Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Water footprint of melon production under different nutrient and plant growth regulator management
Full text linkApplying environmentally friendly technology in melon cultivation aims to create sustainable agriculture. Nutrient and plant growth regulators management are simple to apply and have a relatively rapid effect on melon fruit production. Water footprint assessment in melon cultivation is crucial for ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and efficient water use. This study aimed to evaluate the electroconductivity of nutrient solutions and GA3 concentration in increasing fruit production and water footprint efficiency. This research was conducted from June to September 2022 at Tefa SGH Polije. This research used a completely randomized design with treatments that consisted of nine combinations of nutrient solution electrical conductivities (2.8, 3.2, and 3.6 mS cm-1) and GA3 concentrations (0, 60, and 120 mg L-1). Observation variables were fruit diameter, edible part thickness, fruit sweetness level, fruit weight, and water footprint. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT. Applying 2.8 mS cm-1 nutrient solution (NS) + 60 mg L-1 GA3 was the best treatment according to fruit diameter, edible part thickness, and fruit sweetness level. Although statistically, it had no significant effect, 2.8 mS cm-1 NS + 60 mg L-1 GA3 increased fruit weight by 18.75% and water footprint efficiency by 15.48% compared to control.
Keywords: blue water footprint; evapotranspiration; gibberellins; nutrient solutio
Growth and nitrogen uptake modeling in composite and hybrid corn varieties
Full text linkCorn is a strategic commodity in Indonesia\u27s agricultural and economic development. The problem of corn production can be overcome with proper usage of nitrogen fertilization. Dynamic modeling can be used as a tool to solve this problem. This study aimed to develop a dynamic model for the growth and nitrogen uptake of composite and hybrid corn varieties. Stages in the model construction: (1) identifying system components, (2) model construction, (3) simulation, and (4) validation. The growth model is a construction of the plant\u27s ecophysiological response to solar radiation and temperature in photosynthesis. A growth model in composite and hybrid corn varieties with simulated dry weight as output has been constructed validly. The model input components, such as light use efficiency, extinction coefficient, specific leaf area, and carbohydrate partition coefficient varied at each development phase for each variance. The actual total dry weight on the Pioneer 27 variety was 6,406 kg ha-1 with a simulated total dry weight was 6,228 kg ha-1, and the actual total dry weight on the Bisma variety was 5,127 kg ha-1 with a simulated total dry weight was 4,864 kg ha-1. The level of validity of the Pioneer 27 variety growth model reached 83.5% and the Bisma variety reached 80%.
Keywords: Bisma; dry weight; growth model; nitrogen uptake; Pioneer 27; simulation; validatio
Dynamics of weeds and main pests in different rice planting systems supplemented with biodecomposer
Full text linkBiodecomposers are used as an alternative in pest and weed management by utilizing antagonistic microbes. This study aimed to identify the optimal treatment for suppressing weed growth and controlling the main rice pests, promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Observations were made on three phases of rice growth on land that used biodecomposer and did not use biodecomposer. Weed sampling used a quadrant, which represents each treatment. All weeds were analyzed for density and summed dominance ratio. Pests were observed from the sweep net method. Pests were analyzed with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). Ten species of weeds are found; the most common and dominant was Cyperus difformis, while the least were Ipomoea aquatica and Ludwigia octovalvis. There were seven pest species; the most common was Nephothettix virescens, while the least was Valanga nigricornis. Using bio-decomposers combined with a two-row planting system was effective in suppressing the development of weeds and pests with a decreasing trend as the rice growing phase increases. Biodecomposers are environmentally friendly even though the process is slow, and have the potential to reduce weeds and pests.Keywords: biodecomposers, Jarwo 2:1, Tegel, trichoderm
Transformation of Ponkan Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) by CRISPR/Cas-9-gRNA-CsCS to increase plant resistance to huanglongbing disease
Full text linkThe gene that regulates callose could be modified by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This research aimed to insert the CRISPR/Cas9-CsCS gene into Ponkan orange genome using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The explants were soaked in a bacterial suspension for 20 minutes and incubated for 2-3 days. In vitro acceleration growth was conducted with a two-factor completely randomized design. The first factor is the type of explant with three levels (nucellar embryo, zygotic embryo, cotyledon node), and the second factor is the type of media with 6 levels (VMW, MT, MSK0, MSK1, MSK2, MSK3). The results showed of all explant types, the highest plant height average and number of leaves were obtained in a media combination of MS + Kinetin 2 mg L-1, MT, and MS + Kinetin 3 mg L-1. The highest transformation efficiency was in the nucellar embryo explant, while the highest regeneration efficiency was in the zygotic embryo explant. The highest shoot tip grafting percentage was achieved in the cotyledon node explant at 100%. In the grafting phase, the putative transformants before and after artificial bacterial inoculation showed that Ponkan 606 and Ponkan 597 had the highest plant heights, respectively. The intensity of Huanglongbing attacks after bacterial inoculation showed that three genotypes did not show HLB symptoms in the 24th week of observation, namely genotypes 598, 606, and 607. This study concluded that gene transformation in citrus plants produced three genotypes that did not show HLB symptoms.
Keywords: transgenic; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD
Optimizing the production of true shallot seed by inducing flowering in various shallot genotypes
Full text linkShallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) productivity can be enhanced through various methods, including using true shallot seed (TSS). Successful shallot breeding requires flowering to improve traits through gene transfer between genotypes and to produce TSS. However, one of the primary challenges in TSS production is the variability in the flowering ability of different varieties. This study aimed to examine the impact of flowering induction on flowering traits, pollen viability, and TSS production in several shallot genotypes. The study employed a randomized complete block design with two factors: shallot genotypes and induction treatments. The study found that vernalization treatment significantly increased the percentage of flowering plants in the Bauji, Bima Brebes, and Tajuk genotypes. Additionally, the combination of vernalization (V) and gibberellin (GA3) (V+G) successfully induced flowering in the Maja Cipanas genotype compared to the control. The Bima Brebes genotype exhibited the highest pollen viability following both vernalization and V+G treatment. Furthermore, vernalization also led to an increase in TSS weight in shallots. These findings suggest that vernalization could be an effective strategy for enhancing TSS production in highland areas, thereby supporting the development of high-yielding shallot varieties. Significant positive correlations were observed between TSS weight and several traits, including the percentage of flowering plants, umbel number, umbel diameter, flower number, pollen viability, percentage of plants producing TSS, capsule number, and TSS number.
Keywords: Allium cepa; correlation; gibberellin; varieties; vernalizatio
Optimizing cultivation system and pest management in different types of rice varieties
Full text linkImproving rice productivity and efficiency is the main goal of cultivation techniques to meet the demand for rice production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the suitability of rice varieties in cultivation systems, namely: organic cultivation + biological pest management (BPM), inorganic cultivation + BPM, and conventional cultivation. Different types of rice varieties, namely New Superior Varieties (NSV: INPARI-30, INPARI-32), New Plant Type (NPT: IPB-3S), and Superior Varieties from West Sumatra (Batang Piaman, Anak Daro), may exhibit differences in agronomic performance across various cultivation systems. This research was conducted at the Sawah Baru Babakan Experimental Farm, IPB University, Dramaga Bogor, using a factorial nested design with 4 replications. The results based on yield per hill and plot showed that Batang Piaman and INPARI-30 varieties were suitable for all organic + BPM, inorganic + BPM, and conventional cultivational systems. The INPARI-32 and IPB-3S varieties were more suitable for conventional cultivation and inorganic + BPM; while the Anak Daro variety was better in organic cultivation + BPM. Utilizing varieties with different characteristics for better yield performance could be considered with obtaining the suitability of the cultivation system, whether organic + BPM, inorganic + BPM, or conventional.
Keywords: Chemical pest control; conventional cultivation; organic cultivation; integrated pest managemen
Growth and water-needs analysis of sweet corn and peanuts in different cropping systems
Full text linkMaize and peanuts are important food crops in Indonesia and are generally planted in monoculture and intercropping systems. The water required for monoculture and intercropping is believed to be different. However, comparison analysis of water requirements in monoculture and intercropping is rarely conducted. The research aimed to evaluate the growth and production of sweet corn and peanuts in monoculture and intercropping systems concerning water requirement and crop coefficient. The study was conducted at IPB Experimental Station in Leuwikopo, Bogor, Indonesia from September to December 2022. Sweet corn and peanuts were planted in different cropping systems, i.e., monoculture and intercropping. Water consumption of both cropping systems was evaluated in every growing stage. The experiment used a completely randomized block design and was repeated three times. Results showed that sweet corn growth was not significantly different among cropping systems, but yield from intercropping was lower than monoculture. Intercropped peanuts grew lower than monoculture but did not show any significant difference in yield among cropping systems. Water use efficiency in intercropping was higher than monoculture for both crops, indicating intercropping is a suitable cropping system for limiting soil water availability. The land equivalency ratio was 1.80, concluding that intercropping was more efficient than monoculture in land use by 80%.
Keywords: climate change; crop coefficient; intercropping; land equivalent ratio; water use efficienc
Allelopathic potential of apus bamboo leaf extract towards Asystasia gangetica and Cyperus rotundus
Full text linkWeeds pose a significant challenge in agricultural activity by competing with cultivated crops for essential resources. The conventional use of chemical herbicides has demonstrated adverse impacts on the environment and human health, prompting a shift toward exploring bioherbicides. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of Apus bamboo (Gigantochloa apus Kurz) leaf extract on the pre-germination phase of Brassica juncea, Asystasia gangetica, and Cyperus rotundus through bioassay and pot experiment. The research design employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor representing the concentrations of Apus bamboo leaf extract (% w/v). The concentrations tested were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Each concentration was replicated three times, resulting in 15 experimental units. Bioassay results revealed the capacity of Apus bamboo leaf extract to inhibit and disrupt B. juncea seed germination. The pot experiment results demonstrated the inhibitory effects of the extract, significantly affecting A. gangetica germination and population, A. gangetica total fresh and dry weight, and C. rotundus total dry weight. The extract exhibited strong inhibition, starting at a concentration of 15% for A. gangetica and 10% for C. rotundus. The findings suggested that Apus bamboo leaf extract holds significant potential as a bioherbicide.
Keywords: allelochemical; bioherbicide; inhibitory effect; weed control
Keywords: allelochemical; bioherbicide; inhibitory effect; weed contro
Growth response of pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) on different concentrations and intervals of eco-enzyme applications
Full text linkVegetable cultivation using eco-enzyme application is one way to improve its production. The study aimed to evaluate the growth response of pak choi using eco-enzyme in several concentrations and its interval. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors (concentrations and interval of eco-enzyme applications). The results showed that the application of eco-enzyme with a concentration of 30 mL L-1 indicated an optimal growth stimulator in pak choi, but it was not significantly different as compared to 50 mL L-1. The application of eco-enzyme twice a week was able to stimulate plant growth including plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight. Furthermore, there was a linear correlation between leaf area and plant height, leaf number, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight that ranged from weak to strong levels. It is recommended to apply eco-enzyme at a concentration of 30 mL L-1 twice a week for optimal pak choi production.
Keywords: correlation, leafy vegetable, green olericulture, organic fertilizer, plant booste
Bulb selection of shallot local varieties from true shallot seeds (TSS) for bulb split components
Full text linkThe development of quality shallot seeds from new superior varieties needs to be done because only about 10% of the shallot seed needs are currently covered. However, true shallot seeds (TSS) production from the local varieties, such as the Bima Brebes variety, is still rarely developed and has not been able to produce many split bulbs from TSS. The existence of split bulbs in one plant is preferred by consumers and is beneficial for shallot seedlings. This is related to the number of seeds farmers can use per kilogram of seed obtained. Therefore, this study aimed to select shallots that produce split bulbs from seeds produced from TSS. This research was conducted at Tajur Experimental Farm, Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies IPB University, Bogor. Seedlings were done in beds shaded with transparent plastic that can be opened and closed. The split bulbs produced by the Bima Brebes variety derived from TSS seed sources were still relatively low at 39.69% and significantly different from the comparison varieties at more than 60%. Sanren variety produced split bulbs from TSS seed sources as high as 64.13% and the Maserati variety about 61.25%.
Keywords: spit bulb; dry weight; fresh weight; true shallot see