JURNAL KONVERSI
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KUALITAS FISIKA DAN KIMIA KOMPOS ECENG GONDOK (Euchornia crasipess) MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR EM-4
Get PDFABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the quality of water hyacinth compost in physical and chemical properties. Water hyacinth is considered a weed that damages the aesthetics and aquatic environment in the Lut Tawar Lake tourist area. A solution is needed to overcome these problems, one of which is composting. In order for composting to take place faster, an EM-4 activator will be used which will give good quality. This research method uses one replicate with three treatments (K1 and K2 using EM-4, and K0 without EM-4). This study was conducted in two stages, that are the composting and characterization stages. The composting process is let runs for 60 days. Checking every 5 days is turn upside down and physical observation. After the composting process, is determined the pH, temperature and characterization. Characterization is done to determine the levels of C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results of this study showed that EM-4 is effective for carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) grade. The grade of macro nutrient (C, N, P, K), micro nutrient (Ca) and temperature of water hyacinth compost are suitable with SNI
MENGUJI PENGARUH PARAMETER GEOKIMIA BATUBARA FORMULA PARKASH 1983 DALAM MEMPENGARUHI PENINGKATAN KONVERSI HASIL PENCAIRAN
Get PDFThis research aims to test the parameters of coal geochemical such as virinite+liptinite, volatile matter and sulfur content used by Parkash (1983) to calculate the liquid potential of a coal sample and compare with laboratory scale conversion. Coal liquefaction in laboratory was carried out on the autoclave 5 liter, temperature is 425ºC and holding time is 60 minutes. the calculation of the conversion with Parkash formula (1983) reached 63.25% and laboratory conversion of 66,45 % (conversion without catalyst), the difference is 3,2 %. These results indicate that liquid conversion is influenced by vitrinite + liptinite macerals, volatile matter and sulfur content on the low rank coal liquefaction
KARBON MESOPORI DARI PIROLISIS POLIMER SINTETIS DAN APLIKASINYA UNTUK PENJERAPAN GAS RUMAH KACA
Get PDFPore structures are needed to be tuned depending on utilizations of carbons, hence obtaining high application performances. In this work, mesoporous carbon was synthesized by pyrolysis of polymeric resin of resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde-ethylene glycol (RPFEG) and employed to adsorb a greenhouse gas of CO2. Carbons were produced at 650-775 oC pyrolysis temperatures. Pore structure was studied by N2-sorption analysis. The results showed that a high quality of carbon results, proven by high specific surface areas and pore volumes in the range of 1000-1300 m2/g and 0,6-1,4 cm3/g, respectively. Mesoporous carbon (>80% mesopores) was obtained when employing pyrolysis temperature of 750 oC. Isotherm curves showed that adsorption at lower temperature is appropriate to obtain a high adsorption capacity. Capillary condensation assisted to obtain high adsorption volume of CO2 up to 30 mmol/g at 25 °C and 30 bar pressure
PENGARUH HIDROTERMAL SEKAM PADI TERHADAP PRODUKSI BIOMETANA PADA AGS – SBR
Get PDFThe quantity of waste water from domestic and industrial activities has increased significantly over the year, equivalent with increasing production of sewage sludge (schmid, 2000). Sewage Sludge high contents of organic and derivatives (Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4+), Nitrate, Nitrite) and also levels of COD and BOD that exceed the quality standard. Anaerobic Granular Sludge – Sequence Batch Reactor (AGS-SBR) is a kind of Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) which combine the biological treatment, aeration and sedimentation process into one reactor. AGS-SBR is able to reduce organic pollutants, COD and BOD above 60%. In cycle process of AGS-SBR is also able to optimize methanogenesis process in the growth of microorganisms to convert biomass (sewage sludge) became biomethane. Hydrothermal of rice husk is able to produce substrate that serves as a growth medium for microorganisms. The addition of rice husk (SP) and hydrothermal rice husks (SPT) can inffluence the biomethane production from sewage sludge with variation of hydrothermal temperature of rice husk 110oC and 175oC. The results of this study obtained the average of biomethane production is 0,0458 with the highest content is 0,219 on SPT 110 and the average of biomethane production on SPT 175 is 0,0483 with the highest content is 0,22
BIOSINTESIS ASAM LEMAK OMEGA-3 DARI PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) MELALUI PROSES ANAEROBIK DENGAN MIKROAERASI
Get PDFPalm oil is one of Indonesia's leading export commodities. By 2020, the target of crude palm oil (CPO) production in Indonesia is 30 million tons. It is predicted that such production target is accompanied by a consequence of palm oil mill effluent (POME) emission as waste water, which will reach 90 million tons of POME waste per year. POME has high organic content which are characterized as chemical oxygen demand (COD) values, which ranges from 50,000 - 200,000 mg / L and pH values ranges from 4-4.5. Untreated POME is a serious environmental problem and therefore POME processing is urgently needed. One of the ideas is converting POME into more valuable products, by biosynthesis of omega-3 fatty acids from POME with anaerobic processes. The common product collected from anaerobic digestion is biogas. This study, however, intended to stop the process in the intermediate product, which is a series of organic acids, without biogas formation. The study aimed to explore the effect of controlled air injection in anaerobic processes on acid productions as the intermediate product in anaerobic digestion. The result showed that limited air injection (microaeration) improved process performance, especially with respect to acid production. Whereas through GC-FID analysis, the profile of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was obtained. The acids have the potential to produce omega-3 fatty acids such as the appearance of nervoic, cis-eicosadienoic, cis-eicosapentanoic, and linolenic acids, with the peak of appearance occurring at different process durations. This preliminary study indicated that the biosynthesis of omega-3 fatty acids from POME through the anaerobic process was possible to be carried out but further study would be needed for process optimization
MUTU PERMEN KERAS DENGAN KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK TEH HIJAU YANG BERBEDA
Get PDFABSTRAKDaun teh hijau (Camellia sinensis) yang dibuat ekstrak mempunyai efek positif yaitu pada kandungan senyawa polifenolnya, tetapi teh hijau kurang disukai karena memiliki rasa pahit dan sepet. Salah satu cara agar teh hijau lebih disukai adalah melakukan diversifikasi produk menjadi permen keras. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mutu permen keras yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi ekstrak teh hijau yang berbeda (0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 dan 2.5%). Metodologi dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor dengan 5 (lima) taraf x 3 (tiga) ulangan. Pada penelitian ini, uji fisika kimia yang dilakukan pada sampel permen keras adalah kekerasan, total polipenol dan gula pereduksi. Uji organoleptik dilakukan pada mutu hedonik warna, aroma, rasa dan tekstur serta uji rangking. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan, total polifenol, total gula pereduksi, mutu warna, aroma, rasa dan uji rangking permen keras sangat dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi ekstrak teh hijau yang berbeda (α=0.01). Konsentrasi 0.5% ekstrak teh hijau adalah konsentrasi terpilih pada pembuatan permen keras dengan total polifenol 1.9%. Kadar gula pereduksi permen keras terpilih telah memenuhi persyaratan SNI 3547.1:2008 Permen keras. Kata kunci : ekstrak teh hijau, permen keras, polifenol, gula pereduksi ABSTRACTGreen tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) made extract has a positive effect on the content of polyphenol, but green tea is not preferred because it has a bitter taste. It makes the product diversification require green tea in increasing preferred into hard candy. The objective of this research was to research weather the quality of hard candy effected by various concentrations of green tea extract (0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 dan 2.5%). The methodology in this research is experiment using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of one factor with 5 (five) level x 3 (three) replications. In this research, the hard candy samples were analyzed for its chemical physics quality performed on hardness, total polyphenols and content of reducing sugars. Sensory test performed on hedonic quality (color, aroma, taste and texture) and rank test. The result shows hardness, total polyphenols, reducing sugar, color, odor, taste and rank score a significant effected by green tea extract in various concentration (α=0.01). The selected concentration of green tea extract is 0.5%, with total of 1.9% polyphenols on hard candy. Reducing sugar content of selective hard candy have fulfilled the SNI 3547.1:2008 hard candy. Keywords : green tea extract, hard candy, polyphenol, sugar reduction
PENGARUH BLENDING MINYAK NABATI PADA PELUMAS DARI MINYAK MINERAL TERHADAP STABILITAS OKSIDASI DAN KETAHANAN KOROSI
Get PDFPelumas adalah bahan yang dipakai untuk melapisi permukaan sehingga tidak kontak langsung dengan permukaan lain yang bergerak relatif terhadap permukaan lain. Beberapa usaha telah dilakukan untuk meminimalkan pemakaian pelumas dari minyak bumi, karena terbatasnya ketersediaan, tidak terbarukan dan mempunyai kelemahan diantaranya tidak mampu didegradasi sehingga bisa mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Salah satu usaha yang bisa dilakukan untuk menurunkan konsumsi dan meningkatkan karakteristik minyak bumi adalah dengan mencampurkan antara base oil dari minyak mineral dengan minyak nabati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh pencampuran minyak nabati pada base oil dari minyak mineral terhadap kestabilan oksidasi. Kestabilan oksidasi dikaji berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kimianya, yaitu Total Acid Number (TAN), Indek Viskositas (IV), dan Uji ketahanan terhadap korosi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencampurkan base oil minyak mineral dengan campuran minyak kelapa dan minyak dedak padi agar kualitasnya meningkat. Minyak nabati yang ditambahkan terhadap base oil minyak mineral pada penelitian ini adalah 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, serta 20% (%v/v), pencampuran dilakukan selama 15 menit pada temperatur 600C sampai dengan 700C. Campuran minyak didiamkan selama 30 hari, selanjutnya diuji Total Acid Number, Indeks Viskositas, dan Pengurangan Berat Logam Kata Kunci: Base Oil, Minyak Nabati, Stabilitas Oksidas
ANALISIS EFISIENSI PANAS TUNNEL KILN PADA PT XYZ DENGAN NERACA MASSA DAN ENERGI
Get PDFABSTRAKSalah satu proses yang tidak dapat dilewatkan untuk membuat genteng keramik adalah proses pembakaran. Proses pembakaran genteng keramik di PT XYZ menggunakan tunnel kiln dengan bahan bakar LNG. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi panas atau energi pada tunnel kiln dengan terlebih dahulu menghitung neraca massa masuk dan keluar serta menghitung neraca energi masuk dan keluar. Panas masuk meliputi panas hasil pembakaran bahan bakar LNG, panas sensibel bahan bakar LNG, panas kereta masuk, panas sensibel greentile. Sedangkan untuk panas keluar meliputi panas yang terbawa oleh panas sensibel genteng keramik, panas sensibel kereta kiln, panas penguapan air dan air kristal, panas hilang akibat udara pendingin, panas hasil reaksi pembakaran, panas akibat perpindahan panas, panas keluar untuk dryer dan panas keluar chimney tunnel kiln. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data-data pendukung diantaranya adalah volume gas LNG yang digunakan, komposisi material genteng, komposisi bagian dari tunnel kiln seperti kereta kiln, dan kapasitas panas untuk masing-masing komponen tersebut.Berdasarkan perhitungan yang telah dilakukandidapatkan nilai yang seimbang antara panas masuk dan panas keluar yaitu 14.174.025 kkal/hari. Efisiensi bahan bakar LNG dihitung dengan perbandingan antara panas yang dihasilkan dari bahan bakar dengan kebutuhan panas yang digunakan untuk satu hari proses pembakaran genteng keramik. Berdasarkan perhitungan didapat efisiensi panas tunnel kiln sebesar 98,92%.Kata Kunci : Efisiensi, Genteng Keramik, Neraca Massa, Neraca Panas, Pembakaran. ABSTRACTOne of the process that can’t be missed to make a ceramic tile is burning. PT XYZusing tunnel kiln with LNG fuel for burning process. The purpose of this research is to know how much heat efficiency of tunnel kiln with firstly calculated mass balance and heat balance at burning ceramics tile. Data for incoming heat are obtain from calculated of heat burning fuel, sensible heat of LNG, incoming heat from kiln car and sensible heat green tile. Data for outgoing heat are obtain from calculated of sensible heat ceramic tile, sensible heat kiln car, evaporation heat of water and water crystal, heat loss because cooling air, heat of burning, heat for dryer, heat for chimney fan, and heat loss because heat transfer. The method that we used for this research are Consumption of Volume LNG, composition material tile, composition part of tunnel kiln like kiln car and heat capacity for each component. Based on the data we can obtained heat balance in and out kiln amount14.174.025 kkal/day. And the LNG fuel efficiencyis calculated by comparison between the heat generated from the fuel and the heat requirement used for one dayceramic tile burning process. After the calculation we can obtained the efficiencyis 98,92%.Keywords: Efficiency, Ceramic Tile, Mass Balance, Heat Balance, Burning
PENGARUH SUHU, RASIO BAHAN BAKU TERHADAP PELARUT DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES FRAKSINASI TRIPALMITIN DARI FRAKSI PADAT MINYAK SAWIT
Get PDFABSTRAKMinyak sawit merupakan minyak yang paling banyak diproduksi di Indonesia. Minyak sawit mempunyai dua jenis produk yaitu fraksi padat (Stearin) dan fraksi cair (Olein). Asam lemak pada minyak sawit dibedakan menjadi dua golongan yaitu asam lemak jenuh dan asam lemak tak jenuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memisahkan Tripalmitin dari fraksi padat minyak sawit melalui metode fraksinasi dengan pelarut organik. Variabel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan variasi rasio bahan baku / pelarut organik 1:10 (w/v) dan 1:12 (w/v) dengan suhu 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC dan kecepatan pengadukan 300 rpm dan 500 rpm. Setelah itu sampel dianalisa dengan GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan asam palmitatnya dan didapatkan kandungan asam palmitat paling tinggi jika dimasukkan dalam rumus regresi sebagai berikut y = -0,0333x2 + 1,4518x + 67,617 dengan R² = 0,8431 dengan kandungan asam palmitat 84,91%. Kata kunci: Asam Palmitat, Fraksinasi, Pelarut Organik, Stearin ABSTRACTPalm oil is the most oil in Indonesia. Palm oil contains two types of products: solid fraction (Stearin) and liquid fraction (Olein). Fatty acids in palm oil are divided into two groups, namely saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. This study aims to separate Tripalmitin from the hardness fraction of palm oil by fractionation method with organic solvent. The variables in this study used variation of organic / organic solvent ratio 1:10 (w / v) and 1:12 (w / v) with temperature 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC and stirring speed 300 rpm and 500 rpm. After that the sample was analyzed with GC-MS to determine the content of palmitic acid and get the highest palmitic acid content if in the regression formula as follows y = -0.0333x2 + 1.4518x + 67,617 with R² = 0.8431 with the content of palmitic acid 84 , 91%. Keywords: Fractination, Organic Solvent, Palmitic Acid, Steari
PENGARUH TEMPERATUR PENGERINGAN TERHADAP SWELLING DAN TENSILE STRENGTH EDIBLE FILM HASIL PEMANFAATAN PATI LIMBAH KULIT SINGKONG
Get PDFABSTRAKPengemasan merupakan proses perlindungan suatu produk pangan yang bertujuan menjaga keawetan dan konsistensi mutu. Bahan pengemas dari plastik banyak digunakan dengan pertimbangan ekonomis, namun penggunaan material sintesis tersebut berdampak pada pencemaran lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif untuk menangani permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan material ramah lingkungan (biodegradable) seperti edible film. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh temperatur pengeringan terhadap swelling dan tensile strength edible film hasil pemanfaatan pati limbah kulit singkong dengan penambahan ekstrak jahe merah. Penelitian ini diawali dengan tahap pembuatan ekstrak jahe merah dan pati dari limbah kulit singkong, setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan edible film dengan variasi penambahan ekstrak jahe merah (0.5-1.1% w/v) dan diberi plasticizer berupa gliserol (1% v/v). Selanjutnya dilakukan tahapan pembuatan dan pencetakkan edible film dan pengeringan pada temperatur ( 50;60;700C). Hasil yang diperoleh selanjutnya dilakukan analisa swelling dan tensile strength. Hasil menunjukkan nilai swelling dan tensile strength tertinggi diperoleh pada pada penambahan ekstrak jahe merah 1.1% dan temperatur pengeringan 700C yaitu masing-masing 88.89 % dan 50,66 kg/cm2.Kata Kunci : Kemuluran, Kuat tarik, Lapisan edibel ABSTRACTPackaging is a protection food product to maintain the quality and durability of food. Plastic packaging is widely used for economic consideration, but it leads to environmental pollution. The alternative way to handle this problem is by using biodegradable material such as edible film. This study aims to examine the effect of dying temperature on the swelling and tensile strength of edible cassava peel starch film with the addition of red ginger extract. This research was started with the extraction of red ginger and cassava peel starch, followed by edible film making with variation of red ginger extract addition (0.5-1.1% w/v) and glycerol (1% v/v) as plasticizer. The next stages were production and molding of the edible film. The edible films were then dried at the temperature of (50;60;700C). Furthermore swelling and tensile strength analysis was conducted to the product of edible film. The results showed that the highest swelling and tensile strength values were obtained on the addition of red ginger extract of 1.1% and the drying temperature of 700C which were 88.89% and 50,664 kg / cm2 respectively.Keywords : Edible film, Swelling, Tensile strengt