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Pengaruh Variasi Pulsed-Spray Time dengan Water Coolant Pada Media Pendinginan Terhadap Efisiensi dan Temperatur Panel Surya
No full textTeknologi panel surya memungkinkan konversi cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik. Akan tetapi, ada masalah yang dapat muncul pada kinerja panel surya, misalnya peningkatan suhu panel surya melebihi batas kerjanya sendiri. Suhu yang semakin meningkat akan membuat kinerja panel surya semakin berkurang. Maka, penting menjaga suhu panel surya sangat diperlukan agar performanya tetap optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh delay timing back and front surface spray cooling terhadap temperatur rata – rata, daya output, dan pengoptimalan energi panel surya. Pengujian ini menghasilkan temperatur panel surya sangat menurun ketika delay timing spray 10 menit senilai 58,95°C, ketika delay timing spray 20 menit senilai 70,78°C, sedangkan ketika delay timing spray 30 menit senilai 78,63°C. Metode pendinginan yang dilakukan selama 1 menit dengan variasi delay timing spray 10 menit, 20 menit, dan 30 menit. Uji eksperimental ini dapat menurunkan suhu panel surya, pada delay timing spray 10 menit menjadi 58,95°C, pada delay timing spray 20 menit menjadi 70,78°C, dan pada delay timing spray 30 menit menjadi 78,63°C. Metode pendinginan dilakukan selama 1 menit dengan delay timing spray yang bervariasi yaitu 10 menit, 20 menit dan 30 menit. Melalui pengujian ini juga diperoleh nilai energi total. Apabila delay timing spray 10, 20 dan 30 menit masing-masing sebesar 8,61 x 10-3 kWh (30982,06 Joule), 8,03 x 10-3 kWh (28890,32 Joule) dan 7,61 x 10-3 kWh (27408,06 Joule). Kesimpulan dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah delay timing spray yang paling optimal delay timing spray selama 10 menit dengan suhu rata-rata sebesar 58,95°C, dan optimalisasi energi terbaik adalah dengan energi total sebesar 30982,06 Joule atau 8,61 x 10 -3kWh.Solar panel technology enables the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy. However, some problems can arise with the performance of solar panels, for example, increasing the temperature of the solar panels beyond their working limits. Increasing temperatures will reduce the performance of solar panels. So, it is essential to maintain the temperature of the solar panels so that their performance remains optimal. This research was conducted to determine the effect of delayed timing of the back and front surfaces of spray cooling on average temperature, output power, and solar panel energy optimization. This experimental test can reduce the temperature of solar panels at a spray delay time of 10 minutes to 58.95°C, at a spray delay time of 20 minutes to 70.78°C, and at a spray delay time of 30 minutes to 78.63 °C. The cooling method is carried out for 1 minute with varying spray delay times of 10, 20, and 30 min. Through this test, the total energy value is also obtained. Suppose the spray delay time is 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively, 5.60 x 10-3 kWh (20150.78 Joules), 5.27 x 10-3 kWh (1897.,11 Joules) and 5.11 x 10-3 kWh (18383.68 Joules). The conclusion from the research that has been carried out is that the most optimal delay time is a delay time of 10 minutes with an average temperature of 58.95°C, and the best energy optimization is with a total energy of 20150.78 Joules or 5.27 x 10-3 kWh
Design and Build Water Quality Monitoring System and Weather Station Based on Industrial Sensors with Modbus RS485 Protocol
No full textRiver water quality is typically monitored using sampling methods. This approach makes detecting water pollution challenging owing to the limited sampling time. Another factor influencing water quality is weather, which can be addressed by incorporating weather station sensors as corrective tools. The collected data were processed and visually displayed to make the important information easily interpretable. The water quality parameters measured in this study included Electrical Conductivity (EC), temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and saturation. The weather parameters measured by the system included wind speed, wind direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and solar radiation. The system\u27s capabilities include data transmission via cellular networks, data backup using an SD card, and industrial sensors with IP (Ingress Protection) standards that utilize the Modbus RS485 protocol. The study followed the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or waterfall method to ensure system readiness and durability in real-world environments. The Modbus RS485 protocol allows multiple sensors to share a single cable line, resulting in a more efficient and less complex wire arrangement. These findings highlight the necessity of separating sensor lines based on parity type and baud rate for each sensor, enabling simultaneous readings in subsequent operations.River water quality is typically monitored using sampling methods. This approach makes detecting water pollution challenging owing to the limited sampling time. Another factor influencing water quality is weather, which can be addressed by incorporating weather station sensors as corrective tools. The collected data were processed and visually displayed to make the important information easily interpretable. The water quality parameters measured in this study included Electrical Conductivity (EC), temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and saturation. The weather parameters measured by the system included wind speed, wind direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and solar radiation. The system\u27s capabilities include data transmission via cellular networks, data backup using an SD card, and industrial sensors with IP (Ingress Protection) standards that utilize the Modbus RS485 protocol. The study followed the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or waterfall method to ensure system readiness and durability in real-world environments. The Modbus RS485 protocol allows multiple sensors to share a single cable line, resulting in a more efficient and less complex wire arrangement. These findings highlight the necessity of separating sensor lines based on parity type and baud rate for each sensor, enabling simultaneous readings in subsequent operations
Classification of Arabica Coffee Beans with Honey Processing Based on Starter Type Using Multi-Channel Spectra Sensor
No full textCoffee is one of important agricultural commodities in Indonesia, contributing as an income source for farmers and a major export revenue. The specialty coffee industry has begun to utilize microorganisms (starter) in the fermentation process, including the honey process, to obtain a distinctive flavour. However, the use of various starters in this process produces coffee bean with similar color, making it difficult to determine the authenticity of the type of starter used. This research aims to classify arabica coffee beans processed with different types of starters using multi-channel spectral sensor to ensure product quality and authenticity. This research used arabica coffee beans, in the form of green beans, processed with three types of starters, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus sp, and Rhizopus oryzae. Multi-channel spectral sensor was used to acquire the spectra data of coffee sample processed with different starters. The data was then analysed using multivariate analysis based on Partial Least Square – Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). In the calibration stage, PLS-DA model built using de-trending pre-treatment was able to predict the type of starter very well, with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values, reaching 97%, 95%, 96%, 95%, respectively. This result is also confirmed during validation stage where the built PLS-DA model could predict the type of starter with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values, reaching 100%.Arabica coffee is significant commodity in Indonesia\u27s agricultural sector, contributing as an income source for farmers and a major export revenue. The specialty coffee industry has begun to utilize microorganisms (starter) in the fermentation process, including the honey process, to obtain a distinctive flavor. However, the use of various starters in this process results in uniform coffee bean color, making it difficult to determine the authenticity of the type of starter used. This research classifies arabica coffee beans processed with different type of starter using multi-channel spectra sensor to ensure product quality and authenticity. This research uses arabica coffee beans that are still in the form of green beans in honey processed with three types of starters, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus sp, and Rhizopus oryzae. Multi-channel spectra sensor with PLS-DA methods can classify arabica coffee beans processed in honey with 3 types of starters. The PLS-DA model built using de-trending pre-treatment was able to predict the calibration data of arabica coffee beans with starter types very well, with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values, reaching 97%, 95%, 96%, 95%, respectively, and the PLS-DA model built using de-trending pre-treatment is able to predict the validation sample of arabica coffee beans with starter type very well, with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values, reaching 100%
Renewable Energy from Various Oil Palm Varieties in Penajam Paser Utara, Indonesia
No full textKelapa sawit berpotensi menjadi sumber energi terbarukan strategis dalam mendukung transisi energi nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi empat varietas sawit (Sain, Lonsum, Dumpy, Marihat) di Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara untuk biodiesel, minyak konsumsi, dan biomassa. Metode yang digunakan mencakup analisis kadar lemak, komposisi asam lemak, dan skenario pemanfaatan berbasis data produksi TBS dan CPO tahun 2023. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa varietas Lonsum dan Sain cocok untuk biodiesel, sementara Dumpy dan Marihat lebih sesuai untuk minyak konsumsi. Dengan alokasi proporsional dan konversi limbah TBS menjadi briket, diperoleh potensi produksi sebesar ±41.200 ton biodiesel, ±26.159 ton minyak konsumsi, dan ±115.104 ton biomassa padat per tahun. Total potensi energi mencapai ±3,49 juta GJ per tahun. Temuan ini menunjukkan peluang besar pengembangan agroindustri mandiri energi berbasis kelapa sawit di wilayah penyangga IKN.Oil palm has the potential to serve as a strategic energy source for the national energy transition. This study evaluates the potential of four oil palm varieties Sain, Lonsum, Dumpy, and Marihat in Penajam Paser Utara (PPU) Regency as sources of biodiesel, edible oil, and solid biomass. The methods applied include fat content analysis, fatty acid profile evaluation, and utilization scenarios based on 2023 production data of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) and Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The results showed that the Lonsum and Sain varieties, which have high fat content and are predicted to be dominated by saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) based on literature-reported fatty acid profiles, are most suitable for biodiesel production. In contrast, the Dumpy and Marihat varieties exhibited lower fat content but are predicted to contain higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), making them more suitable for edible oil applications. The Dumpy variety also has lower moisture content, making it favorable for solid biomass applications. With proportional allocation and conversion of FFB waste into briquettes, the production potential is approximately ±41,200 tons of biodiesel, ±26,159 tons of edible oil, and ±115,104 tons of solid biomass annually. The total energy potential reaches approximately ±3.49 million GJ per year. These findings indicate significant opportunities for the development of self-sufficient energy agroindustry based on oil palm to support energy security and sustainable development in the buffer zones of Indonesia’s new capital city (IKN)
Time Study Analysis on Rice Milling Process at Rice Milling Unit (RMU) “Teaching Industry” Unsoed
Full text linkRice is a major food crop in Indonesia that requires special attention in the milling process to ensure working time efficiency. This study aimed to identify the division of work elements in the rice milling process, determine the standard time used by operators, and provide recommendations for improving the work system in the Unsoed “Teaching Industry”. Data was collected by measuring the time of each work element in the rice milling process using a stopwatch. The work elements were divided into two groups: rice milling and rice packaging elements. The analysis methods included data adequacy and uniformity tests, as well as calculations of the normal time and standard time. The results of the analysis showed that the standard time for the rice milling process was 5,920.55 seconds per 100 kg of rice, while the standard time for the rice packaging process reached 27,549.81 seconds per 100 kg of rice. The time required was still relatively long compared to previous studies; therefore, several improvements were recommended, including eliminating unnecessary work elements, thoroughly maintaining the tools in the RMU, and placing a bucket in the outlet hole when changing sacks to reduce the time to collect scattered rice. In addition, the elements of rice sorting can be eliminated in the rice packaging process. Other recommendations include improving the working environment by encouraging workers to wear masks during rice milling.Rice is a major food crop in Indonesia that requires special attention in the milling process to ensure efficiency of working time. This study aims to identify the division of work elements in the rice milling process, determine the standard time used by operators, and provide recommendations for improving the work system in the Unsoed “Teaching Industry”. Research data were collected by measuring the time of each work element in the rice milling process using a stopwatch. The work elements are divided into two groups: rice milling elements and rice packaging elements. The analysis methods used include data adequacy and uniformity tests as well as calculations of standard time and normal time. The results of the analysis show that the standard time for the rice milling process is 5,920.55 seconds per 100 kg of rice, while the standard time for the rice packaging process reaches 27,549.81 seconds per 100 kg of rice. The time required is still relatively long compared to previous studies, so several improvements are recommended, including eliminating unnecessary work elements, carrying out thorough maintenance of the tools in the RMU, and placing a bucket in the outlet hole when changing sacks to reduce the time to collect scattered rice. In addition, in the rice packaging process, the element of rice sorting can be eliminated. Other recommendations include improving the working environment by encouraging workers to wear masks during the rice milling process
Utilization of Greenhouse Solar Dryer For Curing Process of Sweet Potato
Full text linkUbi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv Cilembu merupakan komoditas ekspor yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi., namun sekitar 50% hasil panen ubi Cilembu tidak memenuhi kualitas ekspor. Salah satu penanganan pasca panen yang biasa dilakukan petani adalah proses curing. Suhu dan RH merupakan faktor lingkungan yang sangat berpengaruh dalam proses curing. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan metode pengendalian dan melakukan uji kinerja suhu dan RH pada greenhouse solar dryer sesuai dengan kebutuhan proses curing, menganalisis pengaruh suhu, RH dan lama curing terhadap mutu ubi jalar. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan perlakuan yaitu suhu, RH, lama waktu curing dan kontrol (tanpa proses curing). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dengan tiga faktor yaitu suhu (30°C dan 35°C), RH (80% dan 90%) dan lama curing (3 hari dan 5 hari). Parameter mutu yang diamati adalah kerusakan fisik, warna kulit, tekstur, kadar air dan total padatan terlarut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat yang dirancang mampu mengatur suhu dan RH sesuai kebutuhan proses curing pada grenhouse solar dryer selama 24 jam. Selama masa penyimpanan, perlakuan dengan proses curing dapat meningkatkan nilai total padatan terlarut jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Proses curing dengan perlakuan suhu 30°C (T1), kelembaban 90% (H2) dan 3 hari curing (D3) dapat menjaga mutu ubi jalar selama penyimpanan.Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Cilembu is an export commodity with a high economic value. However, approximately 50% of Cilembu sweet potato harvests do not meet export quality. One of the reasons was uncontrolled curing process. Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) are environmental factors that significantly influence the curing process. The purpose of this study was to develop a control method and conduct a temperature and RH performance test in a drying house in accordance with the needs of the curing process, and to analyze the effects of temperature, RH, and curing time on the quality of sweet potatoes. The study was conducted experimentally in three stages: tool performance testing, preliminary research, and main research. The experimental design used was a completely randomized factorial design with three factors: temperature (30°C and 35°C), RH (80% and 90%), and curing time (3 days and 5 days). The quality parameters observed were physical damage, skin color, texture, water content, and Total soluble solids. The results of the study showed that the drying house with additional controllers connected to the thermostat and hygrostat was able to control the temperature and RH in the drying house according to the needs of the curing process in the drying house for 24 h. During the storage period, treatment with the curing process increased the Total Soluble Solids value when compared to the control. The curing process at a temperature of 30°C (T1), humidity of 90% (H2), and curing period of 3 days (D3) was able to maintain the quality of sweet potatoes during storage
The Effectiveness of Zero Energy Cool Chamber in Extending the Shelf Life of Cherry Tomatoes with Packaging Treatment
No full textCherry tomatoes are of high economic value due to their better nutrition, sweet flavor, and crunchy texture. They are in modern markets due to specific demand and intensive cultivation. Periodic harvesting poses distribution and storage challenges as cherry tomatoes are perishable, leading to price fluctuations and quality deterioration. Temporary storage is required to maintain quality before marketing. Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) is a low-cost and environmentally friendly cold storage alternative. This study aims to determine the combination of zeolite particle size combined with sand as a cooling medium on the ZECC wall that produces a shelf room temperature according to the temporary storage needs of cherry tomatoes. Cherry tomatoes were stored in retail (250 g) and bulky (1500 g) packaging to assess the effectiveness of the packaging in maintaining quality. Parameters measured included moisture content, texture, color, vitamin C content, and organoleptic. The results showed that chamber 1 (zeolite No. 1 mesh 14-20) was more stable than chamber 2 (zeolite No. 2 mesh 8-16). When loaded, the temperature of chamber 1 ranged from 24.6°C to 27.7°C with RH 94.7% to 95.4%. Retail packaging gave the best results with an organoleptic score of 4.03-4.16 on day 15, higher than the control. The vitamin C content in the retail packaging reached 35.83 mg/100 g, higher than the control (28.94 mg/100 g)
The Influence of Soil Bearing Capacity on The Application of Agricultural Machinery in Kulon Progo
Full text linkSalah satu faktor penting dalam menunjang keberhasilan peningkatan produksi pertanian adalah penggunaan alat dan mesin pertanian. Berkurangnya tenaga kerja, sempitnya lahan sawah, sawah dalam tanpa lapisan tanah keras (hardpan) akan menyulitkan alat dan mesin pertanian untuk bekerja. Daya dukung tanah adalah kemampuan tanah dalam menahan beban alat dan mesin yang bekerja diatasnya. Tekanan tanah yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas kerja alat dan mesin pertanian menyebabkan tidak semua alat dan mesin pertanian dapat bekerja di sawah sama baiknya dengan di darat. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut maka penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh nilai daya dukung tanah terhadap jenis mesin pertanian yang dapat diaplikasikan diatasnya. Pengukuran nilai daya dukung tanah diukur pada 3 kategori lahan. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai tahanan penetrasi tanah dengan indeks trafficability traktor. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Juli 2024. Dari penelitian diketahui bahwa mesin pertanian bertipe traktor roda 4 dan combine harvester tidak dapat diaplikasikan pada lahan sawah yang menjadi sampel pengukuran di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Apabila diaplikasikan maka combine harvester dan traktor roda 4 akan mengalami ketenggelaman (sinkage) lebih dari 15 cm untuk lahan kategori 1 dan 2, serta akan mengalami ketenggelaman (sinkage) lebih dari 20 cm untuk lahan kategori 3.A critical factor in the enhancement of agricultural productivity is the utilization of agricultural tools and machinery. The challenges posed by reduced labor, narrow rice fields, and deep surface soil layers create significant difficulties for such equipment. Soil penetration resistance refers to the capacity of soil to resist the loads applied to it. The pressure exerted on the soil by agricultural machinery and tools hinders their effective functioning. The present study has been designed to determine the influence of soil evaporation resistance value on the type of agricultural machinery that can be applied. The measurement of soil carrying capacity value is measured in 3 land categories. The analysis was carried out by comparing the value of soil penetration resistance with the tractor\u27s trafficability index. This research was conducted from February to July 2024, and the measured penetration resistance in the sample land was found to be in the range of 0.55–0.90 at a depth of 10 cm and 0.82–1.14 at a depth of 15 cm. A comparison of the penetration resistance values with the trafficability index, which delineates the operational parameters for agricultural machinery, revealed that four-wheel tractors and combine harvesters would be unable to operate on the sample land. The application of these machines would result in subsidence levels of more than 15 cm for category 1 and 2 and more than 20 cm for category 3
Non-Destructive Prediction of Moisture Content in Cascara Using NIR Spectroscopy with PLS and PCR
Full text linkCoffee cherry pulp is a by-product of coffee processing that has not been optimally utilized. Coffee cherry pulp can be dried to produce a herbal tea product, known as cascara. As an herbal tea product, moisture content is one of the most important quality parameters for assessing the quality of cascara. Therefore, a method is required to measure the moisture content of cascara. One of the methods developed is NIR spectroscopy, which is non-destructive, fast, and does not require chemicals. The purpose of this research is to explore the application of NIR spectroscopy in predicting cascara moisture content using partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) methods and to evaluate the performance of each method in building an optimal calibration model. Pretreatment of the spectrum data was carried out with standard normal variate (SNV), gap-segment 2nd derivative (dg2), and a combination of SNV+dg2. The results showed that the best prediction of cascara moisture content used the PLS calibration technique with dg2 pretreatment and five factors 5. The values obtained were Rc2 = 0.96, RMSEC = 0.87 %, SEC = 0.87 %, Rp2 = 0.90, RMSEP = 1.22 %, SEP = 1.16 %, and RPD = 3.44. Meanwhile, the PCR method produced good predictions using SNV pretreatment, with a factor of 8. The prediction results were Rc2 = 0.89, RMSEC = 1.40 %, Rp2 = 0.90, RMSEP = 1.33 %, and RPD = 3.15. NIR spectroscopy can predict the moisture content of cascara nondestructively and rapidly
Dynamic Thermofluid Study of Petrodiesel Droplet Combustion with Variations of Kesambi Biodiesel Composition Accompanied with TiO₂ Catalyst
Full text linkMeningkatnya permintaan energi global mendorong pengembangan bahan bakar alternatif berkelanjutan dengan karakteristik pembakaran yang kompetitif terhadap petrodiesel. Penelitian ini mengkaji fenomena termofluida dinamis pembakaran droplet campuran petrodiesel dan biodiesel minyak kesambi, baik tanpa maupun dengan penambahan katalis nanopartikel TiO₂ 100 ppm. Komposisi sampel bahan bakar yang digunakan terdiri dari B0, B10, B20, B30, B40, dan B100, serta masing-masing komposisi dengan penambahan TiO₂. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi penundaan penyalaan, durasi pembakaran, tinggi nyala api, suhu optimal, dan visualisasi nyala api. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan fraksi biodiesel menghasilkan durasi pembakaran yang lebih lama hingga 6,83 detik pada B100 dan penurunan suhu puncak sebesar 734,76°C, dibandingkan dengan B0 yang memiliki durasi pembakaran selama 3,22 detik dan suhu puncak sebesar 794,54°C. Penambahan TiO₂ secara konsisten meningkatkan kinerja pembakaran, ditunjukkan oleh suhu puncak yang lebih tinggi hingga 821,76°C pada B0+TiO₂, penundaan pengapian yang lebih singkat, dan nyala api yang lebih stabil. Tinggi nyala api tertinggi teramati pada B0+TiO2 sebesar 53,79 mm dan terendah pada B100 sebesar 40,87 mm. Selain itu, penundaan pengapian tertinggi terjadi pada komposisi B100 sebesar 7,95 detik, sementara terendah terjadi pada komposisi B0+TiO2 sebesar 1,65 detik. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara komposisi bahan bakar dan intensitas pembakaran.The increasing global energy demand encourages the use of sustainable alternative fuels with combustion performance equivalent to petrodiesel. This study focuses on the droplet combustion characteristics of petrodiesel and biodiesel kesambi blends (B0, B10, B20, B30 B40 and B100), both without and with the addition of 100 ppm TiO₂ nanoparticle catalyst. Analysis was carried out on ignition delay, combustion duration, flame height, peak temperature, and flame visualization patterns. The results show that increasing the biodiesel fraction tends to prolong the combustion time and decrease the peak temperature, while the addition of TiO₂ provides significant improvements in the form of shorter ignition delay, higher peak temperature, and more stable flame. The novelty of this study lies in the use of a droplet approach to explore the role of TiO₂ catalyst in kesambi biodiesel, which is still limited in the literature. Thus, nanoparticle catalysts are proven to have great potential in increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the use of biodiesel–petrodiesel blends