Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
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Kinerja Roda Besi Bersirip Gerak Dengan Mekanisme Sirip Berpegas
Get PDFAbstract Two sets of movable lug wheel with spring mechanism for hand tractors have been designed and tested. The wheels were set on local hand tractors and tested for tilling paddy fields in Cianjur and Subang districts, West Java. A local fixed lug wheel was also tested in each location. The movable lug wheel for Cianjur location was equipped with a pair of coiled type torsion springs on each lug, while the movable lug wheel for Subang location was equipped with a shaft type torsion spring on each lug. Field performances: theoretical and actual field capacities, wheel slip, and wheel shrinkage, were measured during the test. The test result in Cianjur showed that the movable lug wheel had a better traction performance than the fixed lug wheel. The average wheel slip of the movable lug wheel was 11.54%, while the average wheel slip of the fixed lug wheel was 20.89%. Field efficiency of the movable lug wheel was 76.33%, which was bigger than the fixed lug wheel (68.45%). However, the test result using shaft type torsion springs in Subang showed that the spring mechanism did not work well, and the spring mechanism should be modified on its torsion-shaft diameter and welding strength. Keywords: lug wheel, movable lug, field performance, torsion spring, tillage Diterima: 6 November 2009; Disetujui: 29 Maret 201
Optimasi Proses Penggorengan Hampa dan Penyimpanan Keripik Ikan Pepetek (Leiognathus sp.)
Get PDFAbtract Vacuum frying technology can be used as an alternative to improve the economic value of Pepetek (Leiognathus sp.) fish. The objectives of this study were to determine frying temperature and process time and to determine packaging material and shelf life of processed fish. Pepeteks were fried in temperature 80, 90, and 100 oC and process time 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Product quality of each treatments were analyzed including water content, fat content, hardness, and color. Organoleptic tests were carried out based on hedonic scale. The result showed that the temperature and exposure time significantly influenced the characteristic of the products. The best quality of pepetek chips was obtained at frying temperature 90oC for 45 minutes. Aluminium foil maintained the shelf life of pepetek chips better than Polypropilene. Keywords: vacuum frying, pepetek chips, shelf lifeAbtrak Teknologi penggorengan hampa dapat dipergunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis dari ikan Pepetek (Leiognathus sp.). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan suhu dan waktu proses penggorengan serta menentukan jenis kemasan dan umur simpannya. Ikan pepetek digoreng pada suhu 80, 90, dan 100 oC dengan waktu 30, 45, dan 60 menit. Analisa kualitas produk pada tiap perlakuan meliputi kadar air, kadar lemak, kekerasan, dan warna. Uji organoleptik dilakukan berdasarkan skala hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suhu dan waktu penggorengan berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik produk. Kualitas keripik pepetek terbaik diperoleh pada suhu 90 oC dengan waktu 45 menit. Aluminium foil mampu mempertahankan umur simpan keripik pepetek lebih baik dibandingkan Polipropilen. Kata kunci: penggorengan hampa, pepetek, umur simpanDiterima: 23 September 2011; Disetujui: 26 Januari 2012
Kajian Penyimpanan Buah Naga (Hylocereus costaricensis) dalam Kemasan Atmosfer Termodifikasi
Get PDFAbstract Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is an alternative technologies for foodstuff packaging, distribution and storage which resulting in products with an increased shelf-life. The principle of MAP is modifying the gas inside the packaging by using plastic or film with specific permeability. This technology will be tried to package dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) to prolong its shelf-life. The procedures are respiration rate measurement, determining O2 and CO2 composition of modified atmosphere packaging, and determining the type of packaging film. There are also observations made include the weight loss, hardness and color changes, total soluble solids, and organoleptic test. The result is respiration rate of dragon fruit at temperature 10°C, 15°C and ambient are 4.15ml/kg.hour CO₂ and 3.95 ml /kg.hour O₂, 9.94 ml/kg.hour CO₂ and 8.75 ml/kg.hour O₂, 16.72 ml/kg.hour CO₂ and 16.72 ml/kg.hour O₂. The composition of the atmosphere that recommended for storage of dragon fruit is 2-4% O₂ and 6-8% CO₂on 10°C and prolong the storage-life until 25 days with stretch film and styrofoam plate which dimension 12cm x 18cm. Keywords: modified, atmosphere, packaging, dragon fruit Abstrak Kemasan Atmosfie Termodifikasi (Modified Atmosphere Packaging/MAP) adalah teknologi alternatif untuk pengemasan, distribusi, dan penyimpanan bahan pangan dalam rangka meningkatkan daya simpannya. Prinsip MAP adalah modifikasi komposisi gas di dalam kemasan dengan menggunaan plastik film dengan permibilitas tertentu. Teknologi ini dicoba untuk mengemas buah naga untuk memperpanjang umur simpannya. Prosedur penelitian diawali dengan pengukuran laju respirasi, penentuan komposisi gas O2 dan CO2 dari MAP, serta pemilihan jenis plastik pengemas yang sesuai. Pengukuran perubahan parameter mutu produk selama penyimpanan dilakukan terhadap susut bobot, kekerasan, perubahan warna, total padatan terlarut dan uji organoleptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju respirasi buah dragon pada suhu 10oC, 15oC dan suhu ruang, masing-masing adalah 4.15 ml/kg.jam untuk CO2 dan 3.95 ml/kg.jam untuk O2, 9.94 ml/kg.jam untuk CO2 dan 8.75 ml/kg.jam untuk O2, serta 16.72 ml/kg.jam untuk CO2 dan 16.72 ml/kg.jam untuk O2. Komposisi gas yang direkomendasikan untuk kemasan MAP buah naga adalah 2-4 % O2 dan 6-8% CO2 pada 10oC yang akan dapat memperpanjang umur simpan sampai 25 hari, dengan menggunakan plastik stretch film dan cawan styrofoam berdimensi 12 cm x 18 cm. Kata kunci: MAP, umur simpan, buah naga, laju respirasi Diterima: 06 Mei 2011; Disetujui: 09 September 2011
Experimental and Theoritical Analysis of Thermal Properties in Zephyr Bamboo Tali (Gigantochloa apus Kurz)
Get PDFAbstract Specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of Bamboo panel are usable to support the Programming of Design and Planning in the Structure of the Agricultural Building Construction. The Specific heat of Bamboo’s fiber, sheet and panel using the method of mixtures varied from 1.585-2.789 J/gr oC, with a mean value of 2.227 J/gr oC in the temperature difference range of 9 ± 0.1oC . It was found it will increase linearly with an increase in the sample temperature. Thermal conductivity values of Bamboo’s fiber based on the transient line heat source technique varied from 0.1035 x 10-3-0.1322 x10-3 J/ cm2 sec oC in the sample temperature 22 to 30 oC on thermal diffusivity of bamboo fiber in 22-30 oC was found to be 0.0823 x 10-3J/cm secoC. The sorption Isotherm and the water activity in the bamboo’s panel is depend on the chemical composition, glue laminated, additive and the porosity. There are related with the absorbing of the water into the bounded water and the diffusivity of the water in and out the panel. The moisture equilibrium range are 7.89 to 19.22 percent in the control of the circumstances and 11 to 75 % of the environment.relative humidity. Keywords: bamboo zephyr, thermal properties, sorption isothermal Abstrak Kapasitas panas jenis, konduktivitas dan difusivitas ernal panel bambu dapat digunakan untuk mendukung Program Desain dan Perencanaan pada Struktur Bangunan dan Gedung dibidang pertanian. Kapasitas panas jenis, pada panel dan papan sera bambu dengan menggunakan metode campuran bervariasi 1,585-2,789 /gr J 0C, dengan nilai rata-rata 2,227 J/gr 0C pada rentang perbedaan suhu 9 ± 0.1 0C. Ditemukan akan serat bambu yang berbasis pada teknik pemanasan transient bervariasi dari 0,1035 x 10-3-0.1322 x 10-3 J/cm2 0C det pada suhu sampel 22-30 OC pada difusivitas termal serat bambu di 22-30 0C ditemukan menjadi 0,0823 x 10-3 J/cm secoC. Penyerapan secara isotermis dan kegiatan aktifitas air pada panel bambu, tergantung pada komposisi kimia, bahan perekat laminasi, aditif dan porositas. Mempunyai kaitan dengan penyerapan air. ke dalam air terikat difusivitas air yang masuk dan keluar panel. Nilai rentang dari keseimbangan kelembaban adalah 7,89 sampai 19,22 persen dalam pengendalian kondisi lingkungan dari 11 sampai 75% dari kelembaban lingkungan. Kata Kunci: Bambu angin sepoi-sepoi, sifat termal, Penyerapan Isotermal Diterima: 13 April 2011; Disetujui: 29 Agustus 2011
Analisis Pra-Investasi untuk Komersialisasi Alat Pemerah Susu Sapi Semi Otomatis Tipe Engkol di Provinsi Jawa Barat
Get PDFAbstract An effort to improve the productivity of dairy cattle industry, especially small holders, has been made by designing semi automatic dairy cattle milking machine. Prototype of the machine has also been tested and the result was satisfying. However there is still no effort that has been made to produce the machine commercially. This research is aimed to carry out a pre-investment analysis for commercializing semi automatic dairy cattle milking machine in West Java Province which covers need analysis, functional and operational design of workshop, and financial feasibility analysis of the business. The results indicate that under the given conditions and assumptions the business of producing semi automatic dairy cattle milking machine is technically as well as financially feasible. It requires initial investment of Rp. 37,226,400, annual fixed cost of Rp. 88,323, 915 and variable cost of Rp. 289,221,112 yearly. For 15 years project’ period, interest rate of 15% and selling price of Rp. 7,416,065 per unit the business results to an NPV of Rp. 144,242,044 and IRR of 101%. Without selling price increase, the financial feasibility can be maintained on the raw material price increase up to 10% and the wage increase up to 14%. Keywords: Pre-investmemnt analysis, business feasbility, milking machine, commercialization of design Abstrak Usaha untuk meningkatkan produktivitas industri susu sapi perah, khususnya pada skala kecil, telah dilakukan melalui rancang bangun alat pemerah susu sapi semi otomatis tipe engkol. Kinerja prototipe dari alat tersebut juga telah diuji dengan hasil yang memuaskan. Namun demikian sampai saat ini belum ada upaya untuk memproduksi alat tersebut secara komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis pra-investasi untuk komersialisasi alat pemerah susu sapi semi otomatis tipe engkol, meliputi analisis kebutuhan, analisis rancangan usaha produksi serta analisis tingkat kelayakan finansial usaha produksi alat pemerah susu sapi tersebut di wilayah Jawa Barat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dengan kondisi dan sumsi yang diberikan usaha produksi alat pemerah susu sapi semi otomatis layak secara teknis maupun finansial. Usaha tersebut membutuhkan investasi awal sebesar Rp. 37,226,400, biaya tetap per tahun Rp. 88,323, 915 dan biaya variabel sebesar Rp. 289,221,112 per tahun. Pada jangka waktu proyek 15 tahun, tingkat bunga bank 15% dan harga jual alat sebesar Rp. 7,416,065 usaha produksi alat pemerah susu sapi semi otomatis memberikan nilai manfaat (NPV) sebesar Rp. 144,242,044 serta IRR sebesar 101%. Tanpa kenaikan harga jual, kelayakan finansial masih dapat dipertahankan sampai dengan kenaikan biaya bahan baku sebesar 10% dan kenaikan biaya pengerjaan sebesar 14%. Kata Kunci: analisis pra-investasi, kelayakan usaha, alat pemerah susu, komersialisasi rancangan Diterima: 22 Maret 2011 ; Disetujui: 27 Juli 201
Pengembangan Metoda Deteksi Rintangan untuk Traktor Tanpa Awak Menggunakan Kamera CCD
Get PDFAbstrak Kemampuan menghindari rintangan pada lahan kerja berupa pohon, batu, lubang, pematang, manusia, dan benda-benda lainnya yang tidak mungkin dilewati diperlukan oleh traktor yang dioperasikan tanpa awak berbasis GPS. Sistem pengindera lingkungan sekitar menggunakan kamera CCD memungkinkan untuk mendeteksi rintangan yang berada di depan traktor secaral realtime. Namun dengan kemungkinan beragamnya obyek yang ditangkap oleh kamera, pengolahan citra menjadi kompleks dan membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama sehingga tidak cocok untuk diaplikasikan. Penelitian ini mencoba mengembangkan metoda deteksi rintangan pada lahan kerja traktor tanpa awak yang lebih sederhana dengan penambahan sinar laser merah pada kamera CCD yang digunakan. Sinar laser merah yang tertahan pada rintangan memberikan informasi pada sistem pengindera bahwa di depan ada rintangan, dan jaraknya dari traktor dihitung berdasarkan prinsip phitagoras. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua rintangan berjarak 1 m, 80% rintangan berjarak 2 m, dan 40% rintangan berjarak 3 m dapat dideteksi. Rintangan yang berjarak lebih dari 3 m dari traktor belum dapat dideteksi karena kekuatan sinar laser yang menurun dengan bertambahnya jarak. Akurasi dalam pendugaan jarak secara keseluruhan untuk rintangan yang terdeteksi juga masih rendah, yaitu 67.5%. Kata Kunci: traktor tanpa awak, sistem deteksi, rintangan, pengolahan citra Abstract For unmanned tractor guided by global positioning system, ability for eluding obstacles such as trees, big stone, cavity, bund, people, and other objects in the work area is very important in order not to stop the operation.Surrounding detection system using CCD camera makes it possible for unmanned tractor to detect obstacles in front of it realtime. However, with so many different objects that may captured by the camera, it will need a lot of image processing steps that takes a lot of time so it is no longer suitable for realtime detection in application. The proposed research is aimed to develop a simpler obstacle detection method by adding a red laser pointer to the CCD camera used to capture scene in front of the tractor. The red laser light that reflected by an obstacle gives an important information in the image, and the distance of the obstacle could be calculated based on phytagoras theory. The results showed that all obstacles with 1 m distance, 80% obstacles with 2 m distance, and 40% obstacles with 3 m distance could be detected. Obstacles with more than 3 m distances could not be detected due to weak laser light for the distances. The accuracy of distance prediction for all situation is 67.5%, which is still need improvements. Key Words: unmanned tractor, detection system, obstacle, image processing Diterima: 01 November 2011; Disetujui: 04 Maret 2012
Indikasi kerusakan dingin pada mentimun Jepang (Cucumis sativus L.) berdasarkan perubahan ion leakage dan pH
Get PDFAbstractIn this study, the chilling induced in Japanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) stored at chilled temperature and the changes in its quality during storage period were examined. Change in ion leakage and pH were used as indicator of chilling injury symptopms. The sample of cucumber were stored at 5ºC (chilling) and 25ºC (non chilling). Percentage of ion leakage for cucumber stored at 5ºC was higher than that at 25 ºC at storage time of 3, 6 and 9 days. The increase in the rate of ion leakage at 5ºC indicates the chilling induced of cell membrane. The increasing tendency of pH was observed for cucumber stored at 5ºC with the value at storage time of 9 days were higher than that at 25ºC. The increase in pH could be thought as the change in acid content which indicate the occurrence of chilling injury. Changes in ion leakage and pH indicate the change in membrane permeability which related to chilling injury. Keywords: chilling injury, ion leakage, pH, Japanese cucumber, low temperature storage Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis terjadinya gejala chilling injury pada mentimun Jepang (Cucumis sativus L.) yang disimpan pada suhu rendah. Perubahan ion leakage dan pH digunakan sebagai indikator terjadinya chilling injury. Sampel mentimun disimpan pada suhu 5ºC (suhu rendah) dan and 25ºC (suhu ruang). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa persentase dari ion leakage untuk mentimun yang disimpan pada suhu 5ºC lebih tinggi dibanding pada suhu 25 ºC pada periode penyimpanan 3, 6 dan 9 hari. Kenaikan laju ion leakage pada mentimun yang disimpan pada suhu 5ºC menunjukkan adanya pengaruh suhu rendah terhadap membran sel. Kecenderungan kenaikan pH terlihat pada mentimun yang disimpan pada suhu 5ºC dengan nilai lebih besar pada hari penyimpanan ke 9 dibandingkan dengan mentimun yang disimpan pada suhu 25ºC. Kenaikan pada pH menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan kandungan asam yang mengindikasikan terjadinya gejala chilling injury. Perubahan ion leakage dan pH menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan permeabilitas membran yang berkorelasi terhadap gejala chilling injury. Kata kunci: chilling injury, ion leakage, pH, mentimun Jepang, penyimpanan suhu rendahDiterima: 11 Oktober 2011; Disetujui: 20 Februari 2012
PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENGUKURAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK UNTUK PENENTUAN KUALITAS BUAH MANGGIS (Gracinia mangostana L)
No full textABSTRACT The research has been conducted to develop a measurement system of mangosteen quality by using an ultrasonic wave. The pulse signal cricuit has been used as a generating circuit of the measurement system. The pulse signal circuit consisted of timer circuit NE 555, monostabil, and amplife5r based on IC 741 with frequency of 50 kHz. The circuit of the ultrasonic wave receiver was developed based on the transistor and the IC 741. The interface and communications of data between the measurement system and the personal computer were carried out using a digital oscilloscope. The measurement system has been examined to determine the ultrasonic wave parameters including attenuation coeffiecient and impedance at the air medium and the mangostean. Keyword: attenuation coeffiecient, impedance, ultrasonic, mangostean
Development of Image Processing Algoritm for Determining the Maturity of Fresh Mangosteen
No full textOne of important factor in post harvest handling is cropping at correct maturity level. Fruit maturity relates to age pluck vegetable or fruit to be harvested have old enough or not yet. Grading represent dissociation of product becomes some group quality of pursuant to maturity level, size measure, color, form, heavy, texture, aroma and freedom from foreign object or dirt.The objective of this research is to predict the maturity of fresh mangosteen by means of an image processing algorithm. In this study, four stages maturity (120, 126, 132 and 138 days after flowering) were used as objects with 33,37,40,40 samples for each stages of maturity. The image processing program to analyze the relationship between the maturity and the color, size, and shape of fruits
This paper discusses the development of a software prototype for cucumbers selection and grading by applying Standard Backpropagation Neural Network (SBPNN) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The prototypes has been tested to recognize cucumbers based on their shapes (i.e. straight or non-straight cucumbers). Cucumbers images data were expressed in eight position of rotational exes:0˚,45˚,90˚,135˚,180˚,225˚,270˚,315˚. The implemented system can recognized 100% of all tested straight cucumbers and 75%of all tested non-straight cucumbers. The performance implemented SBPNN was also compared to another system called Probabilistic Nural Network (PNN). The result shows that SBPNN in generalization or recognition accuracy.
No full textThis paper discusses the development of a software prototype for cucumbers selection and grading by applying Standard Backpropagation Neural Network (SBPNN) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The prototypes has been tested to recognize cucumbers based on their shapes (i.e. straight or non-straight cucumbers). Cucumbers images data were expressed in eight position of rotational exes:0˚,45˚,90˚,135˚,180˚,225˚,270˚,315˚. The implemented system can recognized 100% of all tested straight cucumbers and 75%of all tested non-straight cucumbers. The performance implemented SBPNN was also compared to another system called Probabilistic Nural Network (PNN). The result shows that SBPNN in generalization or recognition accuracy