Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Relay-cropping soybean-maize in saturated soil culture increases efficiency of land use and nitrogen fertilizer
Full text linkRelay-cropping in saturated soil cultivation could increase land efficiency, but its effect on land use and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency is unclear. The research objective was to evaluate the land productivity of the relay-cropping system by calculating the land equivalent ratio (LER) and the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer, and by determining the effect of previous soybean biomass. The experiment was arranged in a three-factor randomized complete block design. The first factor was the cropping patterns of soybean and maize, i.e., relay-cropping soybean-maize and maize monoculture. The second factor was the maize varieties, i.e., Pioneer 27 and Sukmaraga. The third factor was the application of N fertilizer with 4 doses: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1. The results showed that the application of soybean biomass increased maize yield by 7.24%. Pioneer 27 produced a higher yield than Sukmaraga, and the dose of N fertilizer of 150 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest yield of 7.50 tons ha-1. The highest LER of 1.85% was achieved in the relay-cropping by applying N fertilizer 150 kg ha-1. The experiment concludes relay-cropping after soybean save land by about 85% and save N fertilizer by 33.3%. The reduction of N fertilizer application by 33.3% (100 kg N ha-1) reduced corn cob productivity by 13.3%, and is not significantly different from 150 kg N ha-1.
Keywords: chlorophyll, LER, plant residueRelay-cropping in saturated soil cultivation could increase land efficiency, but its effect on land use and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency is unclear. The research objective was to evaluate the land productivity of the relay-cropping system by calculating the land equivalent ratio (LER) and the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer, and by determining the effect of previous soybean biomass. The experiment was arranged in a three-factor randomized complete block design. The first factor was the cropping patterns of soybean and maize, i.e., relay-cropping soybean-maize and maize monoculture. The second factor was the maize varieties, i.e., Pioneer 27 and Sukmaraga. The third factor was the application of N fertilizer with 4 doses: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1. The results showed that the application of soybean biomass increased maize yield by 7.24%. Pioneer 27 produced a higher yield than Sukmaraga, and the dose of N fertilizer of 150 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest yield of 7.50 tons ha-1. The highest LER of 2.18% was achieved in the relay-cropping without applying follow-up N fertilizer (control). The experiment concludes relay-cropping after soybean save land by about 118% and save N fertilizer by 33.3%. The reduction of N fertilizer application by 33.3% (100 kg N ha-1) reduced corn cob productivity by 13.3%, and is not significantly different from 150 kg N ha-1.
Keywords: chlorophyll, LER, plant residu
Growth and production of beneng taro genotypes (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) on different soil organic carbon
Full text linkBeneng taro is a perennial of Araceae and becomes a new commodity in Indonesia. The research aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of beneng taro on various statuses of soil organic carbon (SOC). Three genotypes of taro, i.e., beneng Banten, beneng Bondowoso, and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) fodder taro were planted in three SOC levels, i.e., 1.79, 2.94, and 4.09% in a randomized split block design in the Leuwikopo Experimental Station, IPB from April to December 2021. SOC was designed by adding cow manure. The results showed that there was no interaction between genotypes and SOC. The increase in SOC from 1.79 to 4.09% did not significantly affect growth but significantly affected the diameter and yield of beneng and NTT fodder taro. An increase in SOC above 1.79% markedly decreased tuber diameter, but conversely increased fresh tuber weight. Tuber weight increased by 5.6% and 12.1% with an increase in SOC from control to 2.94% and 4.09%, respectively. The increase in tuber weight was supported by the trend of increasing biomass weight and the number of roots. SOC source in the present study was cow manure which may also contribute some nutrients, therefore, further research is needed using neutral organic carbon sources to determine the effect solely.
Keywords: Araceae; SOC; growth; manure; NTT taro; talas beneng BantenBeneng taro is a perennial of Araceae and becomes a new commodity in Indonesia. The research aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of beneng taro on various statuses of soil organic carbon (SOC). Three genotypes of taro, i.e., beneng Banten, beneng Bondowoso, and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) fodder taro were planted in three SOC levels, i.e., 1.79, 2.94, and 4.09% in a randomized split block design in the Leuwikopo Experimental Station, IPB from April to December 2021. SOC was designed by adding cow manure. The results showed that there was no interaction between genotypes and SOC. The increase in SOC from 1.79 to 4.09% did not significantly affect growth but significantly affected the diameter and yield of beneng and NTT fodder taro. An increase in SOC above 1.79% markedly decreased tuber diameter, but conversely increased fresh tuber weight. Tuber weight increased by 5.6% and 12.1% with an increase in SOC from control to 2.94% and 4.09%, respectively. The increase in tuber weight was supported by the trend of increasing biomass weight and the number of roots. SOC source in the present study was cow manure which may also contribute some nutrients, therefore, further research is needed using neutral organic carbon sources to determine the effect solely.
Keywords: Araceae; SOC; growth; manure; NTT taro; talas beneng Bante
Pruning and additional fertilizer applications affect morphophysiological characters and flavonoid content of winged bean
Full text linkExcessive leaf production in winged bean may delay the flowering time and reduces the yield, therefore, shoot pruning and additional fertilizer were applied in order to improve yield. The research was carried out at Leuwikopo Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor from January to July 2022. The study used a randomized complete block design with 2 factors and three replications. The first factor was three types of shoot pruning, namely without shoot pruning, shoot pruning at 15, and 30 cm height. Pruning was conducted at 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT). The second factor was four doses of fertilizers (0, 6.25, 12.5, and 18.75 g of NPK (16-16-16) per plant). The additional fertilizer was given every two weeks from 7 until 15 WAT. The variables observed were the morphophysiological characters, shoot auxin levels, plant nutrient levels, pod yield, pod number, and pod flavonoid content. The results showed that plant’s biomass increased with additional fertilizer, lower relative growth rate and higher auxin content was from 15 cm pruning. The interaction of two factors affected flowering time and flavonoid content. Shoot pruning and 6.25 g NPK delayed flowering by 0.7-1 day. The highest flavonoid content was found in the plant without pruning and additional fertilizer. Plant yields were not significantly affected by treatments.
Keywords: auxin; flavonoid content; flowering time; leaf nutrient; young pod
Agronomic traits of rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.) derived from new plant type and male sterile parents
Full text linkHybrid rice is derived from a cross between the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) as the female parent and the restorer line as the male parent. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of several new plant type (NPT) rice lines as restorers of the CMS female parent and to elucidate the performance of the hybrid combinations. The research was carried out from December 2019 to November 2020 at Babakan Sawah Baru Experimental Station, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. The hybrids were evaluated in the field together with the CMS female parent, male parents, and two check varieties, namely Ciherang and hybrid P05 Prima Seed. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. The results showed that two male parental lines, IPB189-F-10-3-2 (T6) and IPB189-14-1-1 (T9), had a hybrid seed yield per hill of 66.04 g and 75.27 g, respectively. These two parents have the restorer gene (R) which is substantiated by the good characteristics of the number of filled grains and total grain per panicle of the two hybrids. The potential hybrids CMS x IPB189-F-10-3-2 and CMS x IPB189-14-1-1 had a positive heterosis for panicle length and 1,000 grain weight, and could be evaluated in future research.
Keywords: CMS; heterosis; heterobeltiosis; rice hybri
Utilization of amelioration and bioremediation to reduce Al stress in upland rice “Inpago 12”
Full text linkThe contribution of rice production in drylands (upland rice) to national rice production is still low, due to several limiting factors including limited water, low pH, and low soil fertility. This study aimed to obtain improved recommendations for amelioration and bioremediation in drylands with Al stress to enhance rice production. The upland rice variety of Inpago 12 was planted at Taman Bogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung in the first planting season of 2020. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was the application of amelioration materials consisting of control (without amelioration), CaMg(CO3)2, CaCO3, and rock phosphate. The subplot was the application of bioremediation materials consisting of control (without bioremediation), biofertilizer, endophytic microbes, and citric acid. Results showed that amelioration and bioremediation on dry land with low to moderate Al stress and high Al stress did not significantly increase the growth of rice plants. However, bioremediation in the form of citric acid on land with low to moderate Al stress significantly increased grain production by 6.21% than without bioremediation.
Keywords: Aluminium, dryland, limited water, rice production, low soil fertility, low p
Eco-enzyme and mushroom bag-logs waste stimulate production and nutrients content of celery microgreen (Apium graveolens L.)
Full text linkCelery microgreen is celery harvested at a young stage, which is a suitable production model to support urban farming. The study aimed to investigate the potential use of eco-enzyme and oyster mushroom media waste (bag-logs waste) on the growth of celery as microgreen. The present study employed a fully randomized factorial design comprising two factors. The first factor was the dosage of eco-enzyme (E): 0.5, 15, and 25 mL L-1 of water, while the second factor was the dosage of bag-log waste (L): 0.50, 100, and 150 g/tray. The variables that were assessed included wet weight, fresh economic weight, longest root length, root volume, moisture content, vitamin C, Mg, and Ca levels. The data were subjected to ANOVA analysis and subsequently followed by the application of the HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The findings indicated that there was a substantial interaction between the eco-enzyme and bag-log waste in all observed parameters. The best treatment was the combination of eco-enzyme at a concentration of 25 mL L-1 and bag-log waste at a rate of 150 g/tray. The eco-enzyme treatment exhibited a significant impact on all observed parameters, with the most effective treatment being the application of 25 mL L-1. The bag-log waste application affected all measured parameters with 150 g/tray yielding the most favorable results. Therefore, eco-enzymes and bag-log waste have the potential as growing media for celery microgreen cultivation.
Keywords: celery, healthy food, organic farming, urban farming, zero wast
Confirmations on gene introgression events and hybridity for BLB resistance and yield in rice
Full text linkA superior variety of rice with high yield and resistance to diseases is expected to meet the increasing demand for this one of the most important carbohydrate sources worldwide. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the major biotic stresses limiting rice production. Combining BLB resistance and high-yield traits is possible through gene pyramiding. Introgression of targeted traits in the parental genotypes and hybridity confirmation in the F1 generation are important initial steps in gene pyramiding. This study aimed to confirm the presence of targeted genes in parent genotypes using specific molecular markers and to confirm the hybridity of F1 plants generated from three crosses combinations of Inpari 32 (as the female parent) and three Code-qTSN4 lines (as the male parents) using SSR markers. This study successfully confirmed the introgression of BLB-resistance genes in Inpari 32 (Xa4, Xa7, and Xa21) and in Code-qTSN4 (Xa4, Xa7). The introgression of yield-related QTL, qTSN4, was confirmed in the three Code-qTSN4 lines (A10-1, B12-2, and A16-5) by RM17483 marker. Five SSR markers (RM5, RM55, RM105, RM223, and RM561) successfully confirmed the hybridity of F1 derived from Inpari 32xA10-1 (five individuals), Inpari 32xB12-2 (one individual), Inpari 32xA16-5 (two individuals). These confirmed hybrids can be further evaluated in the F2 generation.
Keywords: Gene pyramiding; molecular marker; SSR; qTSN4; Xoo
Control of iron stress in water-saturated tidal land using ameliorant and its impact on rice productivity
Full text linkFe stress is a problem in swamp lands that reduces the growth and yield of rice. Providing various types of ameliorants and selecting rice varieties are considered an effort to obtain high rice productivity in tidal land. The research aimed to study the effect of various ameliorants on rice growth and production, and to obtain high productivity of tolerant variety to iron stress at different locations of tidal land. The research was conducted in Karya Bakti Village (1°10\u2734.8" S and 104°09’31.1” E), Rantau Rasau, East Tanjung Jabung, Jambi. This study adopted a split-plot design with different types and doses of ameliorant as the main plots and several rice varieties as the subplots with three replications. The results showed that the application of ameliorant rice husk ash, coconut husk ash, empty bunch oil palm compost, and goat manure stimulated vegetative and generative growth. Meanwhile, the Inpari 16 Pasundan variety was proven to have better growth and higher production as described through plant height, fresh weight of shoots and roots, dry weight of shoots and roots, root length, number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, 1,000 grain weight, and harvested dry grain. The highest rice production was in the Inpari 16 Pasundan variety, 9.3 tons ha-1 (low-Fe) and 7.6 tons ha-1 (high-Fe). The combination of rice husk ash (0.25 tons ha-1) + coconut husk ash (0.25 tons ha-1) + empty bunch oil palm compost (0.75 tons ha-1) + goat manure (0.75 tons ha-1) was the best combination to increase rice productivity. Inpari 16 Pasundan is considered a tolerant variety on tidal land with high-Fe stress. The interaction between ameliorants and varieties was significant on plant height at ages 2 and 4 weeks after planting at low-Fe, number of productive tillers at high-Fe, root length at low-Fe and high-Fe, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per panicle at low-Fe, and harvested dry grain at low-Fe and high-Fe.
Keywords: B-type tidal fields, Fe stress cultivation, organic ameliorant, tolerant rice variety, water-saturated cultivatio
Growth and yield performance of three peanut cultivars on different watering intervals
Full text linkMany peanut planting fields have limited water resources, therefore farmers must use water efficiently. A study aimed to obtain appropriate watering intervals and adaptive peanut cultivars at limited water conditions. The greenhouse study was conducted at Central Bengkulu Regency, Indonesia, from December 2019 to March 2020. Three varieties of peanut (Takar 2, Talam 1, and Kancil) and four watering intervals (1, 3, 6, and 9-day intervals) were arranged using a split-plot design and replicated three times. Results showed that the three varieties evaluated had similar agronomic performance (P≥0.05). The Takar 2 and Kancil had similar growth and yield components to the dry land adaptive variety Talam 1. It indicates that Takar 2 and Kancil cultivars are suitable for cultivation in a water-limited field. Watering every 6 days reduced peanut growth and insignificantly differed from watering every 9 days. Daily watering produced the highest growth and yield of peanut, irrespective of genotypes. Nevertheless, in areas with limited water availability, watering every 3 days was sufficient with yield reduction by about 25.55% of watering daily.
Keywords: drought, irrigation, peanut productio
Mutation site identification confer glyphosate resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn) from Jonggol, Bogor, Indonesia
Full text linkGlyphosate resistance is a serious problem in weed control, especially in oil palm plantations. However, evaluation of suspected resistant weeds such as Eleusine indica L. Gaertn at the gene level is still scarce in Indonesia. Here, target-site resistance to glyphosate of the EPSPS gene was evaluated. The objective of this study was to identify glyphosate resistance caused by mutation points in goosegrass biotypes from oil palm plantation in Jonggol, West Java, Indonesia. Bio-assay analysis was carried out by planting goosegrass in pots. Glyphosate was applicated using eight-level, namely 0, 0.125x, 0.25x, 0.5x, x, 2x, 4x, and 8x, where x was the recommended dose (972 g ha-1) for three replications. Weed damage was evaluated from plant biomass and then regression analysis was performed to obtain the LD50 and resistance index. The E. indica from block V had a reduced sensitivity status with 2.343 value of resistance index, and those from Block II biotype had a sensitive status with 1.588 resistance index. Alignment of the EPSPS gene showed no mutation was observed at two target-points, indicating that increasing resistance of E. indica in the study site could be controlled by other factors. Nevertheless, E. indica of block V biotype had a resistance potential due to the highest LD50. It is necessary to evaluate further the possibility of mutation in other target-points of the EPSPS gene.
Keywords: bio-assay; EPSPS; LD50; resistance index; sequencing; target-site resistanceGlyphosate resistance is a serious problem in weed control, especially in oil palm plantations. However, evaluation of suspected resistant weeds such as Eleusine indica L. Gaertn at the gene level is still scarce in Indonesia. Here, target-site resistance to glyphosate of the EPSPS gene was evaluated. The objective of this study was to identify glyphosate resistance caused by mutation points in goosegrass biotypes from oil palm plantation in Jonggol, West Java, Indonesia. Bio-assay analysis was carried out by planting goosegrass in pots. Glyphosate was applicated using eight-level, namely 0, 0.125x, 0.25x, 0.5x, x, 2x, 4x, and 8x, where x was the recommended dose (972 g ha-1) for three replications. Weed damage was evaluated from plant biomass and then regression analysis was performed to obtain the LD50 and resistance index. The E. indica from block V had a reduced sensitivity status with 2.343 value of resistance index, and those from Block II biotype had a sensitive status with 1.588 resistance index. Alignment of the EPSPS gene showed no mutation was observed at two target-points, indicating that increasing resistance of E. indica in the study site could be controlled by other factors. Nevertheless, E. indica of block V biotype had a resistance potential due to the highest LD50. It is necessary to evaluate further the possibility of mutation in other target-points of the EPSPS gene.
Keywords: bio-assay; EPSPS; LD50; resistance index; sequencing; target-site resistanc