Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
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Seed priming using moringa leaf extract and application of Tithonia compost on shallot growth
Full text linkEarly establishment of shallot growth is important in order to ensure optimum yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE) and the application of Tithonia compost on the growth of shallots. The research was conducted at the experimental farm belonging to the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from September to December 2022. The study was arranged in a factorial design with three replications. The first factor was priming, consisting of five levels: unprimed, hydropriming, 12.5% MLE, 25% MLE, and 37.5% MLE. The second factor was the level of Tithonia compost, consisting of four levels: 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons ha-1. The results revealed that shallots treated with a combination of priming 37.5% MLE followed by application of 15 tons ha-1 of Tithonia compost in the field had the highest chlorophyll index (25.97). Priming with 37.5% solely resulted in the highest average shallots height (38.23 cm), the number of plant leaves (10.55), leaf weight (15.67 g), and bulb weight (29.92 g). Application of Tithonia compost solely of 15 tons ha-1 produced shallot with the highest average plant height (37.72 cm), the number of plant leaves (9.74), leaf weight (13.68 g), and bulb weight (27.01 g). Seed priming using MLE and application of Tithonia compost are prospective to enhance shallots growth, however, it is important to further evaluate the effect of priming on germination traits and economic evaluation on using Tithonia compost for practical applications in the field.
Keywords: botanical seed; organic matter; leaf extrac
Cassava growth and yield on ultisol of different soil organic carbon content and NPK fertilizer levels
Full text linkThe demand for cassava tuber in Indonesia is high, however, domestic production is still limited therefore increasing production is important. Ultisol soils have the potential for cassava production, but low soil fertility in such soils needs to be improved. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cassava tuber in an ultisol. The experiment was conducted at the Jonggol Experimental Farm, IPB Bogor, West Java from September 2022 to January 2023. The experiment used a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was SOC level of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, and the subplot was NPK 15-15-15 level of 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha-1. SOC level was increased through the application of cow manure 0, 3.59, 54.93, and 106.27 tons ha-1 corresponding to SOC levels of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, respectively. Results showed that enhancing SOC up to 3% and NPK 300 kg ha-1 were enough to support cassava growth as shown by plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. The leaf number was the highest in the 3% SOC+150 kg NPK, 2% SOC+300 kg NPK or+450 kg NPK, and control+600 kg ha-1 NPK treatment. Leaf greenness was only affected by adding NPK fertilizer; a high greenness value was obtained at NPK level of > 150 kg ha-1 and 300 to 600 kg ha-1 resulting in non-significantly leaf greenness. The status of N and K in the leaves increased by SOC and NPK treatments, while the P status was unaffected. SOC at a level of 3% and NPK at a level of 150 kg ha-1 stimulated cassava to produce the highest fresh tuber weight (1.85 kg per plant) at 4 months after planting. Cassava productivity in ultisol soil can be increased by applying cow manure of 54.93 tons ha-1 to enhance SOC up to 3% combined with NPK of 150 kg ha-1.
Keywords: Extensification; food security; intensification; tuber production; nutrient uptak
Application of Trichoderma sp. and PGPR for preventing downy mildew incidence on sweet corn
Full text linkDowny mildew is a disease caused by the fungus Peronosclerospora maydis. Application of biological agents to control downy mildew is a kind of environmentally friendly control method, that widely promoted recently. Trichoderma sp. and plant growth promoter rhizobacteria (PGPR) are root symbionts, which can induce plant resistance against disease infection. This study aimed to determine the effective application of Trichoderma sp. combined with various concentrations of rhizobacteria to control downy mildew. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was the concentration of rhizobacteria consisting of P0 (control) = without treatment, P1= 15 mL L-1. P2 = 30 mL L-1. P3 = 45 mL L-1. P4 = 60 mL L-1 and P5 (positive control) = seed treatment with 5 g kg-1 dimetomorf fungicide. Each rhizobacteria suspension was mixed with Trichoderma sp. solution as much as 15 mL L-1. The parameters observed consisted of plant height (cm), number of leaves, disease incidence (%), and disease severity (%). The results showed that the combination of Trichoderma sp. and rhizobacteria of 60 mL L-1 was able to inhibit the incidence of the disease up to 66.53% and the severity of the disease up to 89.84%.
Keywords: bacteria, concentration, downy mildew, sweet corn, Trichoderma sp.Downy mildew is a disease caused by the fungus Peronosclerospora maydis. Application of biological agents to control downy mildew is a kind of environmentally friendly control method, that widely promoted recently. Trichoderma sp. and plant growth promoter rhizobacteria (PGPR) are root symbionts, which can induce plant resistance against disease infection. This study aimed to determine the effective application of Trichoderma sp. combined with various concentrations of rhizobacteria to control downy mildew. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was the concentration of rhizobacteria consisting of P0 (control) = without treatment, P1= 15 mL L-1. P2 = 30 mL L-1. P3 = 45 mL L-1. P4 = 60 mL L-1 and P5 (positive control) = seed treatment with 5 g kg-1 dimetomorf fungicide. Each rhizobacteria suspension was mixed with Trichoderma sp. solution as much as 15 mL L-1. The parameters observed consisted of plant height (cm), number of leaves, disease incidence (%), and disease severity (%). The results showed that the combination of Trichoderma sp. and rhizobacteria of 60 mL L-1 was able to inhibit the incidence of the disease up to 66.53% and the severity of the disease up to 89.84%.
Keywords: bacteria, concentration, downy mildew, sweet corn, Trichoderma sp
Regeneration of Raja (Musa AAB Group) and Kepok (Musa ABB Group) bananas on various stages of in vitro culture
Full text linkBanana group can be divided into two groups based on their method of its utilization. Banana group that can be eaten immediately after ripening is called "dessert banana", e.g., Raja, while the group that needs particular processing before consumption is called "plantain banana", e.g., Kepok. This study aimed to compare the growth of Raja banana with Kepok plantain through experiments at three stages of the in vitro culture media: the shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, and plantlet acclimatization, also to compare the growth of Raja bananas with Kepok plantains in response to cytokinins BAP and TDZ at shoot multiplication stage. Planting material was in the form of rhizomes that was prepared with the same size. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Results showed that Kepok plantain could adapt faster to the media condition than Raja banana; the phenomenon was evident in the growing speed of Kepok during shoot initiation stage. The proportion of the B genome did not show a direct effect on shoot induction at the multiplication stage or enlargement and organ formation at the acclimatization stage. Shoot induction at the multiplication stage depended more on the composition of the media used. The combination of BAP 3 mg L-1 and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media produced the best shoot induction rate, and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media had the highest shoot elongation rate.
Keywords: banana, BAP, genome, PGR, plantain, TDZBanana group can be divided into two groups based on their method of its utilization. Banana group that can be eaten immediately after ripening is called "dessert banana", e.g., Raja, while the group that needs particular processing before consumption is called "plantain banana", e.g., Kepok. This study aimed to compare the growth of Raja banana with Kepok plantain through experiments at three stages of the in vitro culture media: the shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, and plantlet acclimatization, also to compare the growth of Raja bananas with Kepok plantains in response to cytokinins BAP and TDZ at shoot multiplication stage. Planting material was in the form of rhizomes that was prepared with the same size. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Results showed that Kepok plantain could adapt faster to the media condition than Raja banana; the phenomenon was evident in the growing speed of Kepok during shoot initiation stage. The proportion of the B genome did not show a direct effect on shoot induction at the multiplication stage or enlargement and organ formation at the acclimatization stage. Shoot induction at the multiplication stage depended more on the composition of the media used. The combination of BAP 3 mg L-1 and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media produced the best shoot induction rate, and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media had the highest shoot elongation rate.
Keywords: banana, BAP, genome, PGR, plantain, TD
Morphological traits and Zn content of several cassava genotypes in nutrient solution culture
Full text linkLeaf morphological characters and nutrient content in leaf tissue can vary depending on plant genotype. The nutrient solution culture can produce leaves with good nutritional content. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate and validate cassava putative mutants\u27 morphological traits and Zn content using a nutrient solution culture system. This research was carried out from January to May 2022 at the greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Garden, IPB University, Bogor. This study used two cassava cultivars and ten mutant genotypes from the cassava research team of IPB University, resulting from mutation breeding by gamma irradiation. The plant characters observed in this study included the number of leaves, length and width of the leaflet, leaf colour, plant height, fresh and dry weight leaf, and analysis of Zn content. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at a significant level of α = 5%, followed by Tukey\u27s further test. The results showed that the G2D1-422 genotype had a higher Zn content than the wild type (Ratim/G2) and the other genotypes. The high Zn genotypes (G2D1-422) and low Zn genotypes (Ratim (G2) had not significantly different in fresh and dry leaf weight. Meanwhile, the plant genotype did not affect other growth characteristics such as plant height, the number of leaves, and the length and width of the leaflets, and overall, the characters were similar between the observed genotypes.Leaf morphological characters and nutrient content in leaf tissue can vary depending on plant genotype. The nutrient solution culture can produce leaves with good nutritional content. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate and validate cassava putative mutants\u27 morphological traits and Zn content using a nutrient solution culture system. This research was carried out from January to May 2022 at the greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Garden, IPB University, Bogor. This study used two cassava cultivars and ten mutant genotypes from the cassava research team of IPB University, resulting from mutation breeding by gamma irradiation. The plant characters observed in this study included the number of leaves, length and width of the leaflet, leaf colour, plant height, fresh and dry weight leaf, and analysis of Zn content. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at a significant level of α = 5%, followed by Tukey\u27s further test. The results showed that the G2D1-422 genotype had a higher Zn content than the wild type (Ratim/G2) and the other genotypes. The high Zn genotypes (G2D1-422) and low Zn genotypes (Ratim (G2) had not significantly different in fresh and dry leaf weight. Meanwhile, the plant genotype did not affect other growth characteristics such as plant height, the number of leaves, and the length and width of the leaflets, and overall, the characters were similar between the observed genotypes
Flower bagging affects seed quality and dormancy period in Na-Oogst tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var H-382)
Full text linkSeeds of tobacco plants are unable to germinate immediately after harvest because they have a dormancy period. The seed dormancy period may be shortened by bagging methods to affect the hormone content in the seeds. The bagging flower makes the dark conditions in the process of flowering and seed development, affecting the content of the hormone’s auxin and ABA. This study aimed to determine the effects of different bag colors on the dormancy period of tobacco seeds as evidenced by their vigor and viability. The research was conducted from March to August 2022 at PT. Dwi Light Tobacco Green House, Lombok Wetan, Bondowoso, Indonesia. Four crepe colors of paper were used as bagging treatments (black, red, yellow, blue) and control (without bagging) and replicated four times. The results showed that the bagging treatment significantly affected one hundred-seed weight, seed germination, seed growth rate, and seedling height. Black crepe paper resulted in the highest seed germination percentage (98.5%) and seed growth rate (11.68).
Keywords: bag color, seed germination, viability, vigo
Growth and yield of rice from mycorrhizal enrichment seedlings on different soil water content
Full text linkThe growth and yield of rice in limited soil water are expected to increase through the application of mycorrhizae due to the increasing root ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The study aimed to determine the role of mycorrhizae on the growth and yield of rice plants in different soil water content. The study was conducted in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, in February-June 2022. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot randomized complete block design with main plots of mycorrhizae treatment on seedlings (without and with mycorrhizae application), and subplots of soil water content (100%, 80%, 60%). The results showed that mycorrhizae could colonize 60-80% of roots and increase phosphorus absorption at up to 60% of soil water content. Application of mycorrhizae improved plant growth up to 80% of soil water content for the maximum number of a tiller, and 60% of soil water content for the leaf area. Mycorrhizae performed better to increase yield at up to 80% soil water content on the number of productive tillers and grain index of 1,000 seeds, and it performed better at a soil water content of 100% for grain weight per hill.
Keywords: microorganisms, plant resistance, rice production, root colonizatio
Application of humic acid supplemented with micronutrient increase rice production
Full text linkFertilizer is one of the crucial inputs to maximize nutrients needed by plants, especially rice. However, insufficient ameliorant application may affect the fertilizers\u27 effectiveness. Humic acid is believed as one of the ameliorants to improve soil conditions resulting in higher nutrient availability. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining humic acid and micronutrients on growth, production, and nutrient contents in rice. Three treatments were applied, i.e., control (without humic acid), humic acid, and humic acid + micronutrients. The result showed that both humic acid treatments produced the highest number of tillers, humic acid application solely stimulated the highest root length, and humic acid + micronutrients stimulated the highest plant height, and fresh and dry biomass weight. Grain weight was not affected by treatments, but humic acid + micronutrients gave a higher weight of milled grain and number of filled grains. Humic acid application solely resulted in plant biomass and grains having higher N, P, and K contents. Overall, the application of humic acid + micronutrients is recommended to increase rice production.
Keywords: ameliorant; fertilizer; nutrient availability; nutrient uptak
Growth and production of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in ultisol using liquid organic fertilizer and NPK
Full text linkOne of the efforts to increase rice production in the dry land of ultisol such as in Riau is extensification. To alter low nutrient availability in ultisol, liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from waste of banana corm and NPK fertilizers are evaluated. Research aimed to obtain the best dose of LOF and NPK fertilizers to improve the productivity of upland rice on ultisols. This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design consisting of two factors. The first factor was LOF from banana corm (0 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, and 150 mL per polybag). The second factor was NPK fertilizers (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% recommendation dose); the recommendation base was: 300 kg Urea, 100 kg TSP, and 100 kg KCl ha-1. The results indicated that the application of 150 mL LOF per polybag and NPK fertilizers at 100% recommendation significantly enhances plant height, number of tiller numbers, productive tiller, filled grain per panicle, and dry grain weight of Inpago 9 variety.
Keywords: rice; organic matter; inorganic; sub-optimal soi
Quality improvement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Optima’ with amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer
Full text linkKualitas dan kandungan nutrisi buah tomat dipengaruhi oleh pemupukan dan tingkat kematangan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis Amiboost terbaik serta mengetahui kandungan nutrisi terbaik pada beberapa tingkat kematangan buah tomat Optima. Penelitian menggunakan faktorial rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) dengan 3 blok sebagai ulangan. Buah tomat Optima yang digunakan didapatkan dari Wonosobo terdiri dari 5 perlakuan pemupukan, yaitu 0 L/ha, Pupuk Ajifol 2 L/ha (kontrol), Pupuk Amiboost 1 L/ha, Pupuk Amiboost 2 L/ha, dan Pupuk Amiboost 4 L/ha. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sub Laboratorium Hortikultura, Departemen Budidaya Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Kualitas mutu fisiologis yang diamati adalah produksi konsentrasi CO2 hasil respirasi. Kualitas mutu fisik yang diamati adalah visual quality rating (VQR), persentase bobot buah, kekerasan buah, dan warna buah. Kualitas mutu kimia yang diamati adalah padatan total terlarut (PTT), Total asam tertitrasi (TAT), vitamin C, karotenoid, likopen, dan flavonoid. Pengamatan diakhiri ketika skor VQR 1. Data dianalisis varians (ANOVA) dengan α=5% dan diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan dosis pupuk Amiboost dengan tingkat kematangan. Perbedaan dosis Amiboost signifikan pada parameter warna buah dosis terbaik pada Amiboost 2 L/ha. Tingkat kematangan signifikan pada padatan total terlarut, total asam tertitrasi, vitamin C, karotenoid, likopen, dan flavonoid.Tomato quality is influenced by fertilization and matutity level. This study aimed to determine the best dosage of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) and to determine the best nutritional content at several ripeness levels of ‘Optima’ tomatoes. Amiboost is an inorganic foliar fertilizer that is rich in amino acids that can be easily absorbed by plants. The experiment used a factorial (RCBD) with 3 repetitions. The ‘Optima’ tomatoes were grown at Wonosobo and fertilized with 4 levels of Amiboost fertilizer consisting of 0, 1, 2, 4 L ha-1 amino acid fertilizer, and 2 L ha-1 comparison fertilizer (standard fertilizer). The research was conducted at the Horticulture Sub-Laboratory, UGM at 27 °C with a relative humidity of 75%. The tomato quality observed was CO2 concentrations, visual quality rating (VQR), fruit weight percentage, fruit hardness, fruit color, total soluble solids, total titrated acid, vitamin C, carotenoids, lycopene, and flavonoids. The observation was terminated when the score of VQR reached 1 as the shelf life of tomatoes. The best dose of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) is 2 L ha-1 for the lightness (*L) of fruit color, ascorbic acid, and lycopene. The maturity stage of fruit significantly affected vitamin C, flavonoids, total soluble solids, carotenoids, and lycopene.
Keywords: Aminoalkanoic; shelf life; leaf fertilizer; tomato qualit