Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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Karakteristik Edible Film dari Pektin Hasil Ekstraksi Kulit Pisang
Get PDFAbstract Banana peel is a waste of banana processing industries which is obviously uneconomy and unfriendly to the environment. However, this material could be used as a source of important natural compounds, such as pectin. Owing to the fact that pectin has good gelling properties, it can be used to make edible film. The objectives of this research were to extract and characterize pectin from banana peel and to make edible film from the obtained pectin by using glycerol as plasticizer. Characterization of edible films were conducted in terms of color, thickness, elongation, tensile strength and water vapor transmission. The research used factorial completely randomized design. The results showed that yield of pectin made from ambon banana peel ripeness level one was 8.42% with the characteristics werewater content : 11.27% (<12%), ash content : 1.70%, low methoxil content : 4.15% (<7%) and galacturonat content : 25.86% (65%). The addition of glycerol significantly increased elongation and decreased tensile strength of edible film. Based on edible film result, the recomended treatment is the addition with glycerol 20% as plasticizer of pectin based edible film. Keywords : banana peel,pectin,edible film. Abstrak Kulit pisang adalah limbah hasil industri pengolahan yang tidak bernilai ekonomi dan ramah lingkungan. Meskipun limbah kulit pisang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber pektin yang merupakan senyawa alami. Kenyataannya bahwa pektin memiliki sifat gel yang baik sehingga dapat digunakan untuk membuat kemasan yang dapat dimakan (edible film. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengekstrak dan mengkarakterisasi pektin dari kulit pisang untuk membuat edibe film dengan penambahan gliserol untuk memberikan sifat plastis dan elastis. Karakteristik edible film pada penelitian ini adalah warna, ketebalan, elongasi, kuat tarik dan laju transmisi uap air. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rendeman tertinggi terdapat pada pektin dari kulit pisang tingkat kematangan 1 dengan karakteristik kadar air: 11.27% (<12%), kadar abu : 1.70%, kandungan metoksil rendah : 4.15% (<7%) dan kandungan asam galkturonat : 25.86% (65%). Penambahan gliserol secara signifikan meningkatkan elongasi dan menurunkan kuat tarik edibe film. Edible film dengan perlakuan penambahan gliserol 20% direkomendasikan sebagai perlakuan terbaik karena memiliki sifat plastis yang baik dan mampu mengemas bahan pangan. Kata Kunci : kulit pisang, pektin, edibe film Diterima; 27 Januari 2012; Disetujui: 30 Maret 2012
Developing A Calibration Moel of Leaf Water Potensial Determination in Tomato Plants Using Nir Spectroscopy with Temperature Compensation
No full textIn this study a calibration model with temperature compensation for leaf water potential (LWP) determination in tomato plants was successfully developed. A number of 150 tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum ev. Momotaro T-93) were used as samples. The plants were cultivated under same EC level (0.8 dSm-1) in Deep Flow Technique (OFT) using Wagner\u27s pot. For each leaf, the uon-plant" six spectral acquisitions from six positions were conducted. The measuring condition for spectral acquisitions was 10 ms for scanning time and 50 scans for averaging. Immediately after the lion plant" spectral acquisition, leaf was cut and its LWP value was measured using the pressure chamber method. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression was used to develop a calibration model. The result showed that the best calibration model with temperature compensation was identified for the original spectra in the wavelength range of 700-1040 nm. This calibration model had R2 =0.83, SEC =0.091 and SEP =0.120. This calibration model resulted in low SEP and bias for prediction ofLWP for samples having temperature 15, 25 and 35°C. This study has shown the superiority of using calibration model with temperature compensation to that without temperature compensation. This result opened the possibility ofusing NIR spectroscopy as a tool for nondestructive on-plant LWP determination on the field. Keywords: calibration model, temperature compensation, leaf water potential, pressure chamber method, on-plant spectral acquisition, on-plant LWP determination Diterima: 10 Mei 2007; Disetujui: 15 Agustus 200
Pemodelan Dan Simulasi Pengeringan Jagung Pipilan Dalam Pengering Rotari Tumpukan
No full textA mathematical model of shelled corn drying has been developed in order to simulate the distribution of drying air temperature and humidity as well as the grain moisture content in a rotary bed dryer. The model was based on heat and mass balance of cylindrical packed bed of grain with airflow passing through the bed. Whenever the air relative humidity is higher than the equilibrium moisture content, it is assumed the condensation process will be occurred. Finite difference method with Euler scheme was used to perform the computation. The result showed that the model developed can predict the distribution ofgrain temperature and moisture content. The simulation conducted showed that there would be a wide variation ofmoisture content and temperature if mixing was not applied during the drying process. Mixing was significantly reduced the moisture content variation until a maximum of 0.8% w.b.Keywords: rotary bed drying, mathematical model, simulation, corn dryingDiterima: 5 Februari 2008; Disetujui: 26 Juni 200
Ekstraksi Air Biji Atung (Parinarium glaberimum Hassk) untuk Mendapatkan Bahan Pengawet Alami
No full textAbstract The objectives of this study were to extract atung seed with water through boiling process to obtain a natural preservative. Atung seed was extracted in boiling water at different ratio (1:5; 1:7; 1:10) and boiling time (10, 20, 30 minutes). The extracts were analyzed their total phenol and antimicrobiol activity. Result showed that the best extract was obtained from the ratio of 1:5 (atung seed : water) and 10 minutes boiling. The best extract had a total phenol of 88.13 mg/100g and antimicrobiol activity of 9.3 mm. Keywords : Water Extraction, atung seed, natural preservative Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan ekstraksi biji atung dengan cara perebusan untuk mendapatkan bahan pengawet alami.Dalam penelitian inidilakukan ekstraksi biji atung dengan perbandingan atung dan air yang berbeda (1:5, 1:7, 1:10) serta lama waktu perebusan yang berbeda (10, 20 dan 30 menit). Hasil ekstraksi dianalisis total fenol dan aktivitas antimikroba. Perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada ekstrak dengan perbandingan 1:5 (atung dan air) selama 10 menit perebusan. Hal ini diperlihatkan dengan nilai total fenol sebesar 88.13 mg/100 g dan aktivitas antimikroba 9.3 mm. Kata kunci : Ekstraksi air, biji atung, pengawet alami Diterima: 20 Desember 2012; Disetujui:2013
PENGEMBANGAN METODE PENGUKURAN DIFUSIVITAS PANAS HASIL PERTANIAN DENGAN METODE INVERSI
No full textAbstract An inverse method for measurement of thermal diffusivity has been developed. The inverse method was developoed based on finite difference method and an artifical neural network. The training data for the neural network was generated using a finite differnce of conduction heat transfer in agricultural products. The input to neural network was temperature distribusion of the agricultural products during haeting or cooling process. The output of the neural network was a thermal diffusivity. The developed inverse method has been applied to predict the thermal diffusivity of avocado, mango and seweet potato. The value of predicted thermal diffusivity was validated using a hot water treatment. The predicted temperature of finite difference using predicted thermal diffusivities were compared with the experimental tempurature distrubstion during hot water treatment. The results showed that the predicted tempuratures were closed to the experimental temperatures with error less than 5%. Keyword: inverse mothod, neural network, finite difference, thermal diffusivit
PENDEKATAN ERGONOMI MAKRO SEBAGAI SOLUSI PERENCANAAN SISTEM KERJA BERGILIR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS, KUALITAS DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA INDUSTRI
No full textABSTRACT According to IEA 9International Ergonomics Association), ergonomics or human factors is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding or interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. To achieve effectiveness and productivity, work system designer have to consider not only the technological aspects, but also the relationship between user and system. User satisfaction, comfortabillity, adjustablillity and worker safety, for example, are the most important parameters to be considered in the design processea. There are two ergonomics approach in the job design, i.e., micro ergonomics and macro ergonomics. Micro ergonomics analyzes task-sub task, optimize worker, focused on detail design, and generally physical measure such as length, force, lumens, decibels, time, etc. Macro ergonomics analyzezz group of worker, focused on broad overview and generally organizational and/or subjective measures such as number of people, span of controls, attiudes, morals, shift schedules and sosio-technical design. Shift work is well recognized risk factors for occuptional safety and health. Evaluation and design of working time arrangements gain importance due to economical changes and overall reduction of safety and health problems. The aim of this paper is to review the main factors of ergonomics approach applied on shift work design to improve systems productivity and occupation safety and health. Keyword: macro ergonomics, shift work design, productivity, occupation safety and healt
ANALISIS EKSERGI PENYIMPANAN PANAS UNTUK SISTEM PENGERINGAN BERENERGI SURYA
No full textABSTRACT This paper is devoted to discuss the exergy analysis on the utilization of heat storage for a solar drying system. The heat was stroad in the from of sensible heat using pebble bed as the medium. For the analysis , an exergy balance model was developed from the system’s heat balance. The results show that the minimum value of exergy destruction ratio was obtained within two hours after the process was started. The minimum ratio expresses the most effective operation of the stroge system. Upon performing the simulation study, it was found that the number of transfer unit (NTU) influen the change in exergy destruction ratio, with anoptimal value could be in the range of 0,5 to 0,8. Within the NTU range, the ratio of exergy destruction was found to be 0,85. It means that only 15% of the exergy gained from the solar collector can be transferred to the heat stroge medium. The other part of the exergy could be transferred to the drying room or destructed during the process. In order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding on the exergy flow of the system, there necessary an exergy analysis on the drying system. Keyword: sensible heat storage, exergy destruction ratio, number of transfer unit pebble bed Diterima: 24 Agustus 2006; Disetujui: 14 Nopember 200
The Setup Model Farm Machinery and Uquipment for Up Land Sugar Cane Industry
No full textThe objective of the research is to build the setup model of farmmachinery and equipment for zip land sugar cane indzlstry. From this model can be determined: (I) selection of farm machinery/equipment, (2)number farm machinery/equipment, and (3) optitnun? longevrty of ratoon.The result shows that the technolog?, consideration hus been the priniary consideration on farm tnachinery and eqztipnzent selection. The next is econonzy consideration. The attention for social and environment consideration is poor
TheSimulation of Numerical Method of Finite Difference for Predicting the Distribution of Volumetric Water and Water Potential
No full textThis paper describes an application of n~rmerical method of finilsdzflerence for predicting the distribution of volumetric water (8) and water potential (v by using diffusity and conductivity approach. The result of current study showed that the parameters, volumetric water and water potential, correlated reversely. The trend of application of numerical method was similar to that of exact method. The simulation of parameters was not signiJcant. The reliability of models is still needed to test emperically
Analisis Kebisingan Dan Getaran Mekanis Pada Mesin Saccof Harvester (Studi Kasus Di Kebun Tebu Cimahpar, Bogor, Jawa Barat)
No full textAbstractDevelopment in agricultural mechanization is characterized by the increasing use of agricultural machinery and equipments. It can be seen from sugarcane harvesting process which machinery is used instead of manual equipment. In term of using the harvesting machinery operated by human, the principle of ergonomic should be applied to fulfill the goal of work productivity and ensure occupational health and safety. It is because, during its operation, there will be a potential hazard, caused by noise and vibration, to workers and the environment. This research was aimed to analyze the noise and vibration level of Saccof Harvester during its employment. It was expected that the time limit for the optimal use of the machine can be determined based on the available standard. Furthermore, the method to reduce the negative impacts of noise and vibration can also be identified. According to the research, it was revealed that the noise and vibration level which was received by operator exceeded the ambient level. Consequently, there is necessity to control of noise and vibration on both the source (harvesting machinery) and the receiver (operator). Keywords: Saccof harvester machine, noise, mechanical vibrationAbstrak Perkembangan mekanisasi pertanian dapat dilihat dari peningkatan kebutuhan akan alat-alat mekanik untuk meningkatkan dan mempermudah hasil produksi pertanian. Misalnya adalah dalam proses pemanenan tebu secara mekanis menggunakan mesin pemanen tebu, seperti sugarcane harvester sebagai peralihan dari pemanenan tebu secara manual menggunakan golok atau sabit. Suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh manusia haruslah menerapkan ergonomi dalam upaya menciptakan kenyamanan, kesehatan, keselamatan, dan produktivitas yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa tingkat kebisingan dan getaran mekanis pada mesin pemanen tebu serta mengetahui sebaran tingkat kebisingan yang ditimbulkannya. Semakin tinggi tingkat kecepatan putar motor maka semakin tinggi tingkat kebisingannya dan semakin jauh jarak dari mesin maka tingkat kebisingan akan semakin berkurang. Pengendalian terhadap kebisingan dan getaran serta faktor lain yang dapat meningkatkan keselamatan kerja, dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara: pengendalian pada sumbernya atau pengendalian pada penerima atau operator. Kata Kunci: alat pemanen tebu, analisa kebisingan dan getaran mekanik. Diterima: 19 Oktober 2012; Disetujui: 21 Februari 201