Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Ubi Kayu Genotipe Lokal Manggu pada Panjang Setek Batang yang Berbeda
Get PDFCassava plant is widely cultivated by Indonesian people. Research on the development of roots and tubers of cassava is still limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of stem cut size on the root development system and tuber filling in the cassava local genotype “Manggu”. This study consisted of two experiments namely experiments in polybag and in the field. The study was conducted in the IPB experimental field at Cikabayan in December 2017-July 2018. The experiment used a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with two treatments and three replications, namely cuttings of 15 cm and 30 cm. Observation of basal roots, number of nodal roots, length of basal roots, length of nodal roots, number of tubers, number of leaves, plant diameter, and plant height were carried out destructively every week. The results showed that the root bulking process occurred in the nodal root and basal roots and it was observed since 5 WAP. The results showed a positive correlation between the total number of tubers and the number of tubers formed from nodal and basal roots, the number of basal roots, and the length of basal roots and it was negatively correlated with the number of leaves. The number of tubers from nodal roots is positively correlated with the number of basal root tubers while it is negatively correlated with the length of the nodal root. The development of roots into cassava tubers occurred since 5 WAP. Cutting size treatments significantly did not affect root development.
Keywords: basal root, nodal root, stem cutting, stem lengthCassava plant is widely cultivated by Indonesian people. Research on the development of roots and tubers of cassava is still limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of stem cut size on the root development system and tuber filling in the cassava local genotype “Manggu”. This study consisted of two experiments namely experiments in polybag and in the field. The study was conducted in the IPB experimental field at Cikabayan in December 2017-July 2018. The experiment used a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with two treatments and three replications, namely cuttings of 15 cm and 30 cm. Observation of basal roots, number of nodal roots, length of basal roots, length of nodal roots, number of tubers, number of leaves, plant diameter, and plant height were carried out destructively every week. The results showed that the root bulking process occurred in the nodal root and basal roots and it was observed since 5 WAP. The results showed a positive correlation between the total number of tubers and the number of tubers formed from nodal and basal roots, the number of basal roots, and the length of basal roots and it was negatively correlated with the number of leaves. The number of tubers from nodal roots is positively correlated with the number of basal root tubers while it is negatively correlated with the length of the nodal root. The development of roots into cassava tubers occurred since 5 WAP. Cutting size treatments significantly did not affect root development.
Keywords: basal root, nodal root, stem cutting, stem lengt
Perbedaan Tanggap Morfologi Akar Galur Inbrida Sorgum pada Kondisi P Rendah
Get PDFAkar tanaman memiliki respon yang bervariasi sebagai bentuk adaptasi pada kondisi P rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tanggap morfologi akar dari galur-galur inbrida sorgum pada kondisi P rendah. Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) tersarang dua faktor yaitu genotipe dan dosis pupuk P. Genotipe yang digunakan terdiri atas 11 galur inbrida sorgum (RIL-F8), tetua peka (B-69), tetua toleran (Numbu) dan 2 varietas nasional (WHP dan Kawali). Dosis pupuk yang digunakan terdiri atas dosis P cukup (66.76 kg ha-1 P2O5) dan P rendah (33.38 kg ha-1 P2O5). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tanggap morfologi akar di antara galur-galur inbrida (RIL-F8) sorgum pada kondisi P rendah. Galur-galur toleran memiliki panjang akar terpanjang (41.33-61.87 cm), volume akar (8.87-12.87 mL), diameter akar terpanjang (0.88-1.02 mm) dan jumlah akar proteoid (2.4-4.0) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan galur-galur peka pada kondisi P rendah. Karakter-karakter tersebut mendukung tingginya biomassa galur toleran pada kondisi P rendah, sehingga menjadi karakter penting untuk seleksi adaptasi akar pada kondisi P rendah.
Kata kunci: akar proteoid, biomassa, fosfor, toleran
Plant root has various responses for adaptation under low P condition. This study aims to observe information on root morphology responses from sorghum inbred lines under low P condition. This experiment used a randomized complete block design nested with two factors, namely genotype and P fertilizer dosage. The genotype consisted of 11 sorghum inbred lines (RIL-F8), B-69 (susceptible check), Numbu (tolerant check), and two national varieties (WHP and Kawali). Fertilizer dosage used a dose of sufficient P (66.76 kg ha-1 P2O5) and a dose of low P (33.38 kg ha-1 P2O5). The result showed there were differences in root morphological response between inbred lines (RIL-F8) sorghum under low P conditions. The tolerant lines had a higher character of the longest root length (41.33-61.87 cm), root volume (8.87-12.87 mL), root diameter (0.88-1.02 mm), and proteoid root total (2.4-4.0) as compared to sensitive lines In low P condition. These characters associated with the high biomass of tolerant lines in low P conditions, therefore it could be used as an important character for the selection of root adaptation in low P conditions.
Keywords: proteoid root, biomass, phosphorus, toleran
Identifikasi Spesies Tanaman Penutup Tanah pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Menghasilkan
Get PDFThe study aimed to identify the types of plants suitable for cover crops on mature oil palm. The study was started by conducting microclimate measurements and vegetation analysis in a mature oil palm ecosystem with plant subjects consisting of 5 years and 10 years old plants. The measurements and analysis were carried out in August 2018 to select suitable plant samples. The research was continued by planting 6 selected plants under the shade of 0, 25, 50, and 75% using nested design to determine the responses of plant samples to various levels of shading from September 2018 to April 2019 at the Cikaawang IPB Experimental Field. The results of microclimate analysis in 5-year-old mature oil palm in Jonggol shows the light intensity of 1094.7 lux with a temperature of 28.5 oC and humidity of 68.76%, while a 10-year-old mature oil palm in Cikabayan had a light intensity of 997.8 lux with a temperature of 32.5 oC and humidity of 87.25%. The species of Asystasia gangentica, Axonopus compressus, Borreria alata, and Ottochloa nodosa were the dominant plant vegetation in two ecosystems. Asystasia gangentica was able to grow and optimally cover the area at all shading levels, while Axonopus compressus, Borreria alata, and Ottochloa nodosa can only grow and cover the area optimally at 0% and 25% and 50% shade, respectively.
Keywords: micro climate, response of plant species, vegetation analysi
Keragaan Lima Varietas Melon (Cucumis melo L.) dengan Perlakuan Irigasi Cincin di Rumah Kaca
Get PDFPerakitan varietas melon unggul baru memerlukan materi genetik yang beragam. Ekspresi keragaman genetik memerlukan lingkungan yang mendukung, salah satunya adalah ketersediaan air bagi tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mempelajari pengaruh varietas (V), perlakuan irigasi (I), interaksi VxI terhadap karakter melon, (2) mengestimasi komponen ragam dan heritabilitas arti luas karakter melon, (3) mengestimasi produktivitas air dan penggunaan air tiap tanaman melon. Percobaan dilakukan di rumah kaca Kebun Percobaan Cikabayan, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian IPB, Darmaga, Bogor, pada bulan September-November 2017 menggunakan rancangan tersarang dengan dua faktor dan lima ulangan. Lima varietas melon (‘Honey Dew’, ‘Honey Blonde’, ‘Brilliant’, ‘Athena’, dan ‘Serenade’) ditempatkan secara acak pada tiap ulangan di dalam tiap taraf perlakuan irigasi (784 L, 1,127 L, dan 1,407 L). Varietas berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakter diameter batang, panjang daun, lebar daun, umur berbunga jantan, umur berbunga hermafrodit, panjang buah dan padatan terlarut total. Perlakuan irigasi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua karakter tanaman, namun interaksi VxI berpengaruh nyata pada karakter umur panen. Karakter padatan terlarut total dan panjang daun memiliki nilai heritabilitas arti luas >50%. Produktivitas air irigasi adalah 153.7 kg ha-1 mm-1 dan total penggunaan air untuk tiap tanaman pada perlakuan irigasi P1, P2, dan P3 masing-masing adalah 38.58 L, 50.78 L, dan 73.19 L.
Kata kunci: heritabilitas, pemuliaan melon, produktivitas airBreeding improved melon varieties requires diverse genetic materials. The expression of genetic variability demands a suitable environment, one of which is the water availability for plants. The objectives of this study were to: (1) study the effect of variety (V), irrigation treatment (I), the VxI interaction on melon traits, (2) estimate variance components and broad-sense heritability of melon traits, (3) estimate water productivity and water use for each melon plant. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Cikabayan Experimental Station, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Darmaga, Bogor, from September to November 2017. The experiment was arranged in a nested design with two factors and five replications. Five melon varieties (‘Honey Dew’, ‘Honey Blonde’, ‘Brilliant’, ‘Athena’, dan ‘Serenade’) were randomized in each replication at each level of irrigation treatments (P1 = 784 L, P2 =1,127 L, and P3 = 1,407 L). The variety effect was significant for stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, days of male flowering, days of hermaphrodite flowering, fruit length, and sugar content. Total soluble solids and leaf length had a broad-sense heritability >50%. The irrigation treatment effect was not significant on all traits, but the VxI interaction effect was significant on days of harvest. Irrigated water productivity was 153.7 kg m-3 and water use per plant for P1, P2, and P3 irrigation treatments was 38.58 L, 50.78 L, and 73.19 L, respectively.
Keywords: heritability, melon breeding, water productivit
Efisiensi Penyerbukan oleh Penyerbuk Liar dan Lebah Tetragonula laeviceps pada Bunga Ranti dan Kacang Panjang
Get PDFPenyerbukan serangga merupakan salah satu upaya peningkatan efisiensi produksi tanaman berbuah pada lahan terbatas. Penelitian bertujuan mengamati aktivitas dan efisiensi penyerbukan serangga liar dan Tetragonula laeviceps pada tanaman ranti dan kacang panjang dengan sistem tanam tumpang sari di Desa Sukawangi, Kabupaten Sumedang pada bulan September hingga Januari 2020. Pengamatan dilakukan pada pukul 08:00-15:00 WIB selama periode perbungaan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada perlakuan aplikasi T. laeviceps, open-pollination, dan self-pollination, masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas 100 bunga ranti dan 100 bunga kacang panjang dan dianalisis menggunakan one way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Aktivitas serangga diukur berdasarkan flower handling time, foraging rate, visitation rate, dan fruit set. Kualitas buah diukur berdasarkan diameter, bobot, panjang, dan oBrix. Hasil penelitian ditemukan masing-masing tiga serangga pengunjung berpotensi polinator pada ranti dan kacang panjang dengan pola kunjungan bervariasi pada open-pollination. Efisiensi fruit set tertinggi ranti terjadi pada perlakuan aplikasi T. laeviceps dan kacang panjang pada perlakuan open-pollination. Terdapat perbedaan nyata pada oBrix buah ranti dan kacang panjang, sedangkan self-pollination hanya menghasilkan buah yang secara signifikan lebih panjang pada kacang panjang. Dengan demikian, T. laeviceps dapat dijadikan salah satu alternatif serangga penyerbuk terdomestikasi dalam upaya efisiensi fruit set dan kualitas buah tanaman ranti dan kacang panjang.
Kata kunci: aktivitas serangga, fruit set, kualitas buahInsect pollination is an effort to increase the efficiency of fruit production on limited land. The research aimed to observe the activity and pollination efficiency of wild insects and Tetragonula laeviceps on black nightshade plants and yardlong beans using an intercropping system in Sukawangi Village, Sumedang Regency from September to January 2020. Observations were made at 08:00-15:00 WIB during the flowering period. Observations were made on the treatment of T. laeviceps application, open-pollination, and self-pollination, each treatment consisting of 100 black nightshade flowers and 100 yardlong bean flowers and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Insect activity was measured based on flower handling time, foraging rate, visitation rate, and fruit set. Fruit quality was measured based on diameter, weight, length, and oBrix. The study recorded 3 visiting insect flowers in black nightshade and yardlong, which potentially act as a pollinator, with varying visit patterns in open-pollination. The highest fruit set efficiency of black nightshade occurred in the application treatment of T. laeviceps and yardlong beans in the open-pollination treatment. There was significant in oBrix of black nightshade fruit and yardlong beans, whereas self-pollination only yielded significantly longer fruit in yardlong beans. Thus, T. laeviceps could be used as one possible domesticated pollinator to improve fruit set efficiency and fruit quality of black nightshade and yardlong beans.
Keywords: fruit quality, fruit set, insect activit
Pengembangan Metode Uji Cepat Vigor Benih Kedelai dengan Pemunculan Radikula
Get PDFPengujian vigor untuk mengevaluasi mutu benih memerlukan metode yang lebih cepat, tepat, dan mudah. Uji pemunculan radikula merupakan metode pengujian vigor yang telah divalidasi ISTA sejak tahun 2014 pada benih jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode uji RE pada benih kedelai dengan menentukan waktu pengamatan yang tepat serta mengkorelasikan uji RE dengan vigor benih lainnya, viabilitas, dan vigor bibit di lapangan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyimpanan dan Pengujian Mutu Benih serta Kebun
Pengujian vigor untuk mengevaluasi mutu benih memerlukan metode yang lebih cepat, tepat, dan mudah. Uji pemunculan radikula atau radicle emergence (RE) merupakan metode pengujian vigor benih yang cepat dan telah divalidasi International Rules for Seed Testing sejak tahun 2014 pada benih jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode uji RE sebagai uji cepat vigor pada benih kedelai. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyimpanan dan Pengujian Mutu Benih serta Kebun Percobaan Sawah Baru IPB pada bulan November 2018 - Maret 2019. Rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) dengan pengamatan berulang pola split-plot digunakan pada percobaan uji RE, dengan sepuluh varietas sebagai petak utama dan tujuh waktu pengamatan sebagai anak petak. Rancangan percobaan RKLT dengan satu faktor yaitu varietas digunakan untuk pengujian vigor benih dan daya berkecambah di laboratorium, dan vigor bibit di lapangan. Penentuan waktu pengamatan RE yang tepat dilakukan dengan interval 2 jam mulai dari 36 jam setelah pengecambahan (JSP) hingga 48 JSP. Hasil uji RE dikorelasikan dengan hasil uji beberapa tolok ukur vigor lainnya, daya berkecambah, dan vigor bibit di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji RE pada benih kedelai dari sepuluh varietas yang berbeda tingkat vigor (pemilahan berdasarkan nilai indeks vigor) dengan metode uji diatas kertas pada suhu 25 ± 2 °C dan diamati pada 42 jam ± 15 menit setelah pengecambahan berkorelasi erat dan dapat memprediksi daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, kecepatan tumbuh, rataan waktu perkecambahan, daya tumbuh di lapangan, dan rataan waktu pemunculan bibit. Oleh karena itu, RE dapat digunakan sebagai uji cepat vigor benih kedelai.
Kata kunci: daya berkecambah, daya tumbuh, rataan waktu perkecambahan, rataan waktu pemunculan bibitSeed vigor test to evaluate seed quality requires a faster, more precise, and simple method. Radicle emergence (RE) is a rapid vigor testing method that has been validated by International Rules for Seed Testing since 2014 on maize seeds. The objective of this research was to develop an RE method test as a rapid vigor test on soybean seeds. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Storage and Testing Laboratory, and Sawah Baru Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor, from November 2018 to March 2019. The RE experiment was arranged in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with repeated measurement in a split-plot design, using ten varieties as the main-plot and seven times of observation as the sub-plot. The RCBD with one factor (variety) were used for laboratory and field experiments. Determination of observation time for radicle emergence test was done from 36 through 48 hours after sowing with 2 hours interval. Results of the RE test were then correlated with other vigor tests, normal germination, and seedling vigor in the field. The results showed that the RE test on soybean seeds of ten varieties with different vigor levels (classified by vigor index) using top of paper germinating method at 25 ± 2 °C and observed after 42 hours ± 15 minutes was closely correlated and could predict the normal germination, vigor index, speed of germination, mean germination time, field emergence, and mean emergence time. Therefore, RE can be used as a rapid vigor test for soybean seeds.
Keywords: field emergence, mean emergence time, mean germination time, normal germination percentag
Pengaruh Penggantian Pupuk Anorganik dengan Pupuk Kandang terhadap Pertumbuhan, Produksi dan Daya Simpan pada Umbi Bawang Merah
Get PDFExcessive use of inorganic fertilizers is suspected to be the cause of low productivity and poor bulb storability that reduced their use. Goat manure organic fertilizer (GMOF) can be an alternative in reducing the use of these inorganic fertilizers. The study was conducted in March to June 2019 in the shallot field at Sukorejo Village, Rejoso District, Nganjuk Regency, East Java. The research aims to determine the dose of inorganic fertilizer which can be reduced by adding goat manure to increase the growth and production of shallot bulbs. This experiment used 2 factors, namely manure consisting of 2 levels (0 and 10 tons ha-1) and inorganic fertilizer consisting of 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% inorganic fertilizer reference dose). The treatment was repeated 4 times so that there were 40 experimental plots with a size of 2 m x 4 m, using Super Philip variety. The addition of 10 tons ha-1 of GMOF to shallot cultivation in Nganjuk Regency could reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer to 50%.
Keywords: goat manure, nutrient uptake, organic, Super Phili
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Potongan DNA Gen Sterol Metiltransferase 1 (SMT1) Asal Kelapa Sawit
Get PDFTanaman dengan pertambahan tinggi yang lambat merupakan karakter penting dalam program pemuliaan kelapa sawit dan brasinosteroid merupakan hormon penting yang berpengaruh untuk karakter tersebut. Gen sterol metiltransferase 1 (SMT1) merupakan salah satu gen kunci dalam biosintesis brasinosteroid. Pengembangan marker molekuler dapat dimulai dengan identifikasi dan karakterisasi gen yang terkait dengan karakter target. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi keragaman nukleotida gen SMT1. Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan menggunakan genom Elaeis oleifera (E.o.), E. guineensis (E.g.) dan hibrida dari keduanya (E.g. x E.o.) dengan sepasang primer spesifik gen SMT1. Dalam penelitian ini berhasil diamplifikasi satu potongan DNA gen SMT1 dan dari hasil DNA sequencing berhasil diidentifikasi sebanyak 501- 505 pb. Potongan DNA yang diidentifikasi terdiri atas partial intron 8, exon 9, intron 9, dan patial exon 10, yang menyandi antara 104-105 residu asam amino. Domain residu asam amino terkonservasi ditemukan dalam hasil translasi amplikon, yang berkorelasi dengan situs aktif dalam biosintesis brasinosteroid dan mengkonfirmasi identitas amplikon sebagai bagian dari gen SMT1. Keragaman nukleotida potongan DNA gen SMT1 yang teridentifikasi berpotensi dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan marker molekuler yang bermanfaat untuk pemuliaan tanaman kelapa sawit, terutama untuk karakter pertambahan tinggi tanaman yang lambat.
Kata kunci: Brasinosteroid, sterol, tanaman kerdilSlow height increment is a desirable character in oil palm breeding, and brassinosteroid is an important hormone associated with the character. Sterol methyltransferase 1 (SMT1) is a key gene associated with brassinosteroid biosynthesis. One of the molecular marker development approaches is identifying and characterization of genes associated with the target character. The study aims to isolate and characterize the nucleotide sequence diversity of the SMT1 gene. PCR amplification of the SMT1 gene from Elaeis oleifera (E.o.), E. guineensis (E.g.), and their hybrids (E.g. × E.o.) was done using SMT1 gene-specific primers. The SMT1 gene fragment representing partial intron 8, exons 9, intron 9, and partial exon 10 was successfully amplified and the fragment sequenced in this study. The total nucleotide sequences found in this study were between 501-505 bp, encoded a ranged from 104-105 amino acid residues. A conserved domain of the amino acid residues associated with brassinosteroid biosynthesis was identified in the translated polypeptide, confirming the amplicon’s identity as the SMT1 gene fragment. The identified SMT1 gene nucleotide sequence variabilities may be used to develop molecular markers useful for oil palm breeding programs, especially for the low height increment character.
Keywords: Brasinosteroid, dwarf stature, stero
Respon Plantlet In Vitro dan Induksi Ketahanan Bibit Phalaenopsis amabilis terhadap Dickeya dadantii Menggunakan Asam Salisilat
Get PDFPhalaenopsis merupakan salah satu anggrek yang terkenal karena keindahan bunganya dengan variasi warna yang tinggi dan periode pembungaan yang lama. Salah satu masalah dalam budidaya anggrek adalah Penyakit Busuk Lunak (PBL) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Dickeya dadantii. Induksi resistensi dengan Asam Salisilat (AS) merupakan metode alternatif dalam mengendalikan PBL pada Phalaenopsis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2018 sampai Maret 2019, di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura IPB. Penelitian terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan 1 bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman respon planlet in vitro asal biji hasil penyerbukan sendiri P. amabilis terhadap D. dadanti dengan inokulasi pada daun terpisah dan menentukan tingkat ketahanannya. Sebanyak 7 dari 158 planlet yang diuji, memiliki respon agak tahan terhadap D. dadantii, sedangkan sisanya rentan atau sangat rentan. Percobaan 2 bertujuan untuk membandingkan respon bibit P. amabilis terhadap D. dadantii pada 1 hari setelah perlakuan asam salisilat (AS) pada konsentrasi 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 ppm menggunakan metode inokulasi daun pada bibit yang masih menempel di tanaman. Percobaan 2 menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan AS 75 ppm paling baik dalam menginduksi ketahanan bibit P. amabilis terhadap patogen penyebab busuk lunak D. dadantii. Tanaman pada perlakuan tersebut menghasilkan nilai CFU dan AUPDC lebih rendah dan aktivitas peroksidase lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya.
Kata kunci: daun terpisah, daun pada tanaman, keparahan penyakit, metode inokulasi, penyakit busuk lunakPhalaenopsis is one of the most popular orchid genera because of its beautiful flower with high color variation and long flowering period. One of the problems in orchid cultivation is a bacterial soft-rot disease (SRD) caused by Dickeya dadantii. Based on the previous report, P. amabilis is one of the susceptible species to D. dadantii. Induced resistance by using Salicylic Acid (SA) could be an alternative method to control SRD in Phalaenopsis. The research was conducted from November 2018 to March 2019, at Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University. The research consisted of two experiments. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the variability responses of in vitro plantlets (seedling) from self-pollination of P. amabilis against D. dadanti by detached leaf inoculation methods and to determine their resistance levels to D. dadantii. Seven out of 158 evaluated seedlings have a moderate resistance response to D. dadantii, while the rest were either susceptible or very susceptible. The second experiment aimed to assess the responses of P. amabilis seedlings to D. dadantii at one day after SA treatment (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm) using the intact leaf inoculation method. It used a randomized block complete design (RBCD). The SA concentration at 75 ppm was the best treatment to induce seedling resistance to soft rot pathogen D. dadantii. Plants treated with SA 75 ppm showed the lower colony forming unit (CFU and area under the disease progress curve (AUPDC) and higher peroxidase activity than other treatments.
Keywords: disease severity, inoculation method, intact leaf, detached-leaf, soft-rot diseas