Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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Portable NIR Spectroscopy for Cocoa Bean Re-fermentation Analysis: A Rapid and Reliable Technique
Full text linkPortable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers may examine samples directly on-site, speeding up data gathering. However, the NIR spectrometer has a limited wavelength, ranging from 740 to 1,070 nm, whereas previous studies used a longer wavelength. The research aims to determine the fermentation index, pH, and moisture content of fermented dry cocoa beans using a portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The NIR spectra were preprocessed using several methods, including the Savitzky-Golay first and second derivatives (SG 1 and SG2), Linear Baseline Correction (LBC), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), comparative Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) modeling, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To simulate different fermentation levels, unfermented cacao beans underwent pretreatment fermentation for durations of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The prediction outcomes of ANN models, when applied to dried fermented cocoa beans with data preprocessing, offered better results in comparison to PLSR models, with strong correlation, lowest RMSEC, and highest residual predictive value. The most effective method for predicting fermentation index was ANN combined with LBC preprocessing, while optimal pH models were applied using the SG2 method. The effective moisture content models were developed using MSC preprocessing. The analytical approach of portable NIR spectroscopy produced rapid and accurate results to determine the quality of ground-dried cacao bean fermentation.Portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers may examine samples directly on-site, speeding up data gathering. However, the NIR spectrometer has a limited wavelength, ranging from 740 to 1,070 nm, whereas previous studies used a longer wavelength. The research aims to determine the fermentation index, pH, and moisture content of fermented dry cocoa beans using a portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The NIR spectra were preprocessed using several methods, including the Savitzky-Golay first and second derivatives (SG1 and SG2), Linear Baseline Correction (LBC), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), comparative Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) modeling, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To simulate different fermentation levels, unfermented cacao beans underwent pretreatment fermentation for durations of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The prediction outcomes of ANN models, when applied to dried fermented cocoa beans with data preprocessing, offered better results in comparison to PLSR models, with strong correlation, lowest RMSEC, and highest residual predictive value. The most effective method for predicting fermentation index was ANN combined with LBC preprocessing, while optimal pH models were applied using the SG2 method. The effective moisture content models were developed using MSC preprocessing. The analytical approach of portable NIR spectroscopy produced rapid and accurate results to determine the quality of ground-dried cacao bean fermentation
Design and Fabrication of a Microcontroller-Based Automatic LED Grow Light Array System for Leafy Vegetables in Indoor Vertical Hydroponic
Full text linkIndoor vertical hydroponic systems require precise and energy-efficient lighting to support optimal growth of leafy vegetables. This study presents the design and fabrication of a microcontroller-based automatic LED grow light system tailored for indoor hydroponics. A tailored LED grow light is necessary because each crop responds uniquely to light quality and intensity, and a customized spectrum ensures optimal growth while minimizing energy use. The system integrates a red–green–blue LED configuration (70:10:20%) with an ESP32 microcontroller, real-time clock (RTC), BH1750 light sensor, keypad interface, and LCD. The lighting cycle was programmed for 12 hours per day and tested continuously over two days. The system demonstrated accurate scheduling, with LED activation at 06:00 and deactivation at 18:00 and a timing deviation of only 1–2 seconds. During operation, the system maintained a stable photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 260–275 µmol/m²/s, producing an estimated daily light integral (DLI) of about 12 mol/m²/day, which is suitable for leafy vegetable production. Light distribution analysis using cubic interpolation showed that increasing the lamp height from 20 cm to 30 cm improved spatial uniformity, with the most uniform distribution achieved at 30 cm despite a slight reduction in intensity. The system consumed 2.65 kWh per day, covering four LED arrays and the control module. Overall, the proposed system offers a reliable, programmable, and energy-efficient lighting solution for indoor hydroponic environments, supporting sustainable crop production through precise scheduling and an optimized spectral configuration
Wood Waste Charcoal Briquettes: Physical and Thermal Characteristics Based on Particle Size and Wood Type
Full text linkThe depletion of fossil fuel reserves and rising fuel costs have highlighted the need for alternative household energy sources. Biomass waste, particularly sawmill residues, has potential for conversion into solid fuel in the form of charcoal briquettes. This study evaluated the physical and thermal characteristics of charcoal briquettes produced from Bus wood (Melaleuca sp.) and Rahai wood (Acacia sp.) sawmill waste at particle sizes of 10, 30, and 60 mesh. Briquettes were produced through carbonization, size reduction, binder mixing, molding, and drying, followed by evaluation of physical and thermal properties. The results showed that Bus wood briquettes had a higher density (0.56–0.60 g/cm³) than Rahai wood briquettes (0.46–0.58 g/cm³). Moisture content ranged from 10% to 13%, with the highest value observed in Rahai briquettes at 60 mesh, which affected combustion stability. Thermal analysis indicated that Bus briquettes at 60 mesh achieved a high peak temperature (608 ᵒC) and a high combustion time efficiency (92.31%), while Rahai briquettes exhibited a higher peak temperature at a coarser particle size (10 mesh, 604 ᵒC). Overall, Bus briquettes with finer particle size showed favorable physical properties and combustion behavior. These findings indicate that Bus wood waste briquettes have potential for further development as household-scale solid fuel.
Keywords: charcoal briquettes, briquette properties, particle size, wood waste biomassThe depletion of fossil fuel reserves and rising fuel costs have highlighted the need for alternative household energy sources. Biomass waste, particularly sawmill residues, has potential for conversion into solid fuel in the form of charcoal briquettes. This study evaluated the physical and thermal characteristics of charcoal briquettes produced from Bus wood (Melaleuca sp.) and Rahai wood (Acacia sp.) sawmill waste at particle sizes of 10, 30, and 60 mesh. Briquettes were produced through carbonization, size reduction, binder mixing, molding, and drying, followed by evaluation of physical and thermal properties. The results showed that Bus wood briquettes had a higher density (0.56–0.60 g/cm³) than Rahai wood briquettes (0.46–0.58 g/cm³). Moisture content ranged from 10% to 13%, with the highest value observed in Rahai briquettes at 60 mesh, which affected combustion stability. Thermal analysis indicated that Bus briquettes at 60 mesh achieved a high peak temperature (608 ᵒC) and a high combustion time efficiency (92.31%), while Rahai briquettes exhibited a higher peak temperature at a coarser particle size (10 mesh, 604 ᵒC). Overall, Bus briquettes with finer particle size showed favorable physical properties and combustion behavior. These findings indicate that Bus wood waste briquettes have potential for further development as household-scale solid fuel.
Keywords: charcoal briquettes, briquette properties, particle size, wood waste biomas
Application NIR Spectroscopy for Prediction Soluble Solids Content and Classification of Tomatoes During Storage
Full text linkTomatoes are a horticultural commodity that is highly susceptible to quality degradation after harvest; therefore, appropriate postharvest handling is required to maintain quality. This study aims to evaluate the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for assessing tomato quality by applying partial least squares (PLS) to predict soluble solids content (SSC) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for classification based on storage temperature and ripeness level, with SNV pretreatment. Tomato samples were stored at 10 °C and 28 °C and observed at the breaker and pink ripeness stages. The best PLS model was obtained with SNV pretreatment and 10 latent variables, yielding R² calibration = 0.89, RMSEC = 0.19°Brix, R² prediction = 0.80, and RMSEP = 0.26 °Brix. The RPD value of 2.04 and the RER of 8.08 indicate that the model has a good predictive ability for evaluating tomato SSC. Meanwhile, LDA distinguished storage temperature better (accuracy 89.13%) than ripeness level (accuracy 65.21%). These results demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can be used as an effective nondestructive method for analyzing the SSC of tomatoes during storage, reflecting the levels of sugars, organic acids, and other soluble compounds that contribute to the taste and overall fruit quality.
Keywords: NIR Spectroscopy, Soluble Solids Content, Storage Temperature, Ripeness Level, Tomato
GIS-Based Spatial Analysis for Optimizing Spare Parts Distribution of Combine Harvesters in Lampung, Indonesia
Full text linkRice harvesting machine in Lampung Province has been commonly used for both personal use and contracting system. This opens up business opportunities for the provision of spare parts and machine repair services, especially during the main harvest season. Determining office locations or business policies in a region requires an analysis of the internal and external factors of the business itself. The analytical method used in this study was Spatial Data Analysis (SDA) to determine the types of strategies and policies that must be carried out by dealers of Kubota brand harvesting machines in Lampung Province. This decision support system is based on the results of spatial data analysis at the sub-district level. The results of spatial data analysis that combines data on paddy field area, slope level, and machine acceptance level show that there are six groups of potential priority areas included the sub-district recommendation for placing part shop and comparing with the existing active dealer part shop. There are six areas group, and dealer has cover 4 of them. Dealer is suggested to add two more-part shop that located in Suoh and Sungkai Utara to cover all areas group that can cover all area within 2 hours by motorbike.
Keywords: Combine harvester, spatial analysis, location determination analysis, decision support systemRice harvesting machine in Lampung Province has been commonly used for both personal use and contracting system. This opens up business opportunities for the provision of spare parts and machine repair services, especially during the main harvest season. Determining office locations or business policies in a region requires an analysis of the internal and external factors of the business itself. The analytical method used in this study was Spatial Data Analysis (SDA) to determine the types of strategies and policies that must be carried out by dealers of Kubota brand harvesting machines in Lampung Province. This decision support system is based on the results of spatial data analysis at the sub-district level. The results of spatial data analysis that combines data on paddy field area, slope level, and machine acceptance level show that there are six groups of potential priority areas included the sub-district recommendation for placing part shop and comparing with the existing active dealer part shop. There are six areas group, and dealer has cover 4 of them. Dealer is suggested to add two more-part shop that located in Suoh and Sungkai Utara to cover all areas group that can cover all area within 2 hours by motorbike.
Keywords: Combine harvester, spatial analysis, location determination analysis, decision support syste
Physicochemical Properties of Ambarella Fruit Leather with Variations in Gum Arab Concentration
Full text linkFruit leather is a thin sheet product made from dried fruit pulp until it has a flexible texture and can be rolled. Ambarella was chosen as the raw material because it has a sour taste and is naturally rich in vitamin C. The elasticity of fruit leather is influenced by the type of binding agent used, one of which is gum arab. Gum arab is a polysaccharide from the sap of Acacia sp. that is stable at pH 2–7 and resistant to acidic conditions and high temperatures. This study aimed to determine the changes in physicochemical characteristics of ambarella fruit leather with the addition of gum arab at different concentrations. The formulation used five gum arab concentrations (0%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, and 1.2%) and three replications. The process included preparing puree, mixing with sugar and gum arab, and drying into sheets. Parameters tested were moisture content, pH, total sugar, total soluble solids, vitamin C, crude fiber, thickness, and texture. The results showed chemical properties which are moisture content 14.10–17.08%; pH 3.09–3.47; sugar 20.00–20.02%; soluble solids 72.43–74.77%; vitamin C 5.57–12.61%; and crude fiber 1.58–2.23%. Physical properties such as thickness 1.27–1.31 mm; tensile strength 0.03–0.16 MPa; elongation 7.01–10.53%; hardness 13.66–78.85 N; gumminess 5.28–57.88 N; and chewiness 3.75–49.20 N. It can be said that the variations in gum arab significantly affected both chemical and physical properties of ambarella fruit leather is a healthy snack.
Keywords: ambarella, fruit leather, gum arab, vitamin C.Fruit leather is a thin sheet product made from dried fruit pulp until it has a flexible texture and can be rolled. Ambarella was chosen as the raw material because it has a sour taste and is naturally rich in vitamin C. The elasticity of fruit leather is influenced by the type of binding agent used, one of which is gum arab. Gum arab is a polysaccharide from the sap of Acacia sp. that is stable at pH 2–7 and resistant to acidic conditions and high temperatures. This study aimed to determine the changes in physicochemical characteristics of ambarella fruit leather with the addition of gum arab at different concentrations. The formulation used five gum arab concentrations (0%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, and 1.2%) and three replications. The process included preparing puree, mixing with sugar and gum arab, and drying into sheets. Parameters tested were moisture content, pH, total sugar, total soluble solids, vitamin C, crude fiber, thickness, and texture. The results showed chemical properties which are moisture content 14.10–17.08%; pH 3.09–3.47; sugar 20.00–20.02%; soluble solids 72.43–74.77%; vitamin C 5.57–12.61%; and crude fiber 1.58–2.23%. Physical properties such as thickness 1.27–1.31 mm; tensile strength 0.03–0.16 MPa; elongation 7.01–10.53%; hardness 13.66–78.85 N; gumminess 5.28–57.88 N; and chewiness 3.75–49.20 N. It can be said that the variations in gum arab significantly affected both chemical and physical properties of ambarella fruit leather is a healthy snack.
Keywords: ambarella, fruit leather, gum arab, vitamin C
The Effect of Light Exposure Duration on the Oxidative Stability and Sensory Profile of Avocado (Persea americana)-Based Mayonnaise
Full text linkAvocado-based mayonnaise presents a novel formulation aimed at reducing the saturated fat content typically associated with conventional emulsified condiments. This investigation sought to delineate the impact of light exposure duration on the oxidative integrity and sensory parameters of mayonnaise derived from Persea americana. Employing a completely randomized design (CRD) comprising a single experimental factor—duration of light exposure (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours) each treatment was replicated thrice to ensure experimental reliability and statistical robustness. Analytical endpoints included moisture content, pH, peroxide value, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, and sensory attributes (color and aroma). Statistical analyses involved ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance threshold. The results revealed that prolonged exposure led to a statistically significant decline in sensory acceptance (color score: 6.07 to 3.47; aroma score: 6.20 to 3.67) and elevated oxidative markers including moisture content, peroxide value, and FFA. Among the tested conditions, treatments L1 and L2 preserved compositional and sensory quality within permissible SNI standards for FFA (<3%). The study underscores the necessity of light-protective packaging in mitigating oxidative degradation in avocado-based emulsions and emphasizes the relevance of optimizing environmental exposure parameters during storage and distribution of lipid-rich food emulsions.Mayones alpukat merupakan inovasi produk untuk menggantikan sebagian kandungan minyak dan lemak yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan lama penyinaran terhadap stabilitas oksidatif mayones alpukat serta perubahan karakteristik sensori mayones alpukat (Persea americana). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor, yaitu perbedaan lama penyinaran pada mayones alpukat dengan tiga kali ulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) dengan tingkat kepercayaan α = 0,05, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan\u27s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 2016.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyinaran memberikan perubahan sensori yang signifikan pada mayones alpukat, ditandai dengan penurunan nilai warna dari 6,07 (suka) menjadi 3,47 (tidak suka), aroma dari 6,20 (suka) menjadi 3,67 (netral), kadar air dari 67,52 menjadi 75,72, nilai asam lemak bebas dari 0,89 menjadi 6,80, dan angka peroksida dari 1,86 menjadi 7,43. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penyinaran berpengaruh terhadap kerusakan yang terjadi pada produk mayones alpukat. Dari hasil penelitian, perlakuan terbaik diperoleh pada L1 (0 jam) dan L2 (24 jam) karena hasil uji pada setiap parameter untuk asam lemak bebas masih memenuhi standar maksimal SNI sebesar 3%
Balancing Ecological and Anthropogenic Demands through Land Carrying Capacity Assessment in Tiworo Watershed
No full textThe Tiworo Watershed on Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, is experiencing significant ecological and anthropogenic pressures that threaten the sustainability of its ecosystem functions. Land cover changes have led to increased surface runoff and have impacted coastal ecosystems. This study aims to evaluate the carrying capacity of the Tiworo watershed by analyzing three key parameters: percentage of critical land (PCL), percentage of vegetation cover (PVC), and erosion index (EI), referring to the Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.61/Menhut-II/2014. The research methods included spatial analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), collection of secondary data from satellite imagery and relevant agencies, and weighted calculations to determine land carrying capacity scores. The results revealed that 65.4% of the Tiworo watershed area is classified as potentially critical, with 8.14% falling into the critical to very critical category, mainly due to land use change and anthropogenic activities. Although vegetation cover is still relatively good (89.57%), the expansion of settlements and open land has the potential to disrupt ecological stability. The erosion index reached 13.65, far exceeding the tolerance threshold (ETOL 27.55 tons/ha/year), with 52.04% of the area experiencing very severe erosion (>480 tons/ha/year). The land carrying capacity score of 87.5 (good category) indicates that ecological capacity is still adequate, but high degradation pressure requires immediate intervention.The Tiworo Watershed on Muna Island, Southeast Sulawesi, is experiencing increasing ecological and anthropogenic pressure threatening ecosystem sustainability. Land cover change has intensified surface runoff and affected downstream and coastal ecosystems. This study assesses land carrying capacity in the Tiworo Watershed based on biophysical characteristics to support management. The assessment applies three key indicators—Percentage of Critical Land (PCL), Percentage of Vegetation Cover (PVC), and Erosion Index (EI) in accordance with Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.61/Menhut-II/2014. A spatial analysis approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was employed. Secondary data was obtained from satellite imagery and relevant agencies, including watershed boundaries, land use and land cover, critical land maps, rainfall, soil type, and slope. Soil erosion was estimated to be using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), with tolerable erosion (ETOL) values from previous studies. Land carrying capacity was calculated using a regulation-based weighted scoring method, in which PCL, PVC, and EI were weighted at 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively, to generate a composite score. The results show that 65.4% of the watershed is classified as potentially critical land, with 8.14% categorized as critical to very critical. Vegetation cover remains high at 89.57%, while the erosion index reached 13.65, exceeding tolerable limits across more than half the watershed. The composite land carrying capacity score of 87.5 places the watershed in a good sustainability category despite localized degradation. These findings highlight the need to control land conversion, strengthen soil and water conservation, rehabilitate degraded land, and integrate land carrying capacity into spatial planning.
Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Land Sustainability, Tiworo Watershed, Watershed Management
Analisis Distribusi Suhu dan Aliran Udara pada Proses Pengeringan Wortel Menggunakan Tray Dryer Berbasis Simulasi CFD
No full textWortel (Daucus carota L.) merupakan sayuran bernutrisi tinggi yang mudah rusak akibat kandungan airnya yang tinggi. Pengeringan merupakan metode yang efektif untuk memperpanjang masa simpan wortel, salah satunya dengan menggunakan alat pengering tipe rak (tray dryer). Namun, efisiensi proses pengeringan sangat dipengaruhi oleh keseragaman distribusi suhu dan aliran udara di dalam ruang pengering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi distribusi suhu dan aliran udara pada tray dryer menggunakan pendekatan Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) selama proses pengeringan wortel. Simulasi dilakukan pada tiga variasi suhu (50°C, 60°C, dan 70°C) dan dua kecepatan aliran udara (2 m/s dan 3 m/s) dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SolidWorks, ANSYS Fluent, dan Origin. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa distribusi suhu dan aliran udara tidak merata, terutama pada bagian tengah dan atas alat pengering. Ketidakteraturan ini dapat menyebabkan pengeringan yang tidak seragam dan menurunkan kualitas produk akhir. Validasi dengan data pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa model simulasi memiliki tingkat kesalahan kurang dari 4%, sehingga dapat dianggap cukup akurat untuk digunakan dalam perancangan dan optimasi sistem pengeringan yang lebih efisien.Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a highly nutritious vegetable that is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. Drying is an effective method to extend its shelf life, with the tray dryer being one of the commonly used technologies. However, the efficiency of the drying process greatly depends on the uniformity of temperature and airflow distribution within the drying chamber. This study aims to analyze the distribution of temperature and airflow inside a tray dryer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) during the drying of carrots. Simulations were conducted at three different temperatures (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C) and two air velocities (2 m/s and 3 m/s) using SolidWorks, ANSYS Fluent, and Origin software. The simulation results showed that both temperature and airflow were unevenly distributed, particularly in the middle and upper sections of the dryer. This non-uniformity can lead to inconsistent drying and reduced product quality. Validation was carried out by comparing simulation results with experimental measurements using relative error analysis. The error values obtained ranged from 1.41% to 3.82% for temperature and 0.5% to 2.41% for air velocity, all below 4%. These results indicate that the CFD model is sufficiently accurate and can be applied to support the design and optimization of more efficient drying equipment
Sustainable Urban Farming Rack Design Using Eco Friendly Materials with Variety Load
Full text linkVertical farming requires a structurally sound and environmentally sustainable racking system; however, existing research largely neglects the evaluation of the structural safety of eco-friendly racking materials under various operational loads. This gap necessitates further rigorous mechanical performance assessments to ensure the long-term reliability of the system. This study aims to develop a vertical farming racking design with an adequate safety factor by examining its structural response to various load scenarios. A design-construction methodology supported by SolidWorks simulations was used to evaluate stress distribution, strain behavior, and deformation patterns. Simulation results using SolidWorks software indicate that the maximum compressive stress at the loaded joint surface is 13.734 MPa, while the minimum stress is 1.149 MPa. The highest load occurs at the fourth (bottom) joint level due to pump-induced water pressure. The maximum strain recorded is 0.00491, with a minimum of 0.00041. The top shelf level exhibits a maximum displacement of 48.165 mm, while the minimum displacement is 0 mm. This shows that the material and shape of the frame that has been made are in the safe category with a safety factor (sf) of 2.4. These findings indicate that the proposed rack design maintains structural integrity within safe limits and is suitable for application in vertical farming systems.Vertical farming requires a structurally sound and environmentally sustainable racking system; however, existing research largely neglects the evaluation of the structural safety of eco-friendly racking materials under various operational loads. This gap necessitates further rigorous mechanical performance assessments to ensure the long-term reliability of the system. This study aims to develop a vertical farming racking design with an adequate safety factor by examining its structural response to various load scenarios. A design-construction methodology supported by SolidWorks simulations was used to evaluate stress distribution, strain behavior, and deformation patterns. Simulation results using SolidWorks software indicate that the maximum compressive stress at the loaded joint surface is 13.734 MPa, while the minimum stress is 1.149 MPa. The highest load occurs at the fourth (bottom) joint level due to pump-induced water pressure. The maximum strain recorded is 0.00491, with a minimum of 0.00041. The top shelf level exhibits a maximum displacement of 48.165 mm, while the minimum displacement is 0 mm. This shows that the material and shape of the frame that has been made are in the safe category with a safety factor (sf) of 2.4. These findings indicate that the proposed rack design maintains structural integrity within safe limits and is suitable for application in vertical farming systems