Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Effect of ethephon stimulation and fertilizer applications on nutrient dynamics of rubber clones in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Full text linkSoil is a critical factor in determining fertilizer efficiency. Rubber tree requires a stable environment to achieve optimal growth and production. The research aimed to evaluate how fertilization and ethephon stimulation affected the nutrient dynamics of rubber in various clones. The Indonesian Rubber Research Institute experimental field in South Sumatra served as the site for the research. Three replications of the experiment were set up using a split-plot design with three factors. The rubber clones were the primary plot, with ethephon stimulation and fertilization rate as subplots. The rubber clones used in this research, namely GT 1, BPM 24, PB 260, and IRR 112, were planted in 2011 (8 years) with a 6 x 3 m planting spacing on the existing rubber plantation. Several rates of fertilization were used in the experiment: 50% recommended rate (50 RR), 100% recommended rate (100 RR), 150% recommended rate (150 RR), and control (no fertilizer). During the observation period, ethephon stimulation was administered at a rate of S/2 d3 ET2.5% 6/y (half spiral cut, tapped downward every 3 days with ethephon stimulation of 2.5% active ingredient and application of 1 g per tree on groove, six times per year at monthly intervals) every two months. Observation parameters were soil nutrient analysis (soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), C-Organic, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable bases (K, Ca, Mg), and leaf nutrient analysis (N, P, K). Results showed that soil properties were improved by fertilization after a year of treatment. Organic-C, CEC, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable cation increased across rubber clones. Tissue analysis in leaves and nutrient content also showed significant differences between fertilization and stimulation treatments in all clones. Further research is required on which chemical fertilizers with biological fertilizers can induce low nutrient availability in poor soil conditions.
Keywords: rubber clones; ethephon stimulation; fertilizer rate; nutrient dynamics; soil propertie
IBA-induced rooting in Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. cuttings for germplasm conservation
Full text linkNepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. is an endemic species distributed in Sumatra and Kalimantan and classified as least concern due to the lack of recent research data on its abundance and distribution. Excessive exploitation, deforestation, the long time required to reach the generative phase, and the dioecious flowering type have caused a population decline. Plant propagation through cuttings can support conservation activities. The success of cuttings is determined by the concentration of plant growth regulators (PGR), making studies on PGR concentration important. This research aimed to determine the best indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration for inducing roots and shoots in N. reinwardtiana. The study was conducted from February to October 2023. The research was arranged based on a completely randomized design with IBA concentration treatments consisting of 5 levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L-1. The results showed that there was no significant effect of IBA on all variables. However, 5 mg L-1 IBA gave the best responses on shoot height increase (10.9 cm), leaf number increase (5.0 leaves), and root length (8.7 cm). These findings suggest that the growth of N. reinwardtiana cuttings may rely heavily on endogenous auxin levels, reducing the observable effects of exogenous IBA application. The non-significant results highlight the potential of this species to thrive without external auxin under certain conditions, which could simplify propagation protocols.
Keywords: biodiversity; conservation; endemic species; extinct; plant growth regulato
Improving germination of aged melon seed using garlic oil emulsion
Full text linkSeed storage is an important aspect of plant breeding. Aged seeds tend to lose their viability during storage, reducing their ability to grow. One effort to increase the viability of seed germination that has been stored for a long period is to provide priming treatment to the seeds before planting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of garlic oil emulsion on the germination of aged melon seed that has been stored for more than five years. The study was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor consisted of two melon seed lines that had been stored for more than five years, namely Ougan makuwauri (V1) and Ginsen makuwauri (V2), and the second factor was the priming treatment consisting of P0 = Aquadest, P1 = 0.125% garlic oil emulsion, P2 = 0.25% garlic oil emulsion, and P3 = 0.5% garlic oil emulsion, each treatment was repeated three times with a soaking time of 20 hours. There is an interaction between the line and priming treatment that significantly affects the variable of cotyledon opening on the fifth day and hypocotyl length. Meanwhile, the single priming treatment has a significant effect on the observation variable of cotyledon opening on the third day and has a very significant effect on the variable of root length of germinated melon seeds.
Keywords: Ginsen makuwauri; old seeds; Ougan makuwauri; priming treatmen
Zinc and boron micronutrients application enhance sweet corn productivity
Full text linkSweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) is a valuable crop whose productivity depends not only on macronutrients but also on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) and boron (B), which play essential roles in plant physiological processes. However, the effectiveness of foliar-applied micronutrients in sweet corn cultivation under tropical conditions remains insufficiently studied. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of a micronutrient fertilizer containing Zn (5.46%) and B (3.59%) when combined with reference and reduced doses of NPK fertilizer. The experiment was conducted from February to May 2025 at the Sindangbarang Experimental Farm, IPB University. This experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments, namely control (no fertilizer), reference fertilizer, reference fertilizer + 1 dose of micronutrient fertilizer, and ¾ dose of reference fertilizer + 1 dose of micronutrient fertilizer, with six replications. Results showed that micronutrient application significantly enhanced vegetative growth and yield components compared to the control. The combination of reference NPK and one dose of micronutrient fertilizer produced the highest productivity, with a 78.8% increase over the control and a relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) value of 114.5%, indicating a 1.14-fold improvement over the reference treatment. These findings suggest that integrating Zn and B into fertilization strategies can enhance sweet corn performance and support more efficient nutrient management in tropical agroecosystems.
Keywords: crop yield improvement; foliar fertilization; micronutrient uptake; tropical field experiment; Zea mays physiolog
Humic acid and chicken manure improve growth and productivity of organic edamame
Full text linkEdamame (Glycine max L.), a soybean harvested for young pods, has high nutritional content and is promising as an export commodity. Here, organic edamame was produced by incorporating chicken manure and humic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chicken manure, humic acid, and their interaction on the growth and productivity of edamame. The study used a factorial randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications, and it was carried out at the IPB Experimental Station, Cikarawang A, Dramaga, Bogor, from May to September 2024. The first factor was chicken manure: 0, 8, 16, and 24 tons ha-1, and the second factor was humic acid: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. Vegetative variables were observed at 5 weeks after planting (WAP). The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were determined from the period between 3 and 5 WAP. Yield components included the number, length, and weight of pods and pod yield. The results showed that the interaction of chicken manure and humic acid significantly increased root length, RGR, number of flowers, number of productive nodes, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, pod weight per plant, and pod yield. Chicken manure at 9.5 tons ha-1 and humic acid at 90 kg ha-1 were the optimum doses to significantly increase pod yield. This study highlights the potential use of humic acid to reduce the amount of chicken manure demand in organic farming systems.
Keywords: leaf greenness; net assimilation rate; nutrient levels; organic fertilizer; relative growth rat
Understanding gene interactions controlling resistance to pepper yellow leaf curl disease through phenotype-based analysis
Full text linkPepper yellow leaf curl disease (PYLCD) is the primary disease that affects chili plants, resulting in a loss of quality and quantity. The identification of chili plants resistant to PYLCD is a solution to support optimal chili cultivation. The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters to obtain information on the genetic control of chili resistance to PYLCD. The genotypes used in this study consisted of four parental, four hybrid genotypes, and 180 individuals of the F2 population. The results showed that the genotypes "F6074" and "IPBC12" were categorized as resistant, while the genotypes “IPBC5” and “YUNI” were categorized as susceptible. The distribution of resistance level in chili peppers to yellow curly leaf disease tends to follow a ratio of 13:3, with a dominance of susceptible traits. The assumption for this phenomenon is that resistance to PYLCD is controlled by at least two genes. Both genes have dominant and recessive epistatic interactions.
Keywords: Begomovirus; chi-square; epistasis; resilienc
Integrated strategies to overcome aluminum toxicity in tropical acid soils
Full text linkAluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint to crop productivity in tropical acidic soils, which predominate in much of Indonesia and other humid regions. This review summarizes advances in understanding Al phytotoxicity, plant tolerance mechanisms, and agronomic, plant breeding, and molecular strategies to overcome Al stress. Plants exhibit two primary adaptation strategies: Al efflux from root tips, with organic acid exudation being crucial (mediated by the ALMT and MATE transporters), and internal detoxification through chelation, compartmentalization, production and activation of antioxidants, osmolytes accumulation, and hormonal regulation. Recent research emphasizes the role of Al receptors, signaling pathways, and regulatory genes such as Nramp and ABC transporters in enhancing Al tolerance. Agronomic strategies, including liming, exogenous compound applications, biostimulants, and beneficial microbes, complement molecular breeding and gene editing approaches such as CRISPR/Cas to develop acid-tolerant cultivars. The success of Brazil and China in conquering acidic soils is attributed to their ability to integrate genomics, physiology, and sustainable agronomic management in transforming acidic soils into productive agroecosystems. Continued collaboration and application of modern biotechnology tools will accelerate the development of crops resistant to Al toxicity, enabling sustainable agricultural productivity in tropical acidic soils.
Keywords: Al phytotoxicity; agronomy and crop improvement; research focus and strengths; tolerance mechanisms; ultisol
Silicon priming enhances growth and photosynthetic pigments in rice plants under drought stress
Full text linkRice (Oryza sativa L.) variety \u27Inpari 24 Gabusan\u27 offers high nutritional value and a short growth cycle that is ideal for further development. This study aimed to assess the effect of silicon priming on the growth and photosynthetic pigments of rice \u27Inpari 24 Gabusan\u27 during the vegetative stage under drought conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with two factors: sodium metasilicate (Na₂SiO₃) concentrations (0 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM, and 60 mM) and field water capacity (100, 75, and 50%). Germination parameters (percentage and rate of germination, and seed vigor index) and vegetative parameters (plant height, leaf number, root length, biomass) were measured. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content were also assessed. Results showed that silicon priming increased the germination rate from 57.17% at 0 mM to 63.83% at 60 mM. Seed vigor index significantly improved at 60 mM. However, sodium metasilicate concentration had no significant effect on the percentage of germination. Priming at 40 mM and 60 mM significantly enhanced growth and chlorophyll content, particularly at 100% and 75% field capacity. Under 50% field capacity, growth improvements were more limited due to water deficit. Higher sodium metasilicate concentrations also enhanced chlorophyll content, improved photosynthetic efficiency and drought tolerance.
Keywords: carotenoid; chlorophyll; field capacity; germination; sodium metasilicat
Growth and yield of sweet corn intercropping with caisim of different plant densities and planting times
Full text linkIntercropping of sweet corn and caisim is an effort to improve land efficiency. The study aimed to determine the land use optimization of intercropping between sweet corn and caisim from different plant densities and planting times. Research was carried out from May to July 2024, in Bocek Village, Malang, East Java. The study used a randomized complete block design with a single factor consisting of 7 treatments, i.e., monoculture sweet corn, and sweet corn + caisim (1 and 2 rows) planted 7 days before, at the same time, and 7 days after planting corn. Results showed that all intercropping treatments resulted in R/C ratio and LER values > 1, with the highest values observed of sweet corn + caisim of 1 row planting at the same time. The R/C ratio was 1.22 and the LER was 1.35, indicating that land use was optimized without causing a decline in growth or production for either crop.
Keywords: cropping system, LER, number of rows, R/C ratio, Zea may
Determining granule size of Cyperus rotundus tuber-based bioherbicide for weed control in upland rice
Full text linkThe application of granular bioherbicides derived from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers offers an environmentally friendly alternative for managing weed competition in upland rice cultivation. This study evaluated the efficacy of various granular bioherbicide forms and sizes (67.5 kg ha-1) in suppressing weed growth and their impact on upland rice. A completely randomized design with twelve treatments was employed. Results showed that granular bioherbicides effectively controlled broadleaf weeds for up to four weeks without causing phytotoxicity to upland rice. Very small granular bioherbicides (spherical and cylindrical) were the most effective form to suppress weed growth of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC., and Mimosa pudica L., and enhance upland rice growth and yield.
Keywords: allelopathy; biological control; efficacy; pre-emergence; sustainable agricultur