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Sprachvarietät und Dolmetschen: Analyse der Auswirkungen sprachlicher Varietät auf das Simultandolmetschen am Beispiel der Verdolmetschung zweier französischer Varietäten ins Deutsche
No full textLanguages spoken in many parts of the world come in a variety of differing forms of use and entail a wide range in prosodic elements as well as their lexis and regional specificities. Nonetheless and at least in predominantly monolingual parts of the world language is widely regarded as consisting of a standard language and one ore many deviations such as dialects. This thesis aims to be a factor in deconstructing this prevalent monolinguistic, centered perception of the concept of language. The underlying assumption of this research is that interpreters trained with the language pair German-French are mostly experienced in interpreting varieties of French from France and therefore crucially more familiar with these than other varieties spoken in this world. Consequently, it can be derived that lesser-known varieties have a negative effect on the interpreting performance and lead to inferior results compared to interpreting varieties from France. To verify, an experiment was conducted in which ten subjects with German as their first language simultaneously interpreted two different diatopic varieties of French into German. The subjects were asked to interpret a text partly delivered by a Senegalese speaker and a French speaker. The recorded and transcribed interpretations were evaluated and compared according to categorized analysis criteria adapted to the structure of the research. With graduations, it was more difficult for all subjects to produce an output that is complete, uninterrupted, and adequate to the source language in the lesser known variety (Senegalese French). The divergence in coherence between source and target language confirms the assumption on the relation between the familiarity of varieties and the degree of intricacy of their interpretation. The differences in the overall impression of the presentation revealed in the interpreting output is measurable in criteria such as speaking speed and the frequency and length of pauses. The results of this study are thus consistent with comparable previous studies on other language pairs. Based on the findings of this research is deduced that a lack of contact with other varieties results in a one dimensional capability of interpreting. To counteract this, interpreting training should build up varieties as a skill and establish a pluricentric under-standing of language.In vielen Teilen der Welt gesprochene Sprachen unterscheiden sich regional stark und verfügen über eine große Bandbreite an Varietäten mit Unterschieden im Sprachgebrauch, in der Prosodie, im Wortschatz und anderen regionalen Charakteristika. Dennoch wird in überwiegend einsprachigen Regionen der Welt Sprache als bestehend aus einer Standardsprache und einer oder mehreren Abweichungen(en) unterteilt. Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen, die vorherrschende monolinguale Wahrnehmung des Sprachbegriffs zu dekonstruieren. Die grundlegende Annahme dieser Arbeit ist, dass Dolmetschende mit der Sprachkombination Deutsch-Französisch mehr Erfahrung mit Varietäten des Französischen aus Frankreich haben und ihnen diese somit vertrauter sind als andere Varietäten. Davon ausgehend wird die Hypothese abgeleitet, dass diese unbekannteren Varietäten einen negativen Effekt auf die Verdolmetschung ausüben und im Vergleich zu schlechteren Ergebnissen als bei einer Verdolmetschung von Varietäten aus Frankreich führen. Zur Überprüfung der Hypothese wurde ein Experiment durchgeführt, bei dem zehn Studierende mit Deutsch als Erstsprache zwei unterschiedliche diatopische Varietäten des Französischen simultan ins Deutsche dolmetschten. Die Teilnehmenden waren dazu aufgefordert, einen von einem senegalesischen und von einem französischen Sprecher präsentierten Redetext zu dolmetschen. Die aufgezeichneten und trankskribierten Verdolmetschungen wurden nach kategorisierten und dem Aufbau angepassten Analysekriterien ausgewertet und verglichen. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass es mit Abstufungen für alle Proband·innen in der unbekannteren Varietät schwieriger war, einen vollständigen, unterbrechungsfreien und zielsprachlich adäquaten Output zu produzieren. Die beobachtete Diskrepanz in der inhaltlichen Kohärenz zwischen Ausgangs- und Zielsprache bestätigt die Annahme der Korrelation zwischen dem Grad der Vertrautheit mit einer Sprachvarietät und der Schwierigkeitsgrad ihrer Verdolmetschung. Unterschiede im Gesamteindruck der Dolmetschleistungen und ihrer prosodischen Darstellung ließen sich anhand von Kriterien wie Sprechgeschwindigkeit sowie Häufigkeit und Länge der Pausen messen. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in Einklang mit vergleichbaren vorherigen Studien zu anderen Sprachschwerpunkten. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit leitet sich ab, dass ein geringer Kontakt mit anderen Varietäten zu einer Begrenzung der sprachlichen Bandbreite von Dolmetscherinnen führt. Um dem entgegenzuwirken, sollte Dolmetschtraining Varietäten als Fertigkeit aufbauen und ein plurizentrisches Sprachverständnis etablieren
Geschäftsbericht ... / Staatliche Betriebsgesellschaft für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft, Freistaat Sachsen
No full textGeschäftsbericht ... / Staatliche Betriebsgesellschaft für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft, Freistaat Sachsen
No full textSandwich-Like Complexation of Carbohydrates by Hydrogen Bonding and CH-π Interactions
No full textThe design of carbohydrate-binding agents (artificial carbohydrate receptors) that enable selective and effective biomimetic recognition via noncovalent interactions is aimed either at a better understanding of natural recognition phenomena or at various potential applications in medicine and other fields. Although very interesting artificial receptors have been developed, the exact prediction of the receptor selectivity remains a challenge. Results and Methods: A molecular architecture based on a 1,3,5-substituted 2,4,6-triethylbenzene backbone bearing two aminopyridine- or aminopyrimidine-based recognition units and a purine moiety, which acts as both a hydrogen bonding site and a bridging component for the incorporation of additional substituents, has proved to be very useful for the development of effective carbohydrate-binding agents. This type of compounds has the ability to bind suitable carbohydrates through combined noncovalent interactions, where CH···π interactions can be formed on both faces of the carbohydrate substrate. The successful syntheses of the target compounds can be realized by the use of microwave irradiation and sealed tubes. The performed binding studies included 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations and measurements by isothermal titration calorimetry. Conclusion: The new compounds were developed as artificial receptors especially for carbohydrates with an all-equatorial substitution pattern and have the ability to predictably form strong 1:1 complexes with a suitable substrate. The use of the purine moiety in the construction of carbohydrate receptors with a 1,3,5-substituted 2,4,6-triethylbenzene backbone has proved to be a very promising approach. The possibilities for structural variation of this molecular architecture are manifold. As a result, a wide range of compounds can be synthesized to perform extensive studies on the relationships between structure and binding efficiency
GFRAL Is Widely Distributed in the Brain and Peripheral Tissues of Mice
No full textIn 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as receptor for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in the mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) where it mediates effects of GDF15 on reduction of food intake and body weight. GDF15 is a cell stress cytokine with a widespread expression and pleiotropic effects, which both seem to be in contrast to the reported highly specialized localization of its receptor. This discrepancy prompts us to re-evaluate the expression pattern of GFRAL in the brain and peripheral tissues of mice. In this detailed immunohistochemical study, we provide evidence for a more widespread distribution of this receptor. Apart from the AP/NTS region, GFRAL-immunoreactivity was found in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus arcuatus and peripheral tissues including liver, small intestine, fat, kidney and muscle tissues. This widespread receptor expression, not taken into consideration so far, may explain the multiple effects of GDF-15 that are not yet assigned to GFRAL. Furthermore, our results could be relevant for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for physical and mental disorders related to body image and food intake, such as eating disorders, cachexia and obesity
“Atonal” Motifs and the Presentation of the Musical Idea: Approaching a Historically Sensitive Analysis of Arnold Schönberg’s Works between 1909 and 1912
No full textNothing has conditioned the English-language analytical discourse about Schönberg’s atonal period music more than pitch-class sets. In Remaking the Past, Joseph Straus defines the pitch-class set as “a motive from which many of the identifying characteristics – register, rhythm, order – have been boiled away”. This understanding of atonal motif, which equates it with pitch-class set, remains widely accepted, intimating a type of “common practice” in Schönberg’s atonal music, evidenced by the motivic coherence demonstrated in pitch-class set analyses. This article proposes a different understanding of motif in atonal period works, based on Schönberg’s definition in Fundamentals of Musical Composition and Zusammenhang, Kontrapunkt, Instrumentation, Formenlehre. In these texts he defines the motif as a “rhythmicized phenomenon”, in which “often a contour or shape is significant”. For Schönberg, the motif is the “‘germ’ of the musical idea”. As the article recounts, Schönberg’s writings outline three forms of presentation of the musical idea: Entwicklung (development), Abwicklung (envelopment) and Aneinander-Reihung (juxtaposition). Since either Schönberg or his students referred to each method of presentation in reference to a different stage of the atonal period, an analytical approach that focusses on presentation of the idea not only illuminates something about compositional process, but also assumes that the atonal period was one of great variety and experimentation. The article reveals that pitch-class sets and other analytical hardware can serve as tools of interpretation and criticism, aiding in the periodization and pedagogy of this seminal time in music history
Vom musiktheoretisch Schönen, Wahren und Guten
No full textThe aesthetic category of beauty, the epistemological category of truth, and the ethical category of the good constitute three central coordinates in the history and theory of Western art and music. During the period of modernism (considered here as lasting from the mid-18th century through its postmodern phase), these categories underwent a major shift, involving at its most extreme a reversal from beauty to ugliness, from truth to falseness, and from good to evil. While the speculative, regulative and descriptive traditions of music theory have participated in this development, the relativist climate of post-normative pluralism invites a reassessment of those categories in current music-theoretical discourse. At issue is the relevance of beauty, truth and goodness in and for a theory of music. This essay has two parts. The first part positions Friedrich Schiller and Theodor W. Adorno as two thinkers that articulate the difference between an aesthetics of beauty and an aesthetics of truth – a difference that stems from Adorno’s critique of idealist philosophy and aesthetics. The second part considers the rapprochement in modern aesthetics between art and theory by pursuing the notion of an aesthetics of music theory. The idea of the music-theoretically beautiful is discussed by drawing on examples from Neo-Riemannian theory (Richard Cohn) and Transformational Theory (David Lewin)
Musiktheoretische Implikationen im Briefwechsel zwischen Elisabeth von Herzogenberg und Johannes Brahms
No full textElisabeth von Herzogenberg’s letters to Johannes Brahms express her deep admiration and devotion to the composer’s work, but she also tentatively formulated criticism, mostly in cases when she was encouraged by Brahms to do so. What were the issues of music-theoretical relevance discussed in this correspondence? Was Elisabeth von Herzogenberg really a discussion partner on equal terms and were her views accepted by the composer? In several of Herzogenberg’s letters detailed analyses of Brahms’ vocal works can be found, especially of his songs with piano accompaniment and his choral compositions. Because of her broad musical experience in these fields, Brahms valued her opinion highly. Elisabeth von Herzogenberg had enjoyed a comprehensive education in musical practice and theory. She was an excellent pianist and singer, had a beautiful voice and was praised for her perceptive skills. Her statements on Brahms’ vocal works, which concern harmonic, melodic and rhythmic aspects, exhibit aesthetical criteria deeply rooted in the Classical-Romantic tradition. Above all she pays attention to a sensitive relationship of poetry and music. She disapproves “visualizing” effects in music, which according to her disturb the integrity of a composition. Herzogenberg noticed the increasing success of Brahms’ works with deep satisfaction and at the same time – in agreement with Brahms – refused to accept Anton Bruckner’s music. This article sheds light on the music-theoretical details discussed in the Brahms-Herzogenberg correspondance in paratactic manner and suggests that their systematic documentation forms a desideratum of Brahms research
Evaluation of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides as potential lead structures for novel antimycotics against Cryptococcus neoformans
No full textBackground: Cryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis, caused by
Cryptococcus neoformans infections, lead to approximately 180,000 deaths per
year, primarily in developing countries. Individuals with compromised immune
systems, e.g., due to HIV infection (AIDS) or chemotherapy, are particularly
vulnerable. Conventional treatment options are often limited and can cause
severe side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal
effect of insect-derived proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) against
C. neoformans. These peptides are known for their low toxicity and their high
efficacy in murine infection models, making them a promising alternative for
treatment.
Results: A preliminary screening of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)
of 20 AMPs, including the well-known PrAMPs Onc112, Api137, and Chex1Arg20
as well as the cathelicidin CRAMP against the C. neoformans strains 1841, H99,
and KN99α revealed promising results, with MICs as low as 1.6 μmol/L. Subsequent
investigations of selected peptides, determining their influence on fungal colony-
forming units, confirmed their strong activity. The antifungal activity was affected
by factors such as peptide net charge and sequence, with stronger effects at
higher net charges probably due to better intracellular uptake confirmed by
confocal laser scanning microscopy. Inactive scrambled peptides suggest a
specific intracellular target, although scanning electron microscopy showed that
PrAMPs also damaged the cell exterior for a low proportion of the cells. Possible
pore formation could facilitate entry into the cytosol