weight (P˂0.01) and that of the serum level of estradiol (P˂0.001). Plant extract contains 13.33±0.1 mg GAE/g and 05.27±0.17 mg CATE/g of phenolic and flavonoids compounds respectively and exhibits DPPH radical scavenging ability as well as ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Relatively to animals treated at 0 mg/kg, the various doses of the plant extract significantly increased (P˂0.05 - P˂0.001) the activity of catalase (in liver, lungs and the serum), SOD (in liver and heart) and peroxidase (in liver, heart, serum and lungs). It also significantly reduces (P˂0.001) the level of nitric oxide in the liver, heart, lungs, kidneys and serum. Globally, these results denote the anti-androgenic, anti-estrogenic and antioxidant potential of L. ovalifolia
Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Naravelia zeylanica in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats
No full textNaravelia zeylanica DC (Ranunculaceae), a woody climber, have been used from ancient times to treat various ailments like rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, wound and ulcer. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanolic extract of Naravelia zeylanica (NZYM) using experimental diabetic model. Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.) (STZ) and treated with NZYM at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 45 days. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.) was used as standard drug. Blood glucose and body weight were monitored at regular intervals and the levels of serum insulin, lipid and the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme in the liver were measured at the end of the study. Oral administration of NZYM and glibenclamide significantly reduced the blood glucose level (p<0.05), with increased serum insulin and significant alteration in lipid profiles and liver carbohydrate enzymes (p<0.05) after 45 days. Furthermore, the biochemical parameters correlated with the histopathological changes in the pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats, which structurally proved the efficacy of NZYM. The findings suggest that NZYM possess anti-hyperglycemic activity and anti-hyperlipidemic properties and restored STZ-induced pancreatic damage in diabetic rats. NZYM might therefore have a beneficial effect in treatment of diabetes mediated through regulation of carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities
Evaluation of anticoagulant activity of aqueous extract of Cestrum nocturnum
No full textThe study evaluated anticoagulant properties of the aqueous extract of Cestrum nocturnum using aPTT-Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, PT- Prothrombin Time & TT-Thrombin Time as standard procedures. For in vitro coagulation assays, aqueous extract of plant prolonged APTT, TT, and PT clotting times in a dose-dependent manner (Table 7). It prolonged APTT clotting time from 45 ± 2 (2mg/mL) to 82.2 ± 2.63s (10mg/mL), PT clotting time from 20.4 ± 1.49 (2mg/mL) to 31.4 ± 2.15s (10mg/mL), and TT clotting time from 9.2 ± 1.16 (2mg/mL) to 17.4 ± 1.01s (10mg/mL) at the concentration of 2 to 10mg/mL. Heparin prolonged APTT and PT clotting times more than 111.8s and 40.8s, respectively, at a concentration of 1 IU/mL. Heparin prolonged TT clotting times more than 20.6s at a concentration of 1 IU/mL. The phytochemical screening of the plant confirm the presence of saponin in the water and ethanolic extract, Alkaloid in all the extract except hexane extract, tannin in water, ethanol and methanol extract, amino acid in water and ethanolic extract, carbohydrate in water and methanolic extract and triterpenoids and glycoside were absent in all the extracts. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Cestrum nocturnum possesses pharmacologically active anticoagulant principles that could be isolated and evaluated for clinical or physiological purposes