AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah
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TRACING THE CONCEPT OF FAJR IN THE ISLAM MOSAIC AND MODERN SCIENCE
No full textThis article is an attempt at tracing several points of view concerning the precise time of Fajr. The study suggests that different concepts of fajr in the world of Islam arose for two reasons: the Imamah Jibril hadith is too general in notion and the different ways in understanding the “ghalas” and “isfar” hadith without considering the conditioin and weather by the time the hadith was spoken. In addition, moslem astronomers focus on the empirical observation on the position of the sun and neglects the nas of the message. This, in turn, urges the truth claim
أهمية قوانين المصارف الشرعية في إندونيسيا )ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻓﺳﻳﺭﺍﻟﻣﻮﻀﻭﻋﻰ (
No full textإن إندونيسيا هي أكبر دولة إسلامية من حيث عدد السكان المسلمين في العالم، إذ يبلغ عدد السكان المسلمين نحو 204 ملايين نسمة. إن هذا العدد الكبير من المسلمين يشكل إمكانات كبيرة لتطوير الخدمات المصرفية الإسلامية. وقد بدأ هذا الموضوع في جذب اهتمام الحكومة إلى إصدار القوانين الداعمة للمصارف /البنوك الشرعية / الإسلامية. وذلك عبر السياسات والقرارات المتخذة عبرة فترة استمرت 36 سنة. في الفترة (1974-2008)، بدءا من عقد ندوة وطنية حول العلاقات الثنائية بين إندونيسيا والشرق الأوسط. والتي تمخضت عن فكرة إإنشاء البنوك الإسلامية. في عام 1988 قامت الحكومة بإصدار حزمة من القرارات والسياسات التي عرفت فيما بعد بقرارات أكتوبر 1988 (PAKTO ) والتي سعت إلى صبغة البنوك في اندونيسيا بالصبغة اللبرالية، خلت حزمة القرارات المذكورة من أي ذكر للمصارف أو البنوك الإسلامية. ولكنها ذكرت بشكل ضمني أن البنوك يمكن أن تحدد سعر الفائدة البنكية بنسبة 0% . بعد إصدار حزمة قرارات أكتوبر المذكورة بدأت البنوك الصغيرة والمسماة بنوك القروض الشعبية (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat ) والقائمة بناء على الأسس الإسلامية بالنشوء. وجود وعمل هذه البنوك الصغيرة على الأسس الإسلامية كان اكبر دافع لإنشاء أول بنك عام تجاري غير قائم على أساس الفائدة الربوية. وبعد ذلك بأقل من ستنين منذ إصدار باقة قرارات أكتوبر ، وبتارييخ 19-22 أغسطس 1990 أقيمت ورشة عمل للعلماء حول الفوائد البنكية في شيسروا، بوغور، والتي نتج عنها قرار بتكون لجان عمل لإنشاء البنك الإسلامي في إندونيسيا. في عام 1991 تم إنشاء بنك المعاملات إندونيسيا. فقد كان إنشاء ذلك البنك كأول مصرف إسلامي إستجابة جيدة من قبل الحكومة ، وقد قد بدأ نشاطاته في الأول من مايو 1992. ولكن ومع مرور الوقت ومرور إندونيسيا بالضائقة المالية عام 1997-1998 والتي أدت إلى خسائر كبيرة للمصارف في إندونيسيا وخاصة البنوك التقليدية وأدى إلى نتائج سلبية في الموازنة البنكية. للحد من تداعيات الأزمة الإقتصادية ، صدر في عام 1998 القانون رقم . 10 عام 1998 والتي أعطت الفرصة لنمو البنوك الإسلامية والتي احتوت على فصول من بينها السماح بإنشاء البنوك ذات النظام البنكي المزدوج. ومع كل التطورات الحثيثة في عالم البنوك الإندونيسية ، تم في عام 2008 إقرار القانون رقم. 21 عام 2008 حول المصارف الإسلامية، والمأمول أن يكون لها تأثير ملموس في نمو البنوك الإسلامية مستقبلا.الكلمات الأساسية. المصارف الإسلامية ، البنوك التقليدية، و الوحدات الإقتصادية الشرعية.
Rules on Wage Standard to Improve Workers’ Living Needs in the Perspective of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah
No full textThe components of living needs that become the reference in determining the minimum wage in Indonesia have changed four times. These changes have occurred to adjust the development of what are regarded as necessities. There are necessities that at first considered less critical, but then become important. In Islam, there are five essential elements of human needs, known as maqasid al-shari’a. These necessities are divided into three categories: daruriyya, hajiyya, and tahsiniyya. This article examines how the component of living necessities according to the concept of maqasid al shari’a is applied in the minimum wage regulation. This article argues that the determination of minimum wage standard has considered the current standard of living. Most of the components of Kebutuhan Hidup Layak or Decent Living Needs (DLN) include in the area of daruriyya and hajjiya, and only a few are in the area of tahsiniyya. The addition and improvement of the components of needs become evidence for the consideration of the level of needs, from daruriyya to hajiyya, and then tahsiniyya. This changes show the change of law in line with current development
Marriage Dispensation due to Extramarital Pregnancy: The Study on the Decision by the Religious Court of South Jakarta (2010-2011)
No full textThe Marriage law in Indonesia sets the marriageable age at which a person is allowed to marry is 19 (nineteen) years old for men and 16 (sixteen) years old for women. This study focuses on legal decisions and judges’ consideration in establishing the application for marriage dispensation at the Religious Court of South Jakarta due to extramarital pregnancy. This study shows that the Court decision to grant the application for marriage dispensation at the Religious Court due to extramarital pregnancy is primarily based on the argument to avoid harmfulness. Using case study research, three court decisions stipulated by the Religious Court Decision Number: 056/Pdt.P/2010/PA.JS, Decision Number: 219/Pdt.P/2011/PA.JS and Decision Number: 197/Pdt.P/2011/PA granting the application for marriage dispensation due to extramarital pregnancy were analysed. The legal consideration formulated by the Panel of Judges is to avoid harm and is not contrary to the legislation. This means the judge’s consideration in determining the marriage dispensation due to extramarital pregnancy is not only based on the provisions stated in Article 7 paragraph (2) of the Law No. 1/1974 concerning Marriage jo. Article 15 paragraph (2) of the Compilation of the Islamic Law, but also on the consideration made by the Panel of Judges as the harms might occur if the application for marriage dispensation is refused. In determining this consideration of harms, it appears that they are influenced by their religious views and the social consequences
ZAKAH EMPOWERMENT OPTIMIZATION THROUGH BAITUL IKHTIAR COOPERATION AS AN EFFORT IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN BOGOR REGENCY
No full textThe Indonesian government and other concerned parties have conducted various programs looking for strategies for poverty alleviation, however, the poverty rate has not decreased significantly. One of zakah based empowerment paradigm is transformation paradigm that is a process in motivating the society with new values which can enlighten the soul, spirit and the common sense, so that they can rediscover their way of life from being a mustahiq (a person who receives zakah) to muzakki (person who gives zakah). This empowerment was an important development pillar in stimulating development growth and equality, providing the societies’ welfare, creating jobs opportunity and alleviating poverty. The research is conducted by surveying the respondents in three sub districts in Bogor Region. The respondents are 254 mustahik that consists of 66 mustahik vegetables producers in Cibungbulang sub district, 85 mustahik as sate skewers producers in Tenjolaya sub district and 103 mustahik as shoes-sandals producers in Taman Sari sub district. The field research was conducted in 2013. The research instrument/questionnaire was based on the concept of empowerment and independence. The method used in the research was descriptive statistic and T-test.
ISLAMIC LAW AND BUSINESS ETHICS PERSPECTIVES TOWARDS BURNING FOREST AS METHOD TO LAND CLEARING
No full textBurning forest as one method to clear land has made many losses not only to the welfare of the people in Indonesia, but also to the environment. However, studies examined these issues from the perspectives of the government’s laws, the Islamic Law and the business ethics have been limited. For that reason, this study aims at discussing the perspectives of the government’s law, the Islamic law and business ethics toward forest burning as a method to land clearing. The method used is by undertaking doctrinal research. The sources of the data were from primary and secondary legal materials. The study found that there have been government’s laws and regulations to ban forest burning activity. These laws include the Law No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Environmental Management, the Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry, the Law No. 18 Year 2013 on the Prevention and Eradication of forest destruction, and the Law No. 39 of 2014 on Plantations to name only four laws. The Islamic law has given guidance to human beings in managing the natural resources. These guidance have been highlighted in Surah Albaqarah 2:30 and Surah Al-Ghashiyah 88:17. Also, it is argued that compliance with the existence of business ethics will be a strong reason for the establishment of a close relationship between the company and the community. The public will be very pleased with the company in running its operations in accordance with business ethics. For this reason, it is suggested that the business plantations and other corporations should comply with the business ethics. This aims simply to maintain harmony between business activities and the nature. So that, the corporations will be able to sustain their business activities, while at the same time the people will have certainty to have healthy environment
Linguistic Review on Marriage Age Regulation
No full textTis study fnds that the Indonesian Marriage Law, especially inthe section about the age of marriage, still contains the ambiguity in termsof the language. Tis leads to the gaps in the law that can potentially lead tothe violation of the law. It is stated in the Compilation of Islamic Law thatthe couple who have not reached the age of twenty should obtain a consentfrom both parents to marry. Based on this stipulation, every couple, whoare underage, can marry as long as they obtain their parent’s consent. Tispractice is not considered a violation of the law; the involving parties cannotbe penalized. Te article argues that there is a need to review the law to preventthe practice of underage marriag
Arrangement Investment-Based Insurance with Sharia Principles Post Enactment Law of Number 40 Year 2014 Concerning Insurance
No full textIndonesia\u27s legal system comes from civil law brought by the Dutch royal government to Indonesia during the colonial period. Civil law can be traced its roots to French civil law to Roman law. Insurance is equated with gambling The concept of insurance in insurance legislation states that insurance is a risk transfer institution. Despite the Law No. 40 of 2014 on Insurance, the law is still conceptualize insurance as an institution of protection. This new insurance law is a dual insurance system, which regulates conventional and sharia insurance systems. It needs to be initiated The Formation of Special Law regulates sharia insurance in Indonesia, because conventional and sharia are two very different things in principle.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ULTRA PETITUM PARTIUM IN DECIDING CHILDREN LIVELIHOOD IN DIVORCE LAWSUIT IN RELIGIOUS COURTS
No full textThis study analyzes 64 decisions of the South Jakarta Religious Courts, issued in 2011-2013, to see how ultra petitum partium principle is used to settle a child support claim in a divorce case. Child protection lawsuit is a legal solution given by the law to force fathers to carry out their obligations to fulfil their children\u27s livelihood. In the Religious Courts, the case can be done simultaneously with a divorce case or done separately. In this study, the author argues that in deciding children’s livelihood claims, judges in the Religious Courts, besides having to comply with the applicable procedural law, should also follow basic principles applied in the General Court. This is based on article 54 of Law No. 7 of 1989 (amended by Law No. 3 of 2006 and Law No. 50 of 2009). One of the principles is ultra petitum partium, in which the judges are prohibited from deciding a matter that is not stated in the lawsuit or decide more than what is demanded. From 64 decisions, 60 of them applied the ultra petitum partium principle. In this case, none of them decided to order the fathers to pay for children supports, even though the posita mentions that children were born during their marriage, and the children are with the mothers.
Women Dealing with The Law in Religious Courts
No full textReligious Courts in Indonesia which have special jurisdiction to hear disputes among Muslims are directly involved with the issue of women dealing with the law. Most of the Indonesian women seeking justice in religious court. Hence, it is important to discuss the application of justice and gender equality perspective in religious courts involving women dealing with the law. Employing justice and gender equality perspective, the author discusses some crucial issues including divorce, female witness, child marriage, joint property, polygamy, child custody, child denial, and paternity. It argues that such discussion is important as guidance to judges of religious courts in applying Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 3/2017 on Guidelines for Hearing the Case of Women Dealing with the Law.