Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Starch distribution in sago palm (Metroxylon spp) trunk in East Luwu Regency
Full text linkSago is a starch-producing palm plant often found in marshland or peatland utilized by the community as food. East Luwu Regency is one of the areas where sago plants can be found. The purpose of this study was to determine sago starch distribution on the trunk of sago plants. The research methods used were interviews with farmers as key informants (qualitative) and direct observation of sago plants (quantitative). This study used 18 sago plant samples from two types of sago accessions, namely Uwwu accessions and Battang accessions, obtained from 3 sub-districts: Wotu, Kalaena, and Mangkutana. Sago morphological characteristics observed include plant height, trunk diameter, trunk circumference, pith weight, and dry starch weight. The circumference and diameter of the sago trunk varied among the lower, middle, and upper parts. The results showed that in Battang in Kalaena 3, the middle had a smaller diameter and trunk circumference compared to the lower and upper trunk but had the largest dry starch weight of 29.45 g, compared to the lower trunk (25.21 g) and the upper trunk (22.43 g). The environment is a factor that significantly influences the size of trunk circumference, trunk diameter, and starch content in sago plant trunk.
Keywords: accession; Battang; pith; qualitative; starch; Uww
Evaluation of Wedelia water extract on soybean, purple nutsedge, and billygoat seeds germination
Full text linkWeeds cause significant yield loss in many agriculture crops; thus, management practices are urgently needed to alleviate losses while conserving environmental and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Wedelia leaf and flower extracts on the germination and early growth stage of three plant species. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design experiment with two factors and four replicates. The first factor was extract sources: leaves (S1) and flowers (S2). The second factor was the concentration: control (C0) and extract concentrations of 1% (C1), 5% (C5), and 10% (C10). The extract was tested on three different plant species: soybean (Glycine max), nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), and billygoat weed (Ageratum conyzoides). Fifty seeds of three different plants were germinated separately in Petri dishes and treated using Wedelia extracts. The allelochemicals in Wedelia leaf and flower extracts inhibited germination and induced abnormal sprouting. Wedelia leaf extract showed the most pronounced inhibitory effects and highest inhibition levels across all measured parameters. Moreover, a clear concentration-response relationship was observed, where increased extract concentration increased the degree of inhibition. These findings contribute to the development of bioherbicides and can help reduce the use of synthetic herbicides for more sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, bioherbicide, Cyperus rotundus, Glycine max, weed contro
Agronomic and metabolite profile of Cymbopogon citratus utilizing the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) bioconverted compost
Full text linkThe black soldier fly (BSF) maggot, a bioconversion agent for organic waste, can generate stable materials like compost. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), recognized for its numerous health benefits, is the subject of this research. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of applying BSF maggot bioconversion compost on the bioactive compound profile in the ethanol extract of lemongrass plants. Lemongrass cultivation was conducted in Sindangjaya Village, Cipanas, West Java, Indonesia, employing a randomized complete block design with a single factor. The single factor was the type of fertilizer, namely: control (P1), organic manure fertilizer (P2), and maggot fertilizer (P3). The introduction of BSF maggot bioconversion compost to the growth medium significantly affected the plant height (at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after planting) and wet weight (including stems, leaves, roots, and shoots). Ethanol extraction and identification with LCMS/MS (Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry) instruments revealed 48 compounds. Each treatment group (P1, P2, and P3) contained 37, 30, and 35 compounds, respectively. These compounds consisted of various groups, including amino acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, quinolines, carbohydrates, methoxyphenol, benzodioxole, diphenylmethane, and steroids.
Keywords: bioactive; BSF frass; extraction; lemongras
Growth and yield of peanut on peat soil with different dolomite and shrimp waste liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) levels
Full text linkThe application of dolomite and shrimp waste liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) is expected to improve the quality of peat soil to support the growth and yield of peanuts. The study was aimed at the role of dolomite and shrimp waste LOF in the development and yield of peanuts on peat soil. The study was conducted in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, from April to August 2024. A factorial completely randomized design was used for the field experiment. The treatment factors were the dosage of dolomite (3, 6, and 9 tons ha-1) and the concentration of shrimp waste LOF (200, 300, and 400 mL L-1). The results showed that using dolomite and shrimp waste LOF increased the growth and yield of peanuts on peat soil. The interaction of dolomite 6 tons ha-1 and shrimp waste LOF 400 mL L-1 effectively increased root volume. The best individual dolomite treatment level for peanut growth was 6 tons ha-1, and for production, it was 9 tons ha-1. The best individual shrimp waste LOF treatment level for growth was 300 mL L-1, and for production, it was 400 mL L-1.
Keywords: amelioration; peanut production; soil fertilit
Plant growth, fruit production, and total terpenoid production in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) with guano fertilizer application
Full text linkBitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is valued for its anti-diabetic properties due to terpenoid compounds like charantin, but production struggles to meet market demands. This study aimed to analyze the response of plant growth characteristics, fruit production, and terpenoid compound production in bitter melon fruit by improving phosphorus availability through guano fertilizer application as additional organic fertilizer in organic cultivation. The experiment was conducted from May to September 2024 at the IPB experimental station in Cikarawang, Bogor, Indonesia. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with varying guano fertilizer doses (0, 152, 304, and 456 g per plant). Observations were conducted on 10 sample plants per experimental unit. The observed characteristics included vegetative and reproductive growth, fruit production, and total terpenoid production. Terpenoid analysis was performed using a colorimetric method with an ELISA reader. The results showed that guano fertilizer significantly affected several plant growth and production variables. Higher doses increased several values of vegetative growth parameters, flower numbers, and fruit production. The 304 g guano per plant yielded the highest concentration and production of terpenoids. This study demonstrates the potential of guano fertilizer to enhance bitter melon growth, yield, and terpenoid content, contributing to improved production to meet market demands.
Keywords: net assimilation rate; organic; phosphorus; relative growth rat
Adaptability assessment of three spice plant as understory plants in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivation
Full text linkUtilization of land with intercrop plants can support the productivity of the land. The wide spacing of oil palm plants can be used to plant intercrops. Spice plants such as red ginger, turmeric, and cardamom are examples of intercropping plants under the shade of oil palm. This study aimed to determine the adaptability of red ginger, turmeric, and cardamom as understorey plants of different oil palm ages. The research was carried out from February to November 2021 at Sekernan, Muaro Jambi, Jambi. The study consisted of three experiments to investigate three spice plants. Each experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with oil palm ages as treatments, namely 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Variables observed included light intensity, plant height, tiller number, leaf number, and rhizome weight. The red ginger and turmeric were considered as adaptive plants to understorey conditions due to the yield of > 60% in 15-year-old oil palm trees than those grown in non-shade conditions. Production levels of red ginger and turmeric were determined by the number of tillers and leaves. The cardamom plant under oil palm shade produced a better yield than that in control. This implies that all three spices are suitable as intercrop plants under oil palm plantations.
Keywords: cardamom; low light intensity; red ginger; shade stands; turmeri
Growth and production of soybean on different inoculant sources of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water saturation periods
Full text linkProduction expansion to suboptimal areas such as tidal land through the application of integrated land management technology is an effort to increase soybean production in Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological response of soybean treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and duration of water saturation in tidal land. The study was conducted in April-October 2021 in the plastic house of the Research Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Palembang. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the source of AMF propagations (without inoculations, corn inoculants, soybean inoculants, sugarcane inoculants, and soybean-sugarcane inoculants). The second factor was the water saturation periods (0, 2, and 4 months since planting), so there are 15 treatments. The results showed that the interaction between the inoculant sources and the duration of water saturation had no significant effect on all parameters. The inoculant propagated in the media of sugarcane produced the highest effect as compared to other treatments. The water saturation for 2 or 4 months since planting gave soybean plants a better morphophysiological response than conventional cultivation.
Keywords: AMF inoculants; morphophysiology; saturated soil culture; soybea
Phosphorus deficiency tolerance in sorghum
Full text linkSorghum is a globally important commodity for food, feed, and fuel, and is known to have a high tolerance to heat, drought, and other abiotic stresses, and have a large genetic variation for grain yield under low-P conditions. Agricultural land in Indonesia is dominated by acid soils with limited P availability, of a total of 144.5 million ha, around 107.3 million ha are acid soils. Information regarding the tolerance of sorghum to P deficiency conditions is still very limited. The review aimed to discuss the adaptation strategy of sorghum to P deficiency. Studies showed that sorghum has a moderate adaptation to Al3+ stress with low P. Under various P levels, the performance of sorghum was also very diverse following the wide genetic diversity. From evaluations of several varieties and inbred lines with high tolerance to P deficiency that has been obtained, sorghum tolerance strategies to low P conditions are: (1) increase root size (length, diameter, and volume), and root proteoid on several genotypes, (2) increase secretion of oxalic acid, particularly in tolerant genotypes, the secretion of which are higher when Al3+ is present, (3) higher P-use efficiency (PUE), eventhough the specific absorption ratio (SAR) was lower than the sensitive ones. The high PUE is thought to contribute to higher grain weight compared to sensitive genotypes under P starvation condition, and (4) higher stay green percentage, which has a high correlation to grain weight/plant. Such strategies should be considered in precission breeding program of sorghum to P deficiency.
Keywords: adaptation strategy; oxalic acid; P-use efficiency; sorghum genotypes; sorghum low P; stay gree
Seed invigoration using ultrafine bubble water to increase the vigor of true shallot seed (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Full text linkTrue shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor.
Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigorTrue shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor.
Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigo
Rice variety identification system based on drone images to support seed certification process
Full text linkUtilization of technology can be a solution in the process of supervising certified seeds, especially at the stage of field inspection, which is faster and more efficient. This study aimed to develop a drone image-based rice variety system to support the inspection process for seed certification. The research was conducted from March – July 2022. The rice plants of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 varieties located in Karawang, West Java were observed for their agronomic characteristics. The images of the two varieties were taken using a drone and augmented and cropped. The overall image obtained was 80% used as training data, 20% as data validation, and 10% as test data. The variety identification system was built using a model by applying the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. The performance of the model was observed through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score. All agronomic characters justified that the two varieties used were different. This study produced three CNN models that could accurately identify the varieties of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 with an accuracy rate of 99.52% to 100%. Drone imaging is prospective for field inspection process of seed certification.
Keywords: CNN, deep learning, image processing, seed production, unmanned aerial vehicleUtilization of technology can be a solution in the process of supervising certified seeds, especially at the stage of field inspection, which is faster and more efficient. This study aimed to develop a drone image-based rice variety system to support the inspection process for seed certification. The research was conducted from March – July 2022. The rice plants of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 varieties located in Karawang, West Java were observed for their agronomic characteristics. The images of the two varieties were taken using a drone and augmented and cropped. The overall image obtained was 80% used as training data, 20% as data validation, and 10% as test data. The variety identification system was built using a model by applying the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. The performance of the model was observed through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score. All agronomic characters justified that the two varieties used were different. This study produced three CNN models that could accurately identify the varieties of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 with an accuracy rate of 99.52% to 100%. Drone imaging is prospective for field inspection process of seed certification.
Keywords: CNN, deep learning, image processing, seed production, unmanned aerial vehicl