Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION FOR THE SUPPORTING FRAME OF POWER TILLER WITH FINITE ELEMNT ANALYSIS APPROACH
No full textABSTRACT Due to its advantageouse characteristic, aluminum is considered to substitute the existing steel as material of the supporting frame of power tiller to meet the strength and environment concerns. The investigation was emphasized on the comparison of both material in view of stress and deformation. In this study, both experimental test and finite element (FE) analysis were employed to meet the research concem.comparison between the experimental test and numerical analysis result indicated acceptable differnces of about 7-33% wich is lower than the previouse research. Substitution with aluminum was confirmed using material index that aluminum has better performance in strength and stiffness than that of steel by prescibing minimum better performance in strength and stiffness than that of steel by prescibing minimum weight. FE analysis result revealed that aluminum model was capable of sustaining loads about equal to the steel model. It was based on its maximum von Mises stress wich was insignificatly lower than the steel model. In term of strength characteristic, strength ratio of the aluminum model was higher than the steel model. Furthemore, the substitution also resulted in redistrubuting stress into wider area and mass reduction for about 36%. Keyword: Mterial Substitution, Finite Element Methode, Static Analysis, Supporting Frame, Mass Reductio
Karakteristik Transmisi Gelombang Ultrasonik dan Hubungannya dengan Sifat Fisiko-Kimia Buah Naga
No full textAbstractCommonly the quality of dragon fruit in Indonesia is determined manually by using visual appearances and it gives un-uniformly results caused by human factors and the judgement is not reflected the internal quality of dragon fruit. Destructive method is usually used to determine the internal quality of dragon fruit that is unsuitable for quality control of fresh dragon fruit. So a non destructive method is required for evaluation the quality of dragon fruit. The objectives of the research were to determine the physico-chemical and ultrasound wave transmission characteristics of super red dragon fruit according to harvesting time, and to study the relationship between ultrasound wave transmission characteristics and physico-chemical characteristics of super red dragon fruit. Super-red dragon fruits were harvested at 30, 32, and 34 days after flower blooms (150 samples) from PT Wahana Cory, Ciapus, Bogor. The results showed that the ultrasound velocity of super red dragon fruit ranged from 614.10 to 680.16 m/s and the attenuation coefficient were 57.32 to 62.40 Neper per meter. The attenuation coefficient was significantly different according to maturity. There were significant correlations between ultrasound parameters (velocity and attenuation coefficient) and physico-chemical of super red dragon fruit (firmness, sugar content, total soluble solid, and total acid).Keyword: dragon fruit, attenuation, ultrasound, velocity Diterima: 25 September 2009; Disetujui: 3 Februari 2010
Rancang Bangun Mesin Pemanen Udang (Penaeus sp.)
No full textABSTRAK Kualitas udang sangat dipengaruhi oleh keseluruhan proses budi daya, termasuk proses pemanenan. Sejauh ini proses pemanenan udang tambak di Indonesia masih menggunakan cara tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang bangun mesin pemanen udang tipe vakum dengan mekanisme baru untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas pemanenan sehingga mutu udang dapat terjaga dengan baik. Tahapan penelitian ini dimulai dari identifikasi permasalahan, desain dan analisis rancangan, pembuatan prototype, dan pengujian fungsional. Desain ini menggunakan sistem vakum yang diterapkan mulai dari saluran inlet, tangki penampungan, sampai saluran outlet. Dengan menggunakan pompa air sentrifugal, komoditas yang ada di tambak dihisap dan diperangkap dalam tangki penampungan tanpa melalui impeller pompa. Selain itu, desain ini juga menggunakan pompa vakum untuk menjaga tekanan di dalam sistem. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi kebocoran yang sulit dideteksi pada sistem. Dari data yang diperoleh, debit aliran tertinggi mencapai 5.27 l/det dengan kecepatan hisap sebesar 0.65 m/det. Sedangkan debit aliran terendah 4.75 l/det dengan kecepatan hisap sebesar 0.59 l/det. Dengan demikian, komoditas yang dapat dihisap dengan mesin ini hanyalah udang yang memiliki kecepatan renang yang berkisar pada kecepatan hisap rata-rata nesin, yakni 0.61 l/det. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai mekanisme pemanenan udang tipe vakum untuk menghindari kebocoran yang sulit dideteksi. Kata kunci: mesin pemanen, vakum, udang, kecepatan renang ABSTRACT Shrimp quality is influenced by several factors including the harvesting process. So far, the harvesting process for shrimp in Indonesia is still traditional. This research aims to design a vacuum-type shrimp harvester to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of farming productivity. So that shrimp quality can be maintained high. Stages of this research starts from the problems identification, design analysis, prototyping, and functional test. This design uses a vacuum system that is applied starting from the inlet channel, tanks, to the outlet channel. By using centrifugal water pump, commodities in pond are inhaled and trapped in the tank without passing through the impeller. In addition, this design also uses a vacuum pump to maintain pressure in the system. It aims to solve the undetected leaks on the system. From the data obtained, the highest flow rate is 5.27 l/s with suction speed of 0.65 m/s, while the lowest flow rate is 4.75 l/s with suction speed of 0.59 m/s. Commodity that can be inhaled by this prototype is shrimp that has burst speed ranging in average of its suction speed, ie 0.61 m/s. It needs the next research to make the other harvesting mechanism to avoid the undetected leaks on the system.Keywords: harvester, vacuum, shrimp, burst speedDiterima: 25 Oktober 2012: Disetujui: 20 Februari 201
Uji Getaran Mekanis dan Kebisingan pada Mesin Thermal Fogger Tipe TS-35A(E)
No full textAbstract The high utilizing of thermal fogger machine in agriculture is giving an impact for operator’s health and comfortness. This is because of mechanical vibration and noise level which produced by thermal fogger machine disturbing operator activity. Measuring of vibration and noise on thermal fogger machine was conducted by using vibrationmeter and sound level meter. The measurement results show that the operator was exposed 99.4 dB(A) noise and 4.03 m/s2 vibration. A hand arm vibration nomogram was employed with vibration factor 3 hours for comfortable level and 8 hours for safety level, concurently with noise standard provided by National Ministry of Labor. The result derived from noise analysis shows that daily exsposure time of the machne utilization is 15 – 30 minutes as the noise factor shows significant effect on the machine operation. As the preventing action to decreasing noise level, it can using ear muff and ear plug. Beside that, by covering the machine using foam rubber. Keywords : noise, mechanical vibration, thermal fogger machineAbstrak Penggunaan mesin thermal fogger yang cukup tinggi di pertanian, memberikan dampak bagi kesehatan dan kenyamanan operator. Hal ini karena getaran mekanis dan tingkat kebisingan yang dihasilkan thermal fogger yang mengganggu aktivitas operator. Pengukuran getaran dan kebisingan dari thermal fogger Tipe TS-35A(E) dilakukan dengan menggunakan vibrationmeter dan sound level meter. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa operator terpapar kebisingan 99.4 dB(A) dan getaran 4.03 m/s2. Sebuah hand arm vibration nomogram digunakan dengan faktor vibrasi 3 jam untuk tingkat kenyamanan dan 8 jam untuk tingkat keamanan, sesuai dengan standar kebisingan yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementrian Tenaga Kerja. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis kebisingan menunjukkan bahwa waktu paparan harian untuk penggunaan mesin adalah 15-30 menit di mana faktor kebisingan menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata pada pengoperasian mesin. Sebagai langkah pengamanan untuk menurunkan tingkat kebisingan, dapat menggunakan penutup telinga. Selain itu, dapat juga dilakukan penutupan mesin dengan bahan busa karet. Kata kunci: kebisingan, getaran mekanis, thermal fogger, operator Diterima: 15 Oktober 2012; Disetujui: 7 Februari 201
Pengeringan Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) Menggunakan Oven Gelombang Mikro (Microwave Oven)
Get PDFAbstract. Aloe vera (Aloe vera) is known as a useful plant, both as food, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. Due its high water content, Aloe vera should be processed immediately after harvest. This paper will discuss the drying of aloe vera using microwave oven. The drying process of 50 gr Aloe vera gel and rind using 80 Watts microwave power completed in 140 minutes to reach the final moisture content of 7% wet basis. The drying process in microwave drying shows similar process to that of conventional drying. Dipolar rotation mechanism of water molecules at microwave drying does not affect the drying stage. It shows however shorter process time. The water removal of the drying material occurred in the early minutes until the 50th minute. This because of the high free water surface on the material, while from minute 50 to minute 140 slowed the drying process. Highest temperature of the material during the process is achieved at 57.6 oC in drying of gel and 70.7 oC in drying of Aloe vera rind. It is expected that there is no damage of nutritional content during drying in the this temperature range. Quality analysis of flour and tea of Aloe vera after drying by microwave showed that Aloe vera powder produced within the range of the standard, both visually and microbiologically, but indicated as low quality when viewed from acid content levels. Whether microwave heating mechanism affects the acidity, this needs further study. Keywords : Alue vera, microwave drying, product quality Abstrak Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dikenal sebagai tanaman yang bermanfaat, baik sebagai bahan pangan, kosmetika ataupun obat-obatan. Kandungan air yang cukup tinggi membuat lidah buaya harus segera diproses setelah panen. Pada tulisan ini akan didiskusikan pengeringan aloe vera menggunakan oven gelombang mikro (microwave oven). Proses pengeringan 50 gr gel dan kulit lidah buaya hingga mencapai kadar air akhir 7 % bb menggunakan microwave dengan power 80 watt berlangsung 140 menit Penurunan kadar air dan laju pengeringan pada pengeringan microwave menunjukkan proses yang sama dengan pengeringan konvensional. Mekanisme rotase dipolar molekul air pada pengeringan microwave yang berbeda dengan pengeringan konvensional tidak berpengaruh terhadap tahapan proses pengeringan. Penurunan masa bahan selama proses pengeringan terjadi pada menit-menit awal hingga menit ke-50, hal ini terjadi karenamasih banyaknya air bebas yang berada dipermukaan bahan. Sementara dari menit ke-50 hingga menit ke-140 proses pengeringan berlangsung melambat. Suhu tertinggi bahan selama proses yang dicapai adalah 57,6 oC pada pengeringan gel dan 70,7 oC pada pengeringankulit lidah buaya. Pada kisaran suhu tersebut diharapkan tidak terjadi kerusakan kandungan gizi lidah buaya. Pengujian mutu tepung maupun teh lidah buaya setelah pengeringan dengan microwave menunjukkan bahwa tepung lidah buaya yang dihasilkan, baik secara visual maupun kandungan mikroba masih dalam kisaran standar. Namun jika dilihat dari kadar keasamanan masih menunjukkan hasil mutu rendah. Apakah mekanisme pemanasan dengan gelombang mikro berpengaruh secara kimiawi sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kadar keasaman, hal ini perlu kajian lebih lanjut. Kata kunci : lidah buaya, pengeringan microwave, mutu produk Diterima: 08 Juni 2011; Disetujui: 20 September 2011
Modifikasi Mesin Pemanen Udang/Ikan Tipe Vakum Berdasarkan Analisis Antropometri
No full textAbstrak Banyak pertimbangan yang digunakan saat merancang suatu desain alat atau mesin, salah satunya yaitu Ergonomika. Ergonomika membuat perancangan efektif dan efisien dari segi sistem, juga segi kenyamanan dan keselamatan kerja operatornya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi posisi kerja operator dalam menjalankan sistem kerja mesin dengan simulasi dan analisa ergonomi menggunakan CATIA P3 V5R20, kemudian memodifikasi sesuai dengan prinsip ergonomika yang berkaitan dengan postur tubuh (antropometri) rata-rata orang Indonesia, untuk mendapatkan posisi kerja yang nyaman, aman, dan produktif. Data antropometri yang digunakan adalah data petani pria di Kecamatan Dramaga, Bogor. Sedangkan objek yang dianalisis adalah mesin pemanen udang atau ikan tipe vakum. Hasil simulasi ergonomi berupa tanda warna beserta nilai akhir (Final Score) yang dibandingkan dengan metode RULA. Posisi kerja dengan Final Score terbaik adalah saat mengoperasikan tutup lubang intake yaitu bernilai 2 dengan tanda warna hijau serta statusnya acceptable. Sedangkan posisi kerja kurang baik yaitu saat menyalakan engine, dengan Final Score 4 serta status posisi kerja Investigate Further. Dari hasil simulasi tersebut perlu dilakukannya modifikasi terhadap hasil rancangan, yaitu dengan pemindahan posisi engine dan penambahan komponen tangga sebagai pijakan kaki. Evaluasi yang kembali dilakukan dari hasil modifikasi menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan sebelum modifikasi. Kata kunci: desain, ergonomi, simulasi, CATIA Abstract Many considerations was used when designing a tool or machine, one of that is ergonomics. Ergonomics makes the designing was effective and efficient in terms of the system, and operator’s comfort and safety also. The objective of this study is to determine the condition of operator in carrying out the work system of machine with simulation and ergonomics analysis using CATIA P3 V5R20, then modify it according to ergonomics principles that related to the posture of Indonesian people average (anthropometry), to get a comfortable working position, safe, and productive. Anthropometric data was used are male farmer’s data in Dramaga, Bogor. The object that would analyzed is the vacuum type shrimp or fish harvester. The results are a color sign and the final score that compared with RULA Method. From the simulation can be seen that the best Final Score is when operated the intake hole cap with the value of 2, the color code is green and acceptable. The worst result is when cranked the engine with the value of 4 and investige further. Modification was made to displace the engine position and addition the components for footing. The results of ergonomics simulation after modified was better than before. Keywords : design, simulation, ergonomics, CATIA Diterima: 22 Oktober 2012 ;Disetujui: 18 Februari 201
PEMUTUAN EDAMAME MENGGUNAKAN PENGOLAHAN CITRA DAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN
No full textABSTRACT The objective of this research was to develop a computer program of image processing and articial neural netwok to the quality of fresh soybean (edamame) into four classes namely SQ (standar quality), SG (scond grade), TG ( third grade), and RJ (reject) using image processing and artifical neural network. The total samples were 2500 fresh soybean produced by PT. Mitra Tani Dua Tujuh Jember. Soybean image was analyzed to get six quality parameters whose match with Soybean quality criteria namely pod length, pod area, perimeter, defect area, index of red color, and of the artifical neural network (AAN). Six variations of ANN weredeveloped for ANN training purposes (2000 data). The weights of the selected ANN architecture was used to identify the quality class of testing data (500 data). Thenintegrated with image processing program so the program could identify Soybean quality class automatically. The quality parameter used in this research has relevancy with Soybean quality criteria. The selected architecture of the AAN was the one with 20 nodes hidden layer in which normalization onput data representation with zero mean and standard deviation equals one. The accuracy of image processing program observed 81,4 percent based on the 500 testing data. Keyword: Grading, Edamame, image procssing, Artificial neural network Diterima: 17 Mei 2006; Disetujui: 13 Juni 200
Desain dan Kinerja Unit Perlakuan Uap Panas (VHT) Untuk Disinfestasi Lalat Buah pada Penanganan Pascapanen Mangga
No full textFormerly, chemical fumigation was used for disinfestation treatment, but now had been replaced bychemical-free disinfestations treatment such as vapor heat treatment (VHT). The objectives of this researchwere (1) to design the VHT Unit and testing its performances, and (2) to study the effect of the VHT methodand waxing on the fruit quality during storage of mango. The designs of VHT unit consist of water tank, filter,heater, water pump, differential pressure fan, atomizer, control panel and treatment chamber. Performanceof the unit showed that the temperature of the VHT chamber increased from ambient temperature of 30OCto setting point of 47OC in 70 minutes. Relative humidity of the VHT chamber was very high (more than90%) indicating the VHT unit was successful in being used for fruitfly disinfestations of fruit product. Usingsetting point of 46.5OC, the mango fruit core temperature reached temperature of 45.5-46.3OC in 130minutes. Mango ‘Gedong gincu’ were treated at 46.5OC for 10, 20, 30 minutes and control and then followedby waxing. The results showed that VHT of 10-30 minutes were not significantly affect the fruit quality.There were no significant changes in the fruit weight losses, hardness, color, soluble solid content, watercontent and vitamin C. VHT at 46.5OC for 20-30 minutes was effective to kill the fruitfly infested inside themangos and VHT followed by waxing was able to maintain mango quality during storage.Keywords : mango, fruit fly, heat quarantine treatment, vapor heat treatment (VHT)Diterima: 15 Januari 2008; Disetujui: 27 Agustus 200
Pengembangan Dan Uji Kinerja Mesin Pemupuk Dosis Variabel Pada Budidaya Padi Sawah Dengan Konsep Pertanian Presisi
No full textABSTRACT This paper discussed about the development of electronically controlled fertilizer applicator machine based on modified riding type paddy transplanter tractor. The machine had ability to perform variable rate of application dose using urea, phosphor, and NPK compound. The developed variable rate applicator (VRA) equipped with digital controlled metering devices so that the dose of application can be given accurately and the amount of application can be change in flexible way according to recommended dose. The machine has 4 unit of metering devices, has 8 application rows, and equipped with pneumatic diffusers. RTK-DGPS was used to monitor the position in the field. Performance test has been done for several parameters, included uniformity of air flow at each diffuser, granular fertilizer spreader pattern, and linearity of actual amount of fertilizer with respect to the commanded dose. Average rate of air flow in each diffuser was 0.0073 m3/s, with 7.23 % CV. Total working width of the machine was about 5 m. Field capacity was about 0.12 ha/hours. The results of the tests on metering dose showed that the develop VRA could spread fertilizer uniformly and gave accurate application dose. The yield result showed that uniformity of unhulled rice production was reached 74.7%.Keywords: VRT, URT, fertilization, paddy, precision farming Diterima: 21 Januari 2012 ; Disetujui; 18 Juli 2012 ABSTRAK Makalah ini membahas tentang pengembangan system penjatah pupuk dengan control elektronik pada mesin pemupuk dosis variable menggunakan traktor perawatan lahan sawah yang telah dimodifikasi.Mesin yang dikembangkan memiliki kemampuan menjatah dosis pupuk secara variable untuk jenis pupuk urea, fosfor, dan NPK. Mesin pemupuk dosisvariabel dilengkapi dengan kontrol digital untuk penjatahan pupuk sehingga dapat memberikan takaran pupuk secaraakurat sesuai dengan dosis yang dianjurkan.Mesin memiliki empat unit penjatah pupuk,delapan baris aplikasi pupuk, dan dilengkapi dengan diffuser pneumatic untuk menyebarkan pupuk. RTK-DGPS digunakan untuk memantau posisi mesin di lahan. Uji performansi telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui kinerja mesin pada beberapa parameter pengujian, yaitu: keseragaman aliran udara bertekanan pada komponen diffuser, polase baranpupuk granular, dana kurasi jumlah pupuk yang dijatah terhadap jumlah pupuk yang dianjurkan. Rata-rata debit aliran udara pada komponen diffuser adalah 0.0073 m3/detik dengan nilai CV 7.23%. Lebar kerja mesin 5 meter.Kapasitas lapang efektif mesin0.94 ha/jam. Hasil pengujian pada jumlah dosis yang dikeluarkan menunjukkan bahwa mesin pemupuk dosisvariabel dapat menyebarkan pupuksecara merata dan akurat. Hasil panen gabah pada lahan percobaan menunjukkan nilai tingkat keseragaman hasil produksi gabah mencapai 74.7%. Kata Kunci: Variable Rate Technology, Uniform Rate Technology, pemupukan, padi, pertanianpresis
Rasio Input Energi dan Volume Reaktan pada Penerapan Ultrasonik untuk Pengolahan Biodiesel
Get PDFAbstract The application of ultrasonic on biodiesel processing can increase the reaction rate and improve theconversion of plant oils into biodiesel. Factors affecting the rate of reaction on the application of ultrasonicwaves for biodiesel processing are temperature increasing, acoustic mixing, onset of cavitations andsurface tension on the micro bubble, and the formation of hot spots in the form of instantaneous pressureand high temperature on the molecular scale. The vibrator dipped into the reactants transferred mechanicalenergy which was transformed into heat, cavitations and hot spots. This research was conducted to seethe effect of the volume ratio of reactants and input energy on the rate of conversion of triglycerides intobiodiesel. The results of this study demonstrated a significant effect of the energy input to the conversion oftriglycerides into biodiesel. The greater specific input energy produced the higher conversion and the higherreaction rate. Input energy by using ultrasonic was significantly lower than the use of a mechanical stirrer. Keywords: ultrasonic, input energy, biodiesel, conversion rateDiterima: 14 Mei 2010; Disetujui: 28 September 2010