Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Accession variation in starch, chlorophyll, and antioxidant content of cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) leaves
Full text linkCardamom (Amomum cardamomum) is a herbal plant with various phytochemical compounds such as phenols, starch, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and antioxidants. Cardamom of the same type but originating from different regions can produce variations in the content of metabolites. This study aimed to select cardamom accession containing high starch, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity. The research was conducted at Biopharmaca Experimental Garden, Cikabayan IPB University from March to August 2022 using four cardamom accessions, i.e., Bogor Hijau, Bogor Merah, Ciamis and Sukabumi. Three leaves were taken for each accession, with three replications. The leaves taken were numbers 5, 6, and 7 counted from the tops of the cardamom plant. The methods used in this study were the phenol-sulfuric acid method, the DMSO method, the DPPH method, and the CUPRAC method. The results showed that the highest starch content was produced by the cardamom of Bogor Merah accession, with an average of 3.63 g (100 g)-1 FW. The highest total chlorophyll content was found in the cardamom of Bogor Hijau accession, with an average of 1.9 mg g-1 FW. At the same time, the highest antioxidant capacity using the DPPH method was produced by the cardamom of the Sukabumi accession with an average of 1.28 μmol TE g-1 FW. In comparison, the highest antioxidant capacity of the CUPRAC method was produced by the cardamom of the Bogor Hijau accession with an average of 5.71 µmol TE g-1 FW. Thus, it is recommended to use Bogor Merah dan Bogor Hijau accession for further evaluation.
Keywords: accession, antioxidant activity, cardamom leaves, chlorophyll, starc
Agronomic responses of four garlic genotypes in two different locations
Full text linkMengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan produksi varietas di lokasi yang berbeda dapat menjelaskan potensinya untuk beradaptasi secara luas. Varietas yang sama seringkali memiliki performa yang lebih baik di lingkungan tertentu atau bahkan di beberapa lingkungan dan sebaliknya. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi empat varietas bawang putih di dua lokasi dataran tinggi. Varietas yang diuji meliputi Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning, dan Tawangmangu Baru. Varietas-varietas ini ditanam di Lembang, Jawa Barat (1.250 m dpl) dan Ciwidey, Jawa Barat (1.200 m dpl). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi yang signifikan antara varietas dan lokasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, diameter batang semu, bobot segar, bobot kering, dan diameter umbi kering. Lumbu Kuning menghasilkan rata-rata bobot segar tertinggi per sampel dengan perbedaan yang cukup besar di kedua lokasi (Lembang: 52,01 g, Ciwidey: 31,87 g). Varietas ini juga memiliki bobot kering tertinggi 24,65 g ketika ditanam di Lembang. Secara keseluruhan, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Lembang memberikan kondisi yang lebih baik untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil dari ketiga varietas kecuali Lumbu Hijau.Agronomic performance of garlic is speculated strongly affected by genotype ´ environment interaction, however, interaction evaluation is rarely studied in Indonesia. This research aimed to study the agronomic response of four garlic varieties in two different locations. The research was conducted from April to December 2021 using Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning, and Tawangmangu Baru genotypes grown in two locations, i.e., Lembang (1250 m asl) and Ciwidey (1200 m asl), Bandung, West Java using randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that genotypes ´ locations interaction was found for traits: plant height, pseudo-stem stem diameter, number of stomata, weight, and diameter of fresh and dried bulbs. Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) depends on genotype, height of fresh bulbs and percentage of weight loss depending on location, while number of leaves was independently affected by genotype and location. Lumbu Kuning produced the highest average fresh weight with considerable differences in both locations (Lembang: 52.01 g, Ciwidey: 31.87 g) and also had the highest weight of dry bulb when planted in Lembang (24.65 g). Pearson\u27s correlation showed that the strongest positive correlation (r=0.91) was found between the weight of the fresh bulb and pseudo-stem diameter when garlic genotypes were planted in Ciwidey. The present study implies the importance to select suitable genotypes for a particular location.
Keywords: genotype, environment, interaction, SPAD value, stomata, weight loss
 
Leaves production and its flavonoids content of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) from fulvic acid treatment
Full text linkMoringa is drought tolerant and its leaf is traditionally used as a vegetable. Recently, the leaf is used commercially in traditional medicine and functional foods. Fulvic acid is a kind of plant growth regulator derived from humic acid and is considered a fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of fulvic acid concentration on the growth, biomass, phosphorus and flavonoids contents of moringa seedlings. The experiment was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021 at Leuwikopo Experimental Station, Bogor. The treatment was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of two factors, i.e., fulvic acid level (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL L-1) and moringa accessions (East Nusa Tenggara-ENT and Leuwikopo-LWK). Observation focused on growth and biomass, total flavonoids, and phosphorus contents of leaves. The results showed that fulvic acid enhanced leaf growth, and plant height. On the other hand, the fulvic acid application had no significant effect on biomass production, total flavonoids, and phosphorus contents of moringa leaves. Accessions expressed different responses to fulvic acid levels, i.e.e, the fulvic acid of 1 mL L-1 seemed favorable for ENT accession while 2 mL L-1 was favorable for LWK accession as indicated by the level of flavonoid content. Therefore, fulvic acid is beneficial in moringa cultivation, particularly for ENT accession. It is interesting to evaluate the fulvic acid application on moringa trees grown in ENT where soil moisture is considered low.
Keywords: accession; phosphorus; seedling; humic acid; East Nusa Tenggara; vegetabl
Effect of nitrogen doses on growth and yield of several varieties of tungro-infected rice plant
Full text linkTungro is still a problem in efforts to increase rice production, it can disrupt the stability of rice production if conditions worsen. Plant fertilizer application is an integral part of plant cultivation, especially nitrogen fertilizer. Improper utilization of fertilizers can harm agriculture by increasing plant vulnerability to pests and diseases. Thus, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of various doses of nitrogen on the agronomic performance of rice plants, as well as their susceptibility to tungro. The research was conducted at the Greenhouse, Sukamandi, and the Muara Experimental Field, Center for Rice Research, Bogor. The experiments, both in the greenhouse and field, used a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were variety, while the subplots were nitrogen dosage. The results showed that Inpari 36 Lanrang was better than Ciherang and IR64 in terms of plant height, number of tillers, empty grain per clump, leaf greenness, and yield/pot in the greenhouse. While from the field experiment, varieties have different flowering times, plant heights, number of filled grains, number of empty grains, 1,000-grain weight, net assimilation rate, yield/plot, and tungro incidence. The use of nitrogen fertilizer affected flowering time in the greenhouse and affected productive tillers, yield per plot in the field, and the greenness of the leaves of healthy plants. The optimum dose is 167.5 kg ha-1 nitrogen. As a result, it is recommended that controlling tungro disease should involve the integration of fertilizer application that is balanced with the use of resistant varieties.Keywords: agronomic performance, nitrogen rates, plant diseases, resistant varieties, tungro infection
 
Effect of fly ash and bottom ash application as mix growing media on heavy metals status in vegetables
Full text linkCoal fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) is still possible to be used directly as a mixture of soil with other growing media in small-scale agriculture. This study aimed to determine and to identify the level of safety for the consumption of vegetable crops related to the adsorption of heavy metals due to the use of mixed FABA planting media. In this study, the proportion mixture of 6% FABA, 6% compost, and 8.6% fine coal (lignite) was applicated. The proportion ratio between FABA and soil was 1:15. The FABA media application was prepared for eggplant, chili, water spinach, spinach, mustard greens, and moringa vegetables. The study was conducted without any control treatment without FABA on the same soil type. As an alternative control, vegetables from local farmers, local markets, and supermarkets surrounding the study site were taken. The experimental results showed that the application of FABA did not increase nitrate and heavy metals content in vegetables. It can be concluded that vegetables grown on FABA media were safe and suitable for consumption in terms of acceptable daily intake of nitrate and various heavy metals, except for As intake in water spinach and mustard greens, which were recommended to be confirmed in further determination research
Growth and yield responses of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) varieties on different irrigation levels
Full text linkCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or kacang tunggak in Indonesian belongs to the Leguminoceae family and is recently still a less commercial crop. This study was conducted to determine irrigation volume based on pan evaporation and its effects on the growth, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) grown in the plastic house. The amount of water applied was based on pan evaporation (Eo). This experiment used a split-plot randomized complete block design; the main plot was cowpea varieties (Albina and Uno), and subplots were irrigation volume (0.75, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.0 Eo). The data were subjected to analysis of variance; then, the means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). All tests were considered significant at p < 0.05. The experimental results showed that the water requirement during the vegetative phase for 5 consecutive weeks for the Albina variety was 2.91 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, and 2.11 Eo; for the Uno variety was 3.0 Eo, 3 .0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 2.94 Eo, and 2.10 Eo, respectively. For the Albina and Uno varieties at the generative phase, the plant water requirements were 1.66 Eo and 1.79 Eo, respectively. In cowpea farming, the optimum treatment for efficient water use or lowest usage of water was determined to be 2.25 Eo of irrigation volume combined with the Albina variety. Cowpea growth and productivity are significantly impacted by irrigation volume.
Keywords: Albina variety; evaporation; kacang tunggak; Uno variety; water efficienc
Characteristics and variability of melon genotypes under shade conditions in greenhouse
Full text linkThe utilization of controlled greenhouses can be an alternative for melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivation. Growing melon in greenhouses lowers the risk of pests and infections by diverse pathogens. Low solar irradiation during the rainy season and pollution in the greenhouse roof, may cause shade stress conditions for the plants inside. This study aimed to elucidate the plant and fruit characteristics of nine genotypes of melon grown under shade conditions in a greenhouse and the variability among them. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor, from November 2016 to January 2017. The genetic materials evaluated were nine melon genotypes from the Center for Tropical Fruit Studies at IPB University. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was followed. Shade intensity in the greenhouse was approximately 25%. The results showed that the genotype effect was significant for internode length, petiole length, plant height fruit, flesh thickness, fruit rind thickness, fruit weight, and total soluble solids. Genotype means for fruit weight were small in this experiment (< 300 g), whereas the total soluble solids were moderate to high (8.7-14.3 °Brix). Fruit diameter had a positive and significant correlation with leaf length, leaf width, and fruit length, whereas fruit weight had a positive and significant correlation with fruit diameter and fruit length.
Keywords: correlation, honeydew, melon breeding, melon group, trait
Rainwater harvesting and water-saving irrigation for enhancing land productivity in upland rice cultivation
Full text linkThe development of dry land requires precise planning due to its climate-sensitive nature. It is essential to ensure water availability to meet crop water requirements. Rainwater harvesting remains underutilized in upland rice cultivation. The field experiment was conducted in Tulungagung Regency, East Java province, Indonesia from August to December 2017. The research aimed to develop water harvesting technology and irrigation management for upland rice. The nested design was the experimental design with irrigation levels and varieties of upland rice treatments. Four irrigation levels were farmer\u27s customs, 70%, 85%, and 100% of the crop water requirement, while the varieties were Situ Patenggang, Inpago-9, and Inpago-11. Our findings revealed that 70% of the crop water requirement was sufficient for upland rice cultivation in dryland. Crop yields were unaffected by the irrigation level. Differences among upland rice varieties were only significant on plant height character. There was an increased cropping index due to additional water sources in the last months of the dry season until the early rainy season. Rainwater harvesting can be adapted to climate change, especially in areas that often experience water shortages.
Keywords: dry land, channel reservoir, irrigation level, crop water requiremen
Growth, yield, and land use efficiency of soybean-maize relay cropping under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps
Full text linkMore than 75 percent of households growing maize and soybean adopts the monoculture method. The relay cropping of soybean-maize is a strategic choice to increase the planted area and productivity of these two commodities\u27 sustainability in tidal swamps. The research aimed to study the land equivalent ratio (LER), determine the best planting spacing and soybean varieties, and the best relay cropping of maize on saturated soil culture in tidal swamps. The experiment was on mineral soils with type B tidal swamps, in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, from July to December 2022. The experiment used a three-factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties: Argomulyo, Gepak Kuning, Detap 1, and Demas 1, the second factor was soybean planting spacing: 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and 60 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm, and the third factor was the relay cropping of maize: 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) of soybeans. Results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, filled pods, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield were influenced significantly by varieties. Demas 1 variety produced a higher seed yield, with relay cropping and monoculture, i.e., 4.2 tons ha-1 and 4.1 tons ha-1, respectively. Plant height, stem diameters, number of leaves, 100 grains weight, and grain yield in maize were significantly higher at soybean planting spacing of 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and relay cropping at 30 DAP. The LER values > 1, indicated that relay cropping increased land productivity as compared to monoculture cultivation. The LER at relay cropping of 30 DAP was significantly highest for Argomulyo and Detap 1 varieties, i.e., 1.8 and 1.8, respectively.
Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, planting spacing, relay cropping, saturated soil culture, tidal swampsMore than 75 percent of households growing maize and soybean adopts the monoculture method. The relay cropping of soybean-maize is a strategic choice to increase the planted area and productivity of these two commodities\u27 sustainability in tidal swamps. The research aimed to study the land equivalent ratio (LER), determine the best planting spacing and soybean varieties, and the best relay cropping of maize on saturated soil culture in tidal swamps. The experiment was on mineral soils with type B tidal swamps, in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, from July to December 2022. The experiment used a three-factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties: Argomulyo, Gepak Kuning, Detap 1, and Demas 1, the second factor was soybean planting spacing: 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and 60 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm, and the third factor was the relay cropping of maize: 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) of soybeans. Results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, filled pods, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield were influenced significantly by varieties. Demas 1 variety produced a higher seed yield, with relay cropping and monoculture, i.e., 4.2 tons ha-1 and 4.1 tons ha-1, respectively. Plant height, stem diameters, number of leaves, 100 grains weight, and grain yield in maize were significantly higher at soybean planting spacing of 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and relay cropping at 30 DAP. The LER values > 1, indicated that relay cropping increased land productivity as compared to monoculture cultivation. The LER at relay cropping of 30 DAP was significantly highest for Argomulyo and Detap 1 varieties, i.e., 1.8 and 1.8, respectively.
Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, planting spacing, relay cropping, saturated soil culture, tidal swamp
Changing rainfall and its adaptation strategies on tea plantation in West Java, Indonesia
Full text linkClimate change, i.e., changing rainfall refers to drought and excess rainfall, is known to affect the growth and yield of tea production in many regions. However, research on the impact of climate change on tea plantations in Indonesia is still limited. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of changing rainfall on the productivity of tea plantation at Cianjur, West Java. The data was collected from interviews, field data, and company records from April to July 2022. The results showed that changing rainfall of both limited rainfalls during El Nino and excess rainfall during La Nina affected the tea production. Annual tea productivity declined during both climatic events. Shortage of water during El Nino primarily reduced crop growth, while excess rainfall during La Nina reduced the capacity of tea pickers and increased labor for crop maintenance. Failure to adapt to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change could contribute to declining tea production in Indonesia. Thus, comprehensive action is needed including capacity building in human resources, water management, and microclimate adaptation such as shading plants and tolerant clones to sustain tea production under climate change events